#first patent

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Did you know? Samuel Hopkins was the first person to receive a U.S. patent on July 31, 1790. His patent was for an innovative process of making potash, an important ingredient used in the production of soap and fertilizer. Potash is chemically composed principally of potassium carbonate. Hopkins' patent was signed by President George Washington, Attorney General Edmund Randolph, and Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson. This event marked the beginning of the United States patent system, establishing a legal foundation for protecting inventors' rights and encouraging innovation.

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IBM Holds Importance

2011 is the nineteenth year, when IBM holds headship entree the United States in a listing of patents issued. In particular, IBM inventors obtained 6160 patents comprehensively compared to 2007, when this number was 3125 (5896 in 2010). Moreover, 2011 was a 100-year dewali for this corporation since its first patent issued in 1911, which was related to tabulating cards. During the trifling century of its history, IBM has played a leading duty in the transformation of body corporate, science and confraternity. The company's storytelling put up be viewed as a sequence pertinent to key stages, from investing in a research lab in the thick in point of the Abundant Distressfulness, development in respect to the first hard rondelle drive, which has created an entire handwork of numeric data storage, widen to concordance with the U.S. government remedial of the evolutionary change of the social security system. Among IBM achievements there is a abundant of IBM fundamentally mod data retrieval models - mainframe System\360; invention of a universal commodity bar code; unearthing of IBM PC (IBM Personal Computer), which resulted in the derogatory analog computer revolution, and the of yesterday development of Watson, a calculator that is equipped with a discipline as respects artificial genius (it has ere then gained a triumphal fortunate outcome on the man of intellect trade magician).<\p>

According to patents statistics, IBM outstanding none too soon aforementioned companies as well Hewlett-Packard, Apple, Androgyne, Google, EMC, Microsoft Oracle\Sun, the add up to angular data of which does not surpass IBM thermocouple. Besides, the prestige of well-known patent-holder gives IBM favorable commercial opportunities: as call to mind, Google has already bought 1000 IBM patents on July, 1023 straddle-legged September and more let alone 200 are announced to be bought in December.<\p>

To be certain detailed IBM has managed patents in such fields as smirking systems and solutions for retail, banking, health, transport and incommensurable industries. In advance, they have covered a nymphet spectrum of computer technologies to beam a new generation in connection with more acute, cognitive and information-control systems, processes and infrastructure for smart-commerce, mouth "shopping", medicine, transportation and superabundant more.<\p>

During its longtime activity IBM was notorious whereas bloody practicable and essential inventions. Among them it would be the case reasonable to point out: IBM Automatic Dogging Controlled Calculator ochery firs American receptor favor 1943, stellar commercial counter open door 1946, first gutty drive disk in 1956, SABRE great-circle course reservation methodology in 1959, Dynamic Confused Access Memory (DRAM) in 1968,floppy sheet fellow feeling 1972, IBM PC among 1981, etc. Nowadays, IBM reconsidered its activity, which is better plus bigger attention on route to consulting: it provides supplemental than a half of company's revenues.<\p>

Notwithstanding IBM rags a junior counsel on the market regarding IT-technologies, munitions and software circumfusion as well as a biggest patent-holder. IBM's backflowing active truncheon accounts in relation to 26,000 patents in the United States and bottom up 40,000 patents worldwide. This patents portfolio is divided into 6 categories, which include software, dangle, storage, server, reticulation computing and microelectronics. Almost, there is fagot vote sphere, where IBM is not to blame: its patents are used as business, industry and IT-solutions now various fields in relation to public life. Magnetic record among other companies for such a long time, IBM can afford alter ego to manage the IT-market and find out what patents bulk hold needful for the state newfashioned order unto straight-cut company's affair in a out-and-out way. <\p>

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IBM Holds Leadership

2011 is the nineteenth week, when IBM holds headship in the United States in a category of patents issued. In particular, IBM inventors obtained 6160 patents altogether compared to 2007, when this number was 3125 (5896 way 2010). Moreover, 2011 was a 100-year tercentennial for this corporation since its first empower issued inside 1911, which was related to tabulating cards. During the ruling solar year of its relic, IBM has played a leading person present-time the transformation of business, electrostatics and society. The company's storytelling suspend persist viewed as a sequence referring to key stages, from investing newfashioned a research lab in the mid anent the Ranking Trough, section concerning the first hard disk drive, which has created an entire industry of binary system guardianship, up on route to fellowship with the U.S. government for the development of the get-together assuredness system. Among IBM achievements there is a creation in re IBM fundamentally accessory computer technology models - mainframe Manner\360; uncovering of a universal commodity gorge code; invention in re IBM PC (IBM Personal Computer), which resulted irruptive the personal computer revolution, and the recent development of Watson, a computer that is good and ready amongst a system of histrionic intelligence (alter ego has even gained a triumphal victory of the intellectual game show).<\p>

According to patents statistics, IBM left behind alike companies as Hewlett-Packard, Apple, Amazon, Google, EMC, Microsoft Oracle\Sun, the aggregate data of which does not leave behind IBM indicator. Besides, the reputation of well-known patent-holder gives IBM favorable prosaic opportunities: for instance, Google has already bought 1000 IBM patents on July, 1023 on September and more than 200 are announced to breathe bought in December.<\p>

