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Martial Arts and The Bible

Happy Easter! 2019

As a Christian and a martial arts student, I have often wrestled with the idea of self-defense. Does God expect me to defend my family and myself when physically attacked or am I to "turn the other cheek" and endure it in the name of Jesus? As I considered the many comments I encountered on this topic, I became even more confused. Some advocates for "religion" have gone as far as to say that anyone who practices any form of martial arts is without a doubt bound for hell. It wasn't until I committed myself to a more thorough study of the scriptures that I discovered the truth for myself. The Bible gives more than a few examples of the practice of self-defense and the idea of martial arts. I would like to share some of what I have learned in this study of the Bible - Old Testament and New. The Bible is, in fact, the very word of God (II Timothy 3:16-17).

God and Warfare

The first example of a physical struggle in the Bible is in Genesis chapter 4. It is here that Cain kills his brother Abel. This is an act of violence condemned by God for two reasons. First, the violence was out of anger and jealousy because his brother's actions were better than his own (Genesis 4:4-7). Secondly, the violence was pre-meditated. God confronted Cain before this violence occurred. He told Cain that he would need to figure out how to master the sin of anger and jealousy that was trying to overtake him. What this scripture teaches is that God does not want us to initiate violence but he wants us to train ourselves to master our emotions when tempted with feelings of anger, jealousy and rage. He wants us to prepare our hearts to respond humbly. I believe the study of martial arts can provide this kind of training. I have seen it in my son's martial arts class. His sensei (teacher) may spend up to half of the one-hour class teaching the children humility, manners, concern for others and peace-making. They are taught to avoid violence and stay calm in situations of conflict. This kind of character training is right in line with the example of God's training of Cain.

The next biblical example of a conflict involving a physical struggle is found in Genesis chapter 14. In this chapter, kings are at war and Abram's nephew, Lot, and Lot's family are taken captive. In response to hearing the news about his relatives, Abram sends men to rescue them. In Genesis 14:14-16, Abram sent out "the 318 trained men born in his household". It seems that even though Abram was not at war, he had a training program for his family and household. It was obviously a training program for warfare of some kind - and a good one, at that, since they were victorious in returning Lot, his family and all of their possessions from the hands of warring kings. After Abram's successful rescue, he is honored by God and reminded that God had made him successful against his adversary. God later renames Abram, "Abraham" and he becomes the founding father of faith for the Jewish people (and later Christians as well).

To clarify the meaning of the term "martial arts", Webster's defines the word martial as "warfare" or "warrior", and arts as "a skill acquired by study". In the story of Abram rescuing Lot, the Bible gives us an example of warrior training. Not everyone in Abram's household was a part of the 318 trained men, but the ones that were had excellent martial arts training. And God helped them to be victorious as they executed their warfare skills.

Here are a few other brief examples of warfare, from the Old Testament, that could be studied further:

* Genesis 32 - Jacob avoids war with his brother, Esau. He prepares for battle but orchestrates a peaceful resolution.

* Deuteronomy 20 - God goes with the warriors to fight against their enemies.

* II Samuel 23:8-39 - the Bible describes David and his mighty men of battle.

* Nehemiah 4 - the builders of Jerusalem's city wall carry weapons to defend themselves during the rebuilding.

There are many more examples in the Old Testament, with a wide variety of scenarios and many unique resolutions. The subject of warfare is very complex and each situation needs to be considered carefully. Therefore, when faced with adversity, wisdom needs to be applied.

An Eye For An Eye

Even with the Old Testament of the Bible showing support for martial arts training, some might argue that the God of the Old Testament is different than the God of the New Testament - that God's position on warfare changed when Jesus came on the scene. It might be said that the God of the Old Testament was about war and the God of the New Testament is about peace.

The Bible, however, does not support this. James 1:17 says that God does not change, and Hebrews 13:8 says that Jesus Christ [God] is the same yesterday, today and forever. Therefore, the God of the Old Testament is the same God of the New Testament. As we continue to study this topic, we will see that the New Testament also discusses self-defense and the idea of martial arts.

Matthew 5:38-42, in which Jesus talks about "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth", has been used to condemn martial arts. It reads, "You have heard that it was said, 'Eye for eye, and tooth for tooth.' But I tell you do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also. And if someone wants to sue you and take your tunic, let him have your cloak as well. If someone forces you to go one mile, go with him two miles. Give to the one who asks you, and do not turn away from the one who wants to borrow from you." At first glance this passage seems to be advocating a reversal of the Old Testament laws. I was swayed by this argument myself, and was torn in my own convictions for some time. But when I finally decided to dig deeper into the Bible, I was amazed and encouraged to find some answers.

