IMPACTS OF FUNGICIDES ON BIOCHEMICAL, HAEMATOLOGICAL, HISTOPATHOLOGICAL, DEVELOPMENT, REPRODUCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS: A REVIEW | UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY
Pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides are used by farmers all over the world to boost their crop yield. Fungicides are also used to treat fungal infections in animals, in addition to agriculture. The release of these fungicides from agriculture and adjacent areas has the potential to reach nearby water bodies, affecting aquatic life. The negative effects of fungicides on biochemical, haematological, histopathological, development, reproduction, and behaviour in many living forms were highlighted in this review. Fungicide exposure resulted in an increase in plasma enzymes, serum transaminases, and glucose levels, as well as a decrease in protein levels. The following parameters were affected: red blood cell count, white blood cell count, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin values. Fungicides caused serious abnormalities in the test species' gills, liver, and kidney. It also had an impact on reproduction and caused a variety of developmental abnormalities. It also resulted in the creation of reactive oxygen species, which led to the development of oxidative stress. Changes in these metrics could be used as biomarkers to assess the fungicide's potential ecotoxicity to organisms. As a result, we must take strict measures to reduce the usage of these fungicides in agriculture and other applications.
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