#group ii

[everydogbreedproject]

FCI group 2: pinscher and schnauzer, molossoid and swiss mountain and cattledogs 143. dobermann

created by a tax collector and dogcatcher Friedrich Louis Dobermann for personal protection, the dobermann is both a sharp and alert working dog, and a calm and friendly companion.

[thermopacblog]

Group II base oil

Group II base oil

Hydrogenation: Hydrogenation is a generic name for treating fuels and lubricants at elevated temperatures, while in the presence of hydrogen and a catalyst.

Hydrotreating (often called hydrofinishing) and hydrocracking both are different names for hydrogenation. Hydrotreating is a non-destructive process, whereas hydrocracking is a destructive process. This paper is restricted to the subject of conversion of PLO (Processed Lube Oil) from API Gr I to Gr II by means of Hydrotreatment process.

Hydrotreatment removes objectionable materials by selectively reacting these materials with hydrogen in a reactor at high temperatures and pressures in the presence of a catalyst. Hydrotreating removes hetero atoms and saturates carbon-carbon bonds with the result that materials such as Sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen and metals are removed; and olefinic and aromatic bonds are saturated. The process improves the colour, odor, VI and stability.

The hydrotreating process is shown schematically in Figure 1 and is described below. The three sections of the process are:

Reaction Section

Steam Stripping Section

Vacuum Drying Section

Reaction Section: The reaction section consists of the following equipment:

Feed/effluent exchanger

Reactor charge heater

Reactor

Reactor effluent condenser

Product separators

Recycle hydrogen compressor

Makeup hydrogen compressor

Amine scrubber

Steam Stripping Section: The stripping section consists of:

Liquid feed vaporiser

Stripping column

Top condenser

Reflux drum

Reflux pump

Vacuum Drying Section: The drying section consists of:

Vacuum column

Ejector or vacuum pump

Base oil transfer pump

The reactants, namely a mixture of base oil feed and high-pressure hydrogen heated to the desired temperature, enter the top of the reactor containing layers of the catalyst. As the reactants flow downward through the catalyst bed, various exothermic reactions occur and the temperature increases along the catalytic bed. The average process temperature may be reckoned at (1/3 rd of Tinlet + 2/3 rd of Toutlet).

Typical process parameters of the feed entering the reactor are; pressure 25 to 90 bar, temperature 350 to 400°C, depending upon the severity of the process and the properties of the feed.

A feed/reactor effluent exchanger preheats feed before entering the reactor charge heater. This recovers as much heat as possible from the heat of reaction.

The processes involved in hydrotreating are: HDS: Hydro-desulfurization:

Sulphur is objectionable because it leads to catalyst poisoning; more importantly it is the primary contributor to air pollution and the cause of corrosion in the engine.

Organic sulphur is converted to hydrogen sulphide (H₂S).

HDA: Hydro-dearomatization:

The aromatics are the most reactive components in the lube oil; and they consume large quantities of hydrogen.

Aromatic saturation which takes place within the reactor converts some of the aromatic compounds to naphthenes.

Removal of aromatics also improves the lubricating quality of the base oil.

HDO: Hydro-deolefining:

Olefins decreases the saturation level. Olefines also cause product fouling by the formation of gums or insoluble materials. Hydrotreatment converts olefins to more stable compounds and increases the saturation level.

HDN: Hydro-denitrogenation:

Nitrogen inhibits catalytic activity. Nitrogen compounds reduce the effective surface area of the catalyst.

Organic nitrogen compounds are converted to ammonia (NH₃)

Hydrotreating employs catalysts which increase the VI. H₂S and NH₃ formed during the desulphurization and denitrogenation reactions respectively are removed by circulating wash water before the product stream from the reactor enters the condenser in order to prevent salt formation.

A high-pressure separator separates gas from sour water (water containing H₂S + NH₃) and the recycle gas is sent to an amine scrubber to remove most of the H₂S. The hydrogen exiting the amine scrubber is compressed and recycled. A part of the nitrogen exiting the scrubber may have tobe purgedto prevent excessive hydrogen gas pressure build-up.

Efficient removal of H₂S is very important as H₂S reduces the hydrogen partial pressure and suppresses the catalyst activity.

The pressure of the vapour/liquid hydrocarbon mixture exiting the high-pressure separator is reduced in a pressure reducing station and enters a low pressure separator where the liquid hydrocarbon is separated from the gas.

Deactivation and Regeneration of Catalyst: Depending upon the properties of the feed and operating conditions, the catalyst deactivates due to polymerization reactions and coke formation over the catalyst. The process of deactivation can partially be controlled by increasing the outlet temperature of the process steam. However, after several cycles of operation it needs to be regenerated before it is put to use again and again.