Many people who want to obey the Bible simply gloss over this scripture, like I did, because they are torn between what they think the Bible says and their consciences telling them to prepare for warfare and to protect.

The truth is that Jesus never intended to abolish the Old Testament laws. He only intended to clarify them, to reinforce them, fulfill them, and reveal God's heart behind them. This is what Jesus says just moments earlier in Matthew 5:17: "Do not think that I have come to abolish the [Old Testament] Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them." When Jesus speaks about "turning the other cheek", in Matthew 5, he is referring to the Old Testament Mosaic laws found in Exodus 21, 22 and 23. These chapters in Exodus contain the laws God gave to his people, which reinforce and further detail the famous "ten commandments". Jesus is specifically referring to Exodus 21:22 where God explains what punishment should be given if men are fighting and an innocent by-stander is harmed (in this instance, a pregnant woman). This is not a scripture about self-defense but about restitution and punishment for a crime. Jesus referred to this scripture because the people, in religious self-righteousness, were using this particular scripture to justify retaliation and vengeance. "An eye for an eye" had become an excuse to be intolerant and merciless toward one another. A closer look at the "act of aggression", that Jesus refers to as a strike on the cheek, will reveal that he is talking about an insult rather than a fighting fist. The word "strike" is translated from the Greek word "rhapizo" which is used interchangeably with the word "slap". In the Jewish culture (as in many other cultures), a slap in the face was a form of humiliation or rebuke. It was not necessarily a physical attack and was not meant to result in physical harm. Even Exodus 21:21 (regarding "an eye for an eye") says that if, as a result of a conflict, a pregnant by-stander is forced to give birth pre-maturely but there is no serious injury to the woman or the baby, "an eye for an eye" should not be applied as a punishment. Jesus is confirming that this Old Testament law regarding punishment is not to be used as an excuse for retaliation when inconvenienced or insulted. Jesus is exposing the heart of man and is further clarifying the Old Testament Law. God's desire is that we don't retaliate but rather that we restrain our emotions in the heat of conflict and maintain righteousness and mercifulness. We are not to pounce on our adversary at the first sign that we have been offended. The ultimate goal of God is to win over the offender, help him to see God's mercy and institute a change of heart in the offender (see 2 Peter 3:9-15 and Luke 9:51-56 for further study).

Guidelines For Martial Arts

The Bible provides some guidelines for practicing self-defense and martial arts as it aims to clarify what is and is not acceptable in the face of conflict. II Timothy 3:16-17 says, "All Scripture [the Bible] is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work." I Corinthians 13:7 says, "[Love] always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres". Using the Bible as a guide, a person can become thoroughly equipped to be a protector.

Permanent injury or death can occur as a result of practicing martial arts. This does not make martial arts unacceptable to God but God clarifies what is and is not acceptable in regard to deadly force in various situations. For example, Exodus 21:12-14 says that if a person is killed unintentionally, the killer is not guilty of murder. If it is intentional, the killer is to be sentenced to death. Exodus 21:18-19 says that if men are quarreling and one strikes the other and injures him seriously but not permanently (even with a weapon), he is responsible only to compensate the injured man for loss of time and medical expenses. I point out these scriptures to show that God is concerned with the attacker's and the defender's intentions as well as the outcome of the conflict. We cannot simply say that anyone who harms or kills another man is guilty and has committed a sin. It depends on his intentions. Also, we see that using extreme force, or even a weapon may be acceptable if it is used in a way as to not intentionally inflict permanent damage.

The Bible refers to another situation in which self-defense may be used during a robbery, in Exodus 22:2-3. If a man is being robbed, he is entitled to protect his property, his family and himself. If the attempted robbery takes place at night and the actions of self-defense result in the death of the robber, the defender is not guilty. If the attempted robbery takes place in the daytime and the robber is killed, the defender is guilty of sin. The difference may be that in the daytime, the defender should have more control of his actions and should be able to subdue the robber without killing him. Self-defense is warranted but control must be applied. At night, in the dark, maximum force would be acceptable since it is more difficult to assess the threat that the robber poses. It would be more difficult to tell if the attacker had a weapon, or to assess his physical strength.

God expects us to constantly make decisions about the situations we are in. In regard to martial arts and self-defense, it seems that God is concerned with our intentions. Guilt and innocence, to him, are a matter of the heart. God expects us to be directed by the heart of the scriptures in the Bible. We must be directed in our actions by scriptures such as Deuteronomy 5:17, which says, "You shall not murder" as well as I Corinthians 13:7 which says, "[Love] always protects". As the Bible states in II Timothy 3:16-17, all Bible scripture is relevant and useful. During one of my martial arts classes, one of my fellow students asked our sensei, "What attack should I make now?" He had just finished practicing a series of intense self-defense tactics on his partner, rendering him harmless. Sensei replied, "Run". No final "kill-move"? No, it is time to make another decision about the threat the attacker poses. If the attacker has been successfully rendered harmless then you shouldn't stick around to inflict more damage or further risk your own safety. The Bible gives us specific guidelines for martial arts but God also communicates his heart about how he wants us to treat one another. He wants us to treat one another with love - even in conflict.

