#instrumentation technology

[science-criticaltheory]

Planetary Fieldwork: A HI-SEAS Adventure.  

On the Mauna Loa volcano in Hawai'i, scientists from NASA Goddard partnered with the crew of the HI-SEAS habitat to conduct field tests with a backpack-sized instrument called the Miniaturized Laser Heterodyne Radiometer (mini-LHR). The instrument is collecting atmospheric data and, at the same, is being used to help train the HI-SEAS crew to perform the kinds of duties that would be required of explorers. This type of fieldwork is an important step in developing instruments that could be used by humans for exploration and research on another planet. Footage provided by NASA and HI-SEAS.

NASA Goddard

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[science-criticaltheory]

Understanding Time of Observation Bias Posted March 2015 by Guest Author

Figure 1: Recorded time of observation for USHCN stations, from Menne et al 2009.

Skeptical Science

Global temperatures are adjusted to account for the effects of station moves, instrument changes, time of observation (TOBs) changes, and other factors (referred to as inhomogenities) that cause localized non-climatic biases in the instrumental record.

While the impact of adjustments that correct for these biases are relatively small globally (and actually reduce the century-scale warming trend once oceans are included) there are certain regions where the impact of adjustments on temperature trends are large. The United States, in particular, has large adjustments to temperature data that have the effect of nearly doubling the warming trend since 1900. The U.S. is somewhat unusual in that most of its historical temperature records were collected by volunteers rather than civil service employees. This has the benefit of giving the U.S. many more records than most other parts of the world, but contributes to the fact that stations in the U.S. tend to have quite a few systemic inhomogenities.

There are two specific changes to the U.S. temperature observation network over the last century that have resulted in systemic cooling biases: time of observation changes at most of the stations from late afternoon to early morning, and a change in most of the instruments from liquid in glass thermometers to MMTS electronic instruments. Back in July I posted a general introduction to U.S. temperature adjustments that looked at the relative effect of each adjustment. Here I will focus in detail on the Time of Observation adjustment, which is responsible for the majority of the change in U.S. temperatures vis-à-vis raw data. In a future post I will address the pairwise homogenization algorithm, which attempts to correct for factors like the MMTS transition and the impact of urbanization on temperature trends.

Until the late 1950s the majority of stations in the U.S. record recorded temperatures in the late afternoon, generally between 5 and 7 PM. However, volunteer temperature observers were also asked to take precipitation measurements from rain gauges, and starting around 1960 the U.S. Weather Service requested that observers start taking their measurements in the morning (between 7 and 9 AM), as that would minimize the amount of evaporation from rain gauges and result in more accurate precipitation measurements. Between 1960 and today, the majority of stations switched from a late afternoon to an early morning observation time, resulting a systemic change (and resulting bias) in temperature observations.

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