Blaise Pascal was born on June 19, 1623. A French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, writer, and Catholic theologian. Like his contemporary René Descartes, Pascal was also a pioneer in the natural and applied sciences. Pascal wrote in defense of the scientific method and produced several controversial results. He made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalising the work of Evangelista Torricelli. In 1642, while still a teenager, he started some pioneering work on calculating machines, establishing him as one of the first two inventors of the mechanical calculator.