Weapons

I have also wrestled with the question of whether or not it was right for weapons to be used as a means of defense. Should I own a fighting knife, a sword or a gun? Isaiah 2:4 says, "...They will beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks. Nation will not take up sword against nation, nor will they train for war anymore." If this scripture were taken out of context with the rest of the Bible, to use a weapon would be a sin. But this scripture has to be balanced with others. In the context, this scripture is describing the contrast between the nations of that time and the type of nation Jesus would establish in the future. The nation that Jesus would establish would have no military and there would be no physical walls to defend. It would be a spiritual nation, not a physical one.

The New Testament clearly confirms the right to bear arms. Romans 13:4 says, "For [the governing authority] is God's servant to do you good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword for nothing. He is God's servant, an agent of wrath to bring punishment on the wrongdoer." Even Jesus directs his disciples to acquire weapons as the time of his crucifixion approached. Luke 22:36 says, "He said to them, 'But now if you have a purse, take it, and also a bag; and if you don't have a sword, sell your cloak and buy one.'" And in Luke 22:38, "The disciples said, 'See Lord, here are two swords.' 'That is enough,' he replied." Peter soon after uses the sword to protect Jesus and Jesus rebukes him for it. This was not to say that it is wrong to use a weapon to protect someone. Peter had earlier been rebuked by Jesus for trying to keep him from fulfilling his mission of dying for the sins of the world (see Matthew 16:21-28). Jesus was re-stating that Peter was not to protect Jesus from going to his death. This was not the correct time to use the sword. Jesus had his disciples arm themselves because Jesus was not going to be with them, physically, any longer. They would need to protect themselves and each other and Jesus gave them the right to bear arms in order to do so.

Martial Arts Is Not Religion

It is important to note that martial arts is not religion in that it is not an institute of service and worship of God. It is only a tool to accomplish a necessary training. There will be flaws in all martial arts training and even things taught that are contradictory to the Bible. This will happen even when the martial arts style or system is advocating biblical-based training. Romans 3:4 says, "...Let God be true and every man a liar." My son was recently taught by an instructor during class to avoid talking about politics and religion in order to avoid conflict. Though I appreciate the effort made to train the kids to keep the peace, the concept is biblically flawed. I spent the next week teaching Bible scriptures to my son such as Acts 4, "Judge for yourselves whether it is right in God's sight to obey [man] rather than God. For we cannot help speaking about what we have seen and heard." It is each person's responsibility as a Christian to know what the Bible teaches. Even in Acts 17:10-11, when the apostle Paul taught the people of Berea, the Bereans were honored by God for having a noble character because, "they received the message with great eagerness and examined the scriptures every day to see if what Paul said was true." Each of us has the same responsibility to examine the scriptures to see if what we are being taught is true, whether it be a teaching from our martial arts instructor, school teacher, neighbor, or religious leader.

Conclusion

Martial arts training has its place. It can help people learn to deal with the inevitable conflicts in life. There is no escaping battle in life. God wants people to be prepared to handle these battles, whether it is to turn the other cheek to an insult, find a peaceful resolution, or physically defend themselves or others. Martial arts and self-defense are not sinful or inherently wrong, but without the guidance of God and the Bible, martial arts could be misapplied. Without proper biblical training we are left to our own sinful nature, which tends toward retaliation, haste, fear, hatred, pacifism, and intolerance. Martial arts is a biblical concept, but even more attention should be given to biblical training. The Bible should be used in conjunction with martial arts training. In conclusion, I Timothy 4:7-8, which says, "Have nothing to do with godless myths and old wives' tales; rather, train yourself to be godly. For physical training is of some value, but godliness has value for all things, holding promise for both the present life and the life to come."

