#necker

[markroome]

River views

[angelosand]

11 luglio 1789: Luigi XVI 👑 caccia Jacques Necker, il ministro che il popolo vedeva come un alleato contro la crisi economica. La rabbia aumenta negli animi dei Parigini, la Rivoluzione è alle porte 🇫🇷

Nel dipinto 🖼️, Necker, di Joseph Duplessis, 1781

[nesiacha]

Before beginning this critique, as I have not finished reading the books, I would like to thank aedesluminis for the references she recommended. Without them, I wouldn't even have been able to place Madame de Stael. This is a personal opinion about her, so I allow myself some deviations that should not be present in a historical analysis. At the moment, my initial impression of her has proven to be justified. First of all, the two million livres that Necker advanced as collateral on his personal fortune. Personally, I wouldn't blame the Treasury for not repaying it because we must remember two things:

Necker amused himself with others in obstructing Turgot, who was much more competent than him. If Turgot had not proposed his austerity plan and had not played the "villain", Necker wouldn't have been able to borrow at all (I acknowledge the limitations of Turgot's economy, but I prefer the austerity plans advocated by Lindet and others at the time of 1793; however, Turgot was much more competent than Necker). Necker wanted this position at any cost, and now he must bear the consequences.

By constantly borrowing, playing the image of the false friend of the people denounced by Marat, and especially hiding the realities of the deficit, Necker would have done better to donate 2 million livres to try to redeem himself (even without these 2 million livres, his situation is much better than that of the vast majority of French people at that time). But let's get back to the subject of Germaine de Stael. As the daughter, she is a privileged witness of 1789. She becomes friends with people like Talleyrand and especially Lameth. She is attached to a moderate revolution of 1791 and does not like that the power of the King (executive) is diminished when he still has significant powers such as the right of veto. She suffers insults from the ultra-royalists, but she doesn't like the republicans much either. Contrary to some legends, Manon Roland is quite different from Madame de Stael. Moreover, the grinding of teeth that I would have against Stael is the fact that she approves of the shooting on the Champ de Mars while citizens were signing a petition for the deposition of the king following the flight to Varennes (thus a justified opinion) in the face of the lie of the National Assembly. With this phrase in 1793, "The Terror, he writes, was nothing but arbitrary pushed to the extreme." In her moral double standard, she will later approve of the repression of April 1, 1795, led by the army, the Muscadins. Not to mention the execution of the last Montagnards. Without any consideration for the economic context, namely the abolition of the maximum and the poor harvests of 1794 which pushed the last sans-culottes to rebel (even if I totally disapprove of the macabre assassination of Féraud), Madame de Stael approves once again. In conclusion, if it is republicans from the extreme left wing of 1791 - who were Girondins and some Montagnards -, Jacobins, Cordeliers or sans-culottes demanding repressive measures, they are awful arbitrary actions, but if it is the opposite camp, it can allow killings according to Germaine de Stael. These double standards should never be tolerated. I am exaggerating, but this is how I feel. The guillotine cannot be used against Madame Stael's friends but can be used against people like Charles Gilbert Romme according to her (I am exaggerating again, but you see where I am going with this).

Moreover, she quickly forgot Barras' role, which was one of the bloodiest of the revolution, to curry favor with him (hypocrisy or political calculation, I will be kind and grant her the second option). Furthermore, she who disapproved of the demonstration of April 1, 1795, by the sans-culottes or the petition demanded by the Cordeliers among others following the King's flight, will approve of a coup d'état which is an even more serious and unconstitutional act (because it comes from the army) on the part of Napoleon. Is she aware of her history? In the absence of following the predictions of a Marat, other Cordeliers, Jacobins, and others who believed that the army should never meddle in the affairs of the country, did she follow the excesses of the Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire? Or simply of Roman history? Quality education doesn't guarantee everything... And yes, Madame de Stael was initially a fervent admirer of Napoleon but later became his opponent due to authoritarian abuses. However, I am against in her biographies the fact of exonerating her from her