Time to respond to Eric Turkheimer’s post. In my review of Carl Zimmer’s book, I said that the existing fixation index values between continental races are compatible with very signifi…
Time to respond to Eric Turkheimer’s post.
In my review of Carl Zimmer’s book, I said that the existing fixation index values between continental races are compatible with very significant physical and behavioral differences between those races, because wolves and coyotes have exactly the same value of Fst as Yorubas and Mormons. Lewontin said that two groups with that Fst couldn’t be very different, yet coyotes and wolves are very different – so Lewontin was wrong. Turkheimer seems to agree with me on this, although he probably doesn’t think Lewontin is full of shit. He should.
Lots of important traits in domesticated animals are highly polygenic. Milk yield in dairy cows is highly polygenic: no single allele explains a lot of the variance in milk production. Does this mean that milk production is not predictable, or that it varies in odd ways compared to traits that are monogenic or oligogenic? No, that doesn’t happen: the consequences of polygenicity that Turkheimer expects don’t actually occur. If they did, much of agriculture would come to a screeching halt. Speed in horses is highly polygenic: does that mean that development of running ability is a nondeterministic process? Is it logically impossible to know that certain breeds or horses ( say Thoroughbreds) are faster than other breeds (say Shetland ponies)? It may be logically impossible for Turkheimer, but it’s easy for everyone else. Along the same line, Kevin Mitchell, for equally mysterious reasons, has said that it’s really hard to select on highly polygenic trauts – even though we have a mathematical theory of selection that says otherwise, even though we do it every day in agricultural genetics.
Both are making use of nonexistent general principles to further a particular conclusion.
Turkheimer also says that we don’t really know anything about polygenic differences unless we understand the mechanisms. And usually we don’t know the mechanisms: even when we know that a given allele boosts a horse’s speed, or a Guernsey’s milk production, or makes dachshunds have short legs, we usually don’t know exactly how it works. Often we haven’t the faintest. Which is why we couldn’t select for fast horses or cows that produce lots of milk- except that we could and did, hundreds of years ago, thousands of years ago. You don’t need to know how a plus allele or minus allele for trait X works to be able to [reasonably] accurately predict the consequences. Investigating mechanisms is going to be difficult in highly polygenic traits: those alleles favoring high trait value could work through a number of different mechanisms. We don’t know the mechanisms involved in the behavior of Turkheimer’s dogs – but in that case it doesn’t bother him. In humans, not knowing mechanisms bothers him: He wants humans to be special. And hey, they are, but not in the way he would like.
Actually I don’t quite believe this of either Mitchell or Turkheimer. I think they’re trying to arguing away stuff they don’t like.