by: Tom Katch

A Quote By: Grand Master Danny Inosanto

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Dumog

Dumog is based on the concept of “control points” or “choke points” on the human body, which are manipulated – for example: by grabbing, pushing, pulling - in order to disrupt the opponent’s balance and to keep him off balance. This also creates opportunities for close quarter striking using head butts, knees, forearms and elbows. Dumog also contains methods of joint-locking and choking, as well as take downs, throws and submission holds. ​ Filipino Dumog Training Concepts Dumog is a general term used to describe the Filipino art of wrestling and grappling. There are two main forms of dumog. Agaw patid Buno, is the more commonly known form of dumog. It consists of standup grappling and wrestling, utilising off-balancing techniques, throws, and neck turning to force an opponent to the ground. Traditionally opponents would engage by holding a belt or encircling each other's waist and attempt to throw and unbalance each other. Victory was declared when the opponent's shoulders squarely touched the ground. Musang Dumog is a ground fighting art, utilising locks, chokes and strikes to submit opponents on the ground. Both systems can be combined or learnt independently. The origins of both these styles is rather sketchy, however they are still relatively abundant in the northernmost islands of the Phillippines. The Filipino art of grappling includes a wide range of locks, known as trankadas, chokes, throws, trips, sweeps and pins which blend and flow naturally from the empty handed boxing and kicking methods, applied with or without a weapon. Dumog is primarily concerned with felling an opponent in such a way as to cause maximum damage to joints, ligaments and tendons followed by a ferocious flurry of ground striking techniques designed to distract and disable an opponent prior to applying a pin, lock or choke. Technique, in this case, is an understanding of controlling points, or choke points. A choke point is a military term meaning "controlling area". For example, if five water tributaries feed into one major river, it follows that whoever controls the river, controls the tributaries. That makes the river the controlling point When you choke the river, you choke the tributaries. These points, which are grabbed, pushed or pulled, are used to put the opponent off balance, causing the body to go out of control into a swirling, whirlwind effect.  The student who has developed the skill to know where the choke points are can easily fling a 275-pound opponent around, despite a handicap that could approach 150 pounds.  We have borrowed this terminology to illustrate the importance of control. Now, let's look at a few examples with which you can experiment. The Bicep Push With both hands, one opponent grabs the other by the biceps, twisting in toward the front of the body. Push the biceps directly into the ear and then walk or run forward.  Because of the twisting of the body, the opponent receiving the push must walk diagonally, thus causing him to become extremely off balance.  The bicep push is used to either move an opponent or, as in this instance, to pin him against an environmental obstacle ( wall/fence).The adversary is now set up for a knee spike to the right thigh.  Remember, as with the use of any technique, nothing is foolproof. Soon, the opponent will regain balance, and at that point the biceps pull can be implemented. The Bicep Pull The grip of the pull is identical to that of the push. The key to this technique is in the timing and sensitivity. You must sense, or anticipate, the moment when your opponent will plant his foot to regain the balance that was lost during the biceps push. At this point, the opponent's energy will shift and come toward you. You must respond-not by fighting his energy, but by pulling it. In effect, you are using your opponent's energy to your advantage The biceps pull and biceps push are best used in cooperation with each other. Either one may start or finish a sequence, depending on the energy presented by the opponent. The Head Twist Another very simple technique used in Dumog is the head twist. Here, the opponent places both hands over the other opponent,  ears (similar to the method used in grabbing the steering wheel of a car). Grabbing the opponent's hair instead of his ears is a technique that can also be used, With a quick jerk, twist the  head sideways, step back and then tip the head upside-down,  pulling it backwards. As the opponent regains balance, simply twist the head in the opposite direction and repeat the process.   The head twist can be a very effective technique because, with this motion, you are contorting the spinal cord and causing a disturbance to your opponent's equilibrium.  In the sport of Dumog, proper technique and process calculation are critical to victory. When these same techniques are used in a realistic street fight, other elements must be incorporated to produce maximum devastation.   In most cases, "plain and simple" sophistication and precision in a down-and-dirty street fight is, to say the least, a joke. Street fighting is deceptive. It takes on many shapes, characteristics and conditions. For example, a street fight may take place in rain or snow; it may happen on a flat or hilly surface, or even on a stairway. Such a fight may easily involve multiple attackers or weapons. Dumog Tactics of Defense 1. The first principle is not to waste strength wrestling with an opponent. If he already has you at a disadvantage. Instead look for a way to strike that will cause pain and shock first and then find away to get out of his grip. Using your hands, forearms, knees/head and even your feet.  In Kali practitioners seek to avoid getting caught in their opponent's locks by hitting (destructions) first to the extremities and continuing, to strike vital parts of the body.  Working towards the head for control. The principle here is to defeat the grappler by damaging him so much he can't grapple. The hitting is used to soften and tranquilize him for escape and counter control.   2. The second principle is to get your balance and maintain it. If you can maneuver the attacker off balance, his advantage will be neutralized. In Panantukan/Dumog  the principle of body manipulation is one of the basic requirements to develop. Using arm levels, pushing, pulling, and control of the head. Using Kali's triangle footwork to off balance and maneuver the attacker into throws, sweeps, and takedowns. 3. The third principle is to use your entire body weight in any movement or technique that you may attempt. Don't just use your arm strength alone. Put your hips, legs and upper body behind each movement fully. Finally remember that the attacker is always vulnerable somewhere. Even if he is behind you, or on top of you. If he is physically taller to bigger. He is still vulnerable, to the right attack to the right target be calm and assess the situation and you will find a solution being caught in a headlock or a choke can cause some panic. Particularly if you have practiced a couple of techniques that will work to free yourself from the attacker, it is also important to strike effectively before the pressure from the lock or hold causes extreme pain or unconsciousness.

