#edward grant

[terrorignitis]

Hildegarde's world is its oval, or egg, shape. Also extraordinary is the pure ether in which are located the fixed stars, the inner planets, Mercury and Venus, the Moon, and at the center of the oval a mixture of the four elements, rather than the earth alone. Beyond the fixed stars and the inferior planets is a shell of "dark fire" (ignis niger) or a "dark skin" (umbrosa pellis). And beyond this lies a mass of bright fire (lucidus ignis) within which are located, in ascending order from the Earth, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Thus the Sun and the three outer planets are not only separated from the inner planets and the fixed stars, but they lie beyond the fixed stars.

Planets, stars, and orbs | Edward Grant

[frank-a-lank]

Wanted to draw one of my player's character and the bad bitch npc she pulled in the campaign I'm running

[terrorignitis]

The first use of "cosmos" in English occurred in 1650 and of "cosmology" in 1656. The medieval Latin words that best describe what we understand by "cosmos" are mundus, caelum, and universum. The first, mundus, could have as many as four meanings but usually embraced at least the heavens and earth and all that lay between. The second, caelum, usually translated as "heaven" or "heavens," was more limited in scope. In its narrowest signification, it could represent a single planetary sphere (and is appropriately translated as "heaven"), but it could also signify the entire celestial region, which included the totality of celestial orbs, everything from the sphere of the Moon to the sphere of the fixed stars and whatever orbs might lie beyond. (In this context, caelum is better translated as "heavens," but in historical usage the terms "heaven" and "heavens" have usually been interchangeable, as they often are in this study.) And, as we shall see, caelum was even sometimes used for subdivisions of the world that excluded only the earth. The third term, universum, was probably synonymous with the broadest meanings of mundus but, in the definitions provided by Pierre d'Ailly, takes on special significance in this study. The first takes as its domain the totality of celestial bodies; the second equates universum with the prime mover, a definition that was not to be taken seriously; the third definition at first glance embraces everything as part of the universe, thus including the aggregate of celestial bodies, the intelligences that are applied to them, all the mixed bodies and the four elements contained under the Moon.

Planets, stars, and orbs | Edward Grant

[cumbriacrack]

A UK first for crisis management after lockdown Top risk security and counter terrorism experts will be leading the UK’s first event crisis management courses of their kind at University of Cumbria. Full story: https://www.cumbriacrack.com/2020/07/02/a-uk-first-for-crisis-management-after-lockdown/

[asiestamos]

Photo by Edward Grant

[caraswolfguard]

Cara with her entire family & gf back home for the holidays. London, December 11th

[rollersinstinct]

Jim Grant’s marionettes photographed by Edward Grant and profiled in Rouleur.