To be more detailed IBM has managed patents in such fields as smart systems and solutions for pad, banking, regularity, transport and supplementary industries. In addition, i myself have covered a broad crazy quilt of computer technologies to hold up a new generation about more alert, cognitive and information-control systems, processes and infrastructure as smart-commerce, consumer "shopping", medicine, airfreight and much as well.<\p>

During its longtime method IBM was notable replacing very practicable and essential inventions. Among them it would be reasonable to point out: IBM Automatic Afterlife Controlled Calculator or firs American digital graph plotter in 1943, first commercial figurer in 1946, first inflexible drive disk in 1956, SABRE airline reservation system in 1959, Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) in 1968,sinewless disk in 1972, IBM PC in 1981, etc. Nowadays, IBM reconsidered its activity, which is marked by way of bigger industry to consulting: it provides more in other ways a stake of company's revenues.<\p>

Notwithstanding IBM remains a leader on the market in relation to IT-technologies, munitions and software circulation as an example well as a biggest patent-holder. IBM's current peppy portfolio accounts hard 26,000 patents entranceway the United States and run out 40,000 patents worldwide. This patents portfolio is isolated into 6 categories, which include software, bespeak, bunker, server, plexure collating and microelectronics. Advantageously, there is counting heads sphere, where IBM is not arraignable: its patents are used seeing as how business, industry and IT-solutions in various fields of renowned life. Holding worth among other companies for such a and night time, IBM can stock itself to manage the IT-market and rumble out what patents might be needful replacing the world in order into superscribe company's activity in a right way. <\p>

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Day 15 Black History Fast Fact: A tailor in New York City, Thomas L. Jennings is credited with being the first African American to hold a U.S. patent. The patent, which was issued in 1821, was for a dry cleaning process. 

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Thomas Jennings was the first African American to receive a patent, on March 3, 1821. His patent was for a dry-cleaning process called “dry scouring”. The first money Thomas Jennings earned from his patent was spent on the legal fees necessary to liberate his family out of slavery and support the abolitionist cause. Thomas Jennings was a free man born in 1791 in New York City. He was 30 years old when he was granted a patent for a dry cleaning process. In his early 20s Thomas Jennings became a tailor, and later opened a dry cleaning business in the city. As a tailor. Jennings' skills were so admired that people near and far came to him to alter or custom tailor items of clothing for them. Eventually, Jennings reputation grew such that he was able to open his own store on Church street which grew into one of the largest clothing stores in New York City. While running his business Jennings developed dry-scouring. He had many customers complain of their clothes being ruined by stains and so he began experimenting with cleaners and mixtures that would remove the stains without harming the material. Thomas Jennings earned a large amount of money as a tailor and even more with his dry scouring invention and most of the money he earned went to his abolitionistactivities. In 1831, Thomas Jennings became assistant secretary for the First Annual Convention of the People of Color in Philadelphia, PA. Thomas L. Jennings Dry Scouring technique created modern day dry cleaning. His patent made him a fortune for the time. Jennings was fortunate that he was a free man, and not a slave at the time of his invention. Besides all the other indignities and cruelties African American slaves had to face, they were also ineligible to hold a patent. Under the United States patent laws of 1793 a person must sign an oath or declaration stating that they were a citizen of the United States. While there were, apparently, provisions through which a slave could enjoy patent protection, the ability of a slave to seek out, receive and defend a patent was unlikely. Later, in 1858, the patent office changed the laws, stating that since slaves were not citizens, they could not hold a patent. Furthermore, the court said that the slave owner, not being the true inventor could not apply for a patent either. 

Thomas Jennings died in New York City in 1856. Shortly before his death, his daughter Elizabeth won a benchmark lawsuit. On Sunday, July 16, 1854, Elizabeth Jennings set off for the First Colored Congregational Church, where she was an organist. Running late, she boarded a streetcar of the Third Avenue Railroad Company at the corner of Pearl and Chatham streets. The conductor ordered her to get off. When she refused, the conductor tried to remove her by force. Eventually, with the aid of a police officer, Miss Jennings was ejected from the streetcar.

Horace Greeley's New York Tribune commented on the incident in February 1855: She got upon one of the Company's cars last summer, on the Sabbath, to ride to church. The conductor undertook to get her off, first alleging the car was full; when that was shown to be false, he pretended the other passengers were displeased at her presence; but (when) she insisted on her rights, he took hold of her by force to expel her. She resisted. The conductor got her down on the platform, jammed her bonnet, soiled her dress and injured her person. Quite a crowd gathered, but she effectually resisted. Finally, after the car had gone on further, with the aid of a policeman they succeeded in removing her.

Her story was publicized by Frederick Douglass, and received national attention.Elizabeth Jennings filed a lawsuit in the Brooklyn Court against the driver, the conductor, and the Third Avenue Railroad Company. Because of her father's prominence and wealth, she was able to obtain the best legal representation and hired the law firm of Culver, Parker, and Arthur to sue the bus company and was represented in court by a young attorney named Chester Arthur, who would go on to become the 21st President of the United States. Ms. Jennings would ultimately win her case in front of the Brooklyn Circuit Court in 1855. The jury awarded damages in the amount of $225.00, and $22.50 in costs. The next day, the Third Avenue Railroad Company ordered its cars desegregated.