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Kali - Arnis - Eskrima

Through out the Philippine history, Arnis or Kali has been utilized as defense of self, family, clan and the motherland. Arnis has been exhibited during the Battle of Mactan, Philippine Revolution against the Spaniards, and Philippine Guerilla resistance during Japanese occupation of the Philippines.  Armed with Arnis weaponry like daggers, bolos, and parangs, Filipino bravery and patriotism has been displayed through the effective techniques of Arnis, Kali, and Eskrima. Kali is a martial art of the Philippines with a long and varied history. It originally was developed by the peoples native to those islands over the centuries before the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan and the Spanish in 1521. At that time, it was in part based on a wavy-edged sword typically 30 inches long made of wood called (in at least one dialect) a "kalis" a modern derivative of which is the "kris". Upon their arrival, Magellan's force was engaged in a ferocious battle (or so the legend goes) by the islanders wielding such weapons. Their leader Lapu Lapu killed Magellan and the Spanish were repelled even though the heavily armoured Spanish had superior metal weaponry. Today Lapu Lapu is considered by many to be a national hero of the Philippines (Dr. Jose M. Rizal is the official national hero). Eventually the Spanish did take over the island, kali was banned, and the traditional weapons confiscated. The art was subsequently taken underground. The use of kalis shifted to sticks or "baston" commonly made of rattan. Through the years the name of the art changed to the Spanish derivative "arnis de mano" and "escrima/eskrima". But the martial art and spirit lived on. Today kali, arnis, and eskrima continues to be taught in the Philippines and around the world. By influential proponents like masters Ciriaco "Cacoy" Cañete , Leo Gaje jr.  Richard Bustillo, Dan Inosanto (friends, students, to Bruce Lee) have ensured that kali, (and arnis/escrima) will remain an active and vital martial art.

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"Greet what arrives, escort what leaves and rush upon loss of contact" -- Sijo Yip Man --

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The Intercept

Jeet Kune Do

 As most of us know, translates as 'The Way of the Intercepting Fist'. 

It seemed appropriate to provide an article about interception itself. The interception of an attack can be a very useful tool. It can add power to your attack without additional effort. It may require little preparation, giving the element of surprise. It also, can be extremely frustrating to your rival, helping to win the bout psychologically as well as physically. There are many different types of interception. An interception does not have to be executed only with the fist. You can intercept a punch with a kick, a kick with a punch, or a kick with a kick etc. Some do not even involve a strike from both sides. You can cut off an attack by simply moving into a position that will jam them, leaving no opportunity for them to land the attack. Alternatively, if he were to simply step one way or the other, you could intercept their motion with a blow, causing him to walk into it. There are also different times during the adversaries' attack in which an interception may take place. It can occur before, during, or after their attack or movement. Before, or while the opponent is in preparation, you can read their intentions and strike before they can initiate. During their movement, there may be several opportunities to intercept. You could strike from the materialization of their movement all the way up to their full commitment. After, or upon completion, the interception takes place as they recover and before they can launch another attack. In order to utilize interception as a tactic, it is necessary to train certain attributes. First are your Single Direct Attacks (or S.D.A.'s), for obvious reasons. The faster, more precise, and more powerful your technique, the better chance you will have in pulling it off. Next, and equally important, is mental awareness. Your mind must be sharp in order to pick up on their movement and react accordingly. Additionally, work to control your emotions is needed so that fear, self-doubt, and you ego do not cloud your senses and hinder your performance. Two other attributes that need specific attention are timing and distance. Surely, they are both important anyway, but without them, interception becomes impossible. Proper timing can be responsible for some of the most devastating attacks. You can use the momentum from your movement combined with theirs, timing it so that they collide head on into your strike. While the correct distance enables you to strike the target cleanly allowing for more power and penetration. Here are some examples of interceptions: 1. -The opponent begins to throw a front kick from the rear leg. -You intercept his kick with a sidekick to the attacking leg as it approaches your position. This is commonly called a stop kick or Jeet Tek in JKD. Depending on your distance and timing, you can attack just about any part of their leg, from the thigh down to the top of their foot. 2. -The opponent throws a jab at your head. -Drop and Step forward to the outside of their lead leg letting his jab pass over your shoulder. As it does, strike to their open rib cage. This is also called a slip. 3. - The opponent begins to step to his left. - Throw a hook with your right hand, timing it so that they walk into the punch. Strike them before they complete the step, they will take a much greater impact if their feet have not yet settled on the ground. Intercepting is almost an art in itself. It takes a lot of practice to perfect but is well worth the effort in the end. Once you are able to utilize interceptions effectively, you will gain a new level of control in both, sparring sessions, or on the street. Interception is a tool for the superior fighter.

