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Remnant of supernova toward the constellation of Vela, which exploded 11,000 years ago.

Image credit: NASA / Chandra x-ray Observatory

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What are Pulsars?

Pulsars are spherical, compact objects that are about the size of a large city but contain more mass than the sun. Discovered in 1967, pulsars are fascinating members of the cosmic community.

From Earth, pulsars often look like flickering stars. On and off, on and off, they seem to blink with a regular rhythm. But the light from pulsars does not actually flicker or pulse, and these objects are not actually stars.

Pulsars radiate two steady, narrow beams of light in opposite directions. Although the light from the beam is steady, pulsars appear to flicker because they also spin. It's the same reason a lighthouse appears to blink when seen by a sailor on the ocean: As the pulsar rotates, the beam of light may sweep across the Earth, then swing out of view, then swing back around again. To an astronomer on the ground, the light goes in and out of view, giving the impression that the pulsar is blinking on and off. The reason a pulsar's light beam spins around like a lighthouse beam is that the pulsar's beam of light is typically not aligned with the pulsar's axis of rotation.

Click here to see the animation

Click here to hear the pulsars sound

Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)

Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) are bursts of highly energetic gamma rays lasting from less than a second to several minutes – the blink of an eye on cosmological timescales. They are known to occur at huge distances from Earth, towards the limits of the observable Universe.

The VLT has observed the afterglow of a Gamma-Ray Burst that is the farthest known ever. With a measured redshift of 8.2, the light from this very remote astronomical source has taken more than 13 000 million years to reach us. It is thus seen when the Universe was less than 600 million years old, or less than five per cent its present age. It must have released 300 times as much energy in a few seconds as our Sun will in its entire lifetime of more than 10 000 million years. GRBs are therefore the most powerful explosions in the Universe since the Big Bang.

Researchers have tried to discover the nature of these explosions for a long time. Observations show that GRBs come in two types – short-duration (shorter than a few seconds), and long-duration – and it was suspected that two different kinds of cosmic event caused them.

In 2003, astronomers using ESO telescopes played a key role in linking long-duration GRBs with the ultimate explosions of massive stars, known as 'hypernovae'. By following the aftermath of an explosion for a whole month, they showed that the light had similar properties to that from a supernova, caused when a massive star explodes at the end of its life.

In 2005, ESO telescopes detected, for the first time, the visible light following a short-duration burst. By tracking this light for three weeks, astronomers showed that the short-duration bursts – unlike the long-duration ones – could not be caused by a hypernova. Instead, it is thought that they are caused by the violent mergers of neutron stars or black holes.

Image credit: (NASA Cruz deWilde)

Source: eso.org

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