. This type of lens does not change over time. Simple static lenses can be fabricated straight onto cartridges. For instance, bent surfaces assembled into microfluidic channels can be used as cylindrical lenses.
On the other hand, periodic arrays of microlens arrays can be fitted and attached over a cartridge's detection area. This allows concurrent detection at various sites. Also, lenses with varying focal lengths can be incorporated on microfluidic cartridges.

