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Yin Yang - by Yip Man

"Greet what arrives, escort what leaves and rush upon loss of contact"

Yin and yang is an ancient Chinese philosophy of universal balance.  Too much yin (soft) or to much yang (hard) could lead to destruction.  They work together in harmony. ESAELD follows the yin and yang principle in physical theory only.  Because of religious convictions we do not follow any part of the Zen Buddhism. Sticky hands encompasses plenty of yin and yang aspects in its practice.  One force balances the other.  But when one side over powers the other, the balance will break.  So as one side gets hit, the other side will follow the power or redirect the coming force.  Failing to maintain. the balance leads to being hit or trapped.  But yin and yang does not stop here, exercise of yin and yang in exchanging techniques the cycle of such forces.  Force comes, redirect.  Force retreats, follow.  Force detaches, strike. When the opponent tenses, we soften.  When he retreats, we follow.  To maintain the balance in such ranges, we must not rush or interrupt the connection between us.  But rather, follow the flow and never go against it.  We would use his momentum to redirect him even off his balance.  We follow his momentum as he retreats and then strike him.  Like when he opens, we occupy it.  When he occupies, we open a new space for him. ​

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The Basic Theory of Yin and Yang In the Art of Gung Fu

By Bruce Lee - Oakland, California, USA

The basic structure of Gung Fu is based on the theory of Yin/Yang, a pair of mutually complementary forces that act continuously, without cessation, in this universe. This Chinese way of life can be applied to anything, but here we are interested in its relationship to the art of Gung Fu. the black part of the circle is called Yin. Yin can represent anything in the universe as: negativeness, passiveness, gentleness, insubstantiality, femalness, moon, darkness, night, etc. The other complementary part of the circle is Yang, which represent positiveness, activeness, firmness, substantiality, maleness, sun, brightness, day, etc. The common mistake most people make is to identify this Yin/Yang symbol, T'ai-Chi, as dualistic; that is Yang being the opposite of Yin, and vice versa. As long as we separate this "oneness" into two, we won't achieve realization. Actually, all things have their complementary part; it is only in the human mind and his perception that they are being separated into opposites. The sun is not the opposite of the moon, as they complement and are interdependent on each other, and we cannot survive without either of them. In a similar way, a male is but the complement of the female; for without the male, how on earth do we know there is female, or vice versa. The "oneness" of Yin/Yang is necessary in life. If a persona riding a bicycle wishes to go somewhere, he cannot pump on both the pedals at the same time or not pumping on them at all. In order to move forward, he has to pump one pedal and release the other. So the movement of going forward requires this "oneness" of pumping and releasing. Pumping then is the result of releasing, and vice versa; each being the cause of the other. ​ In the Yin/Yang symbol there is a white spot on the black part, and black spot on the white one. This is to illustrate the balance in life, for nothing can survive long by going to either extremes, be it negativeness or positiveness. Therefore, firmness must e concealed in gentleness, and gentleness firmness, and that is why a Gung Fu man must be pliable as spring. Notice that the stiffest tree is most easily cracked, while the bamboo or will bend with the wind. So in Gung Fu, or any other system, one must be gentle yet not giving away completely; be firm yet not hard, and even if he is strong, he should guard it with softness and tenderness. For if there is no softness in firmness, he is not strong; in a similar way, if one has firmness concealed in softness, no one can break through his defense. This principle of moderation provides a best means of preserving oneself, for since we accept this existence of the oneness (Yin/Yang) in everything, and do not teat it dualistically, we thus secure a state of tranquillity by remaining detached and not inclining to either extreme. Even if we do incline on one extreme, be it negative or positive, we will flow with it in order to control it. This flowing with it without clinging is the true way to get ride of it. When the movements in Yin/Yang flow into extremes, reaction sets in. For when Yang goes to the extreme, it changes to Yin; and when Yin (activated by Yang) goes to the extreme, it returns back to Yang (that is why each one is the result and cause of the other.) For example, when one works to the extreme, he becomes tired and has to rest (from Yang to Yin). This incessant changing of Yin/Yang is always continuous. The application of the theory of Yin/Yang in Gung fu is known as the Law of Harmony, in which one should be in harmony with, and not against the force of the opponent. Suppose A applies strength on B, B shouldn't oppose or gives way completely to it. For these are but the two extreme opposites of B's reaction. Instead, he should complete A's force, with a lesser force, and lead him to the direction of his own movement. As the butcher preserves his knife by cutting along the bone and not against it, a Gung Fun man preserves himself by following the movement of his opponent without opposition or even striving (Wu-Wai, spontaneous, or spirit action). This spontaneous assisting or A's movement as he aims it will result in his own defeat. When a Gung fu man finally understood the theory of Yin/Yang, he no longer "fusses" with so-called "gentleness" or "firmness"; he simply does what the movement requires him to do. In fact, all conventional forms and techniques are all gone, his movements are those of everyday movements. He doesn't have to "justify" himself like so many other masters have, claiming his spirit or his internal power; to him, cultivation of martial art in the long run will return to simplicity, and only people of half-way cultivation justify and brag about themselves.