Stripping Section: The hydrocarbon liquid exiting the reactor section is vaporized before it enters the stripping column. Steam is used as a stripping medium. The steam reduces the partial pressure of light hydrocarbons and lowers the vaporization temperature of the light hydrocarbons, which are condensed and removed from the reflux drum.

Vacuum System: The bottom product of the stripping column is subjected to vacuum of approx. 100mbar. Water evaporates and the base oil separates out and is pumped out.

www.thermopac.in

[chennai-ias-academy-blog]

Chennai IAS Academy is Top & Best TNPSC Group II Prelims, IIA & IV Exams Coaching Centre in Vellore & Tiruvannamalai | Admission Progress for TNPSC Group 2 Prelims, 2A & 4 Exams 2019 Batch.  

For Admission, TNPSC Group 2 2A & 4 Exam Coaching Tiruvannamalai

[chennai-ias-academy-blog]

Chennai IAS Academy is Top & Best TNPSC Group II Prelims, IIA & IV Exams Coaching Centre in Vellore & Tiruvannamalai | Admission Progress for TNPSC Group 2 Prelims, 2A & 4 Exams 2019 Batch.  

To know more visit  Best TNPSC Group II Prelims, IIA & IV Exams Coaching Centre in Vellore & Tiruvannamalai

[fishballsandconsensus]

Quezon’s 1938 Address: A Flawed Country

“We must find the flaws, if there be any, in our concept of individual and community life, as well as in our character, and proceed at once to remedy them.”

In his 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon gave a speech on policies and achievements of the government and regeneration of the Filipino.

In his speech, Quezon addressed that Filipinos are not below other race and that he has faith in the people and community alike. However, as he also stated, some of what are considered positive attitudes have become dormant and what is more visible now (or at least, during the 1930s) are the negative attitudes.

Souce: https://makingitfuninthephilippines.blogspot.com/2015/02/ten-ways-that-failipino-culture-is.html

One of the negative qualities Quezon mentioned is Filipinos’ tendency to be soft and easy-going, in other terms, lazy. According to Hong Kong-based Political and Economic Risk Constituency (PERC), Filipinos are known to be "the easiest people in Asia to get along with." But while this attitude is good in maintaining the peace and optimism among people and other countries, this lack of assertiveness could lead to Filipinos becoming dependent on others, as Quezon puts it; “parasitism.”

Source: http://www.getrealphilippines.com/blog/tag/laziness/

In another parts of his speech, Quezon expressed his concerns in Filipinos losing their sense of drive and traits that their forefather had, this includes the drive of creating and improving their communities. This lost of drive could be the result of the country’s long history of colonization, which in turn, had turned Filipinos into passive citizens.

And finally, Quezon mentioned that Filipinos are slowly losing their tradition, including religion, patriotism, social traditions. Again, just like the previous issue, this problem stems from the Philippines being controlled by different countries. During the colonization of America, religious freedom was introduced. This may have resulted in Filipinos opting out of Catholicism to either change religions at best or dropping their faiths at worst (regardless, Filipinos are still religious during this time, but most likely few are devoted unlike the Spanish era).

What is interesting about Quezon’s words is that it does not only reflect the attitudes of Filipinos during the 1930s but as well as Filipinos during modern times. While we do exhibit values that are positive, including hospitality and respect (especially towards the elderly), we still have not outgrown some of our negative traits.

Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/402650022911341499/?autologin=true

Even though people like Quezon dream of fixing the flaws of the Filipinos, such as imposing social and ethical codes, if the people themselves don’t want to be fixed, then what is the point in trying. Every country and people have its flaws, but that is no excuse for being a lackluster country. Filipinos are bound to repeat the same mistakes if they do not look back and learn from their forefather and their forefathers' mistakes and achievements. 

Quezon’s 1938 Address: A Flawed Country Presented by: Group II

Sources:

Hays, J. (2015, June). FILIPINO CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY: HIYA, AMOR PROPIO, EMOTIONS AND THE INFLUENCES OF CATHOLICISM, ASIA AND SPAIN. Retrieved from: http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Philippines/sub5_6c/entry-3867.html

jujanester. (2016, June 9). Pinoy Life: 8 Classic Filipino Traits and Characteristics. Retrieved from: https://owlcation.com/social-sciences/Filipino-Traits-and-Characteristics

Balinski, R. (2015, February 18). America’s Influence in the Philippines. Retrieved from: http://preparetoserve.com/blog/americas-influence-in-the-philippines/

Miller, J. (n.d.). Religion in the Philippines. Retrieved from: https://asiasociety.org/education/religion-philippines