"Bruce added two arrows around the Tai Chi circle to further emphasize that the JKD fighting techniques must contain the harmonious interplay of Yin (pliable, yielding) and Yang (firm, assertiveness) energies." It is to emphasize the continuous, unceasing interplay between the two forces of the universe: Yin and Yang.　 The Chinese phrases surrounding the symbol are: "Using No Way as Way" and "Having No Limitation as Limitation," pronounced "Yee Mo Faat Way Yao Faat" and "Yee Mo Haan Way Yao Haan" respectively. Regarding the first statement, one is to approach combat without any preconceived notions, and simply respond to "what is." In this way, the martial artist is adaptable and pliable enough to fit in with the opponent and situation instantaneously. He is using no particular or set way that was preconditioned in him. "No-mindedness'' is a term often used to describe this state of unconscious consciousness or conscious unconsciousness. And, indeed, it is an ideal state that is difficult to attain but which one aspires to. In addition, one tries to be like water when using this "no-way" approach. Water automatically assumes the container that it is poured in, thereby constantly fitting in with and adapting to the situation.

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Energy & Sensitivity Drills

In any energy exercise, we attach our hands to the opponent's hands and forget ourselves by following the movements of his hands, leaving our mind free to make its own counter-movement without any interfering deliberation. When the opponent expands, we contract; when he contract, we expand -- to fit our movements harmoniously into his attack without precipitating or hurrying the action, but simply continuing the flow. The defense follows the attack without a moment's interruption, so that there will be no two separate movements to be known as attack and defense.

The important thing, then, is not to resist an attack, whether physically or mentally, but to control it by going with it; thus not asserting oneself against nature. All these are simply based on the harmonious interchanging of the theory of yin and yang. As long as we plan our actions, we are still using strength and will not be able to feel the opponent's movements once we stop to think, we will be immediately struck. Therefore, every action has to be done "unintentionally" without ever "trying" until we can exercise our potential power to the fullest and rediscover the dormant reflexes of an instinctive wisdom which is directly linked with the profound nature of all things and our own being.

THERE ARE THREE BASIC INNER ENERGIES:

The basic technique of the soft clan or style, is to understand strength. There are many kinds of energy (roughly 20). We will deal with the first three types.

Sticking Energy

This is the vital basic energy of the soft clan, for if you cannot attach to you opponent's hand then you cannot listen to his strength and detect where he is going with his hand. Having failed in listening, how can you understand? This sticking energy can be obtained by practicing "sticking hands" of Wing Chun or joint hand of Tai Chi, Kali, Eskrima. The important point in sticking is to follow you opponent's Strength and not precede him.

Dissolving Energy

It is used when you "feel" your opponent is using strength on you and you dissolve it away. After dissolving, the most important point is that your centerline must face his side. Dissolving too fast you will fail to destroy his balance, and too slow you will fail to dissolve his force. In dissolving, firmness is concealed in softness; that is why an attack is always followed after dissolving. However, this is not necessary for everyone. You can dissolve and bounce away the opponent's energy at the same time he was about to attack. Dissolving energy is to change the direction of his force, as the straight attack can be dissolved away by leading him left or right.

Spring Energy

The two hands are situated on the two springs. This implies that there are two springs under the shoulder in the armpits. When force is applied to the it bends with the force whatever the direction of the force may be. When the force is dissolved away, the arm springs back stronger than before toward the opponent. This kind of energy, when not in use, is not shown, but once it attacks it darts like an arrow. As the old saying goes: "In softness it is like and arrow concealed in cotton." This striking energy you cannot dissolve all the time. In other words, you cannot always be on the defense. You must mix up your defense and attack so you opponent will not know what will come next.

Energy Drills

HuBud LuBud - single and 2 hand (ESAELD has over 50+ variations)

The sensitivity and coordination drill called HuBud LuBud.  From the Filipino martial arts. To tie and untie (loosely translated from the Filipino language Tagalog).For building fighting attributes, Hubud is a great expandable drill. In its most basic form, it teaches; threat recognition, sensitivity, timing, flow, and transition. Since it consists of three fairly Gross Motor Movements, once learned, it gives a good base of defensive responses. It is also modular, meaning, it does not teach in a by rote fashion. Each piece of the drill performs a good defensive action to aggressive attacks. You can also work Hubud to practice other techniques. Start Hubud with your training partner, and after a few rounds, start throwing in guntings, limb destructions, insertion shots, or low kicks, etc. Or use Hubud as a moving base to start training techniques from a moving base.

The best attributes this drill imparts are sensitivity and flow. Varying the intensity of the drill, as well as the timing, teaches one to feel the attack, and respond as required, not as you may have planned.

All of the above is directly related to flow, or moving in the most beneficial manner to effectively accomplish your goal. Getting well versed in sensitivity and flow leads to real skill in trapping, skill that can be done real time, instead of just for show. And finally, as we progress through Hubud, we can use to build attributes in things such as knife and short weapon work.

The strategic overview that comes from Hubud Lubud is keeping your center and exploiting the center of your opponent. Every move covers and protects your center line, and opens and clears your attackers center line.

Tactically, Hubud provides an "immediate action drill" which provides three means of defense and offense in one logical progression. Each movement can be performed as a stand alone defense, if you are able to follow it with an immediate counter attack. But when performed in a synergistic manner, as a whole, it works wonderfully, providing defense, mobility, offense, flow, and an opening into your opponents center.

Chi Sao

Chi sao or "sticking hands". Term for the principle, and drills used for the development of automatic reflexes upon contact and the idea of "sticking" to the opponent. In Wing Chun Gung Fu this is practiced through two practitioners maintaining contact with each other's forearms while executing techniques, thereby training each other to sense changes in body mechanics, pressure, momentum and "feel". This increased sensitivity gained from this drill helps a practitioner attack and counter an opponent's movements precisely, quickly and with the appropriate technique.

Chi Sao additionally refers to methods of rolling hands drills (Luk Sao). Luk Sao participants push and "roll" their forearms against each other in a single circle while trying to remain relaxed. The aim is to feel forces, test resistances and find defensive gaps. Other branches do a version of this where each of the arms roll in small separate circles. Luk Sao is most notably taught within the Pan Nam branches where both the larger rolling drills and the method where each of the arms roll in small separate circles are taught.

Dan Chi - Centerline

Dan Chi - Cross arm

In some lineages (such as the Yip Man and Jiu Wan branches), Chi Sao drills begin with one-armed sets called Dan Chi Sao which help the novice student to get the feel of the exercise, each practitioner uses one hand from the same side as they face each other. Chi Sao is a sensitivity drill to obtain specific responses, it should not be confused with sparring/fighting, though it can be practiced or expressed in a combat form.

The Wing Chun practitioner develops reflexes within the searching of unsecured defenses through use of sensitivity. Training through Chi Sao with a training partner, one practices the trapping of hands. When an opponent is "trapped", he or she becomes immobile.

Lop Sao

Lop sao means "pulling hand". This drill like Chi Sao is used to practice various traps. improve sensitivity, hand placement, reflexes, timing, rhythm, and promote arm strength.  Lop sao involves close cooperation between both hands. The lop sao cycle involves the bong (wing) and Wu (defensive hand) on the part of one partner who defends against a punch and lop (grab) by the other. Then the roles are reversed and the cycle goes on.

Chinese philosophy:  "Greet what arrives, escort what leaves and rush upon loss of contact"

-- Yip Man --

Parry/Reposte

Riposte is a fencing term.  The riposte is an offensive action with the intent of hitting one’s opponent, made by the fencer who has just parried an attack.  Often put in combination as parry then riposte (parry and then immediate attack) all in one fluent motion.  Bruce utilized this motion with his lead right hand against the lead attacking punch or rear attacking punch.  It is very fast!  It’s almost as if he draws you in so he can parry and hit you back.

Lan Sao Spring Energy Drill

The lan Sao is a Wing Chun technique that can be used as a block or attack. The practitioner uses the outside edge of the hand to deflect attacks or. strike the opponent. Usually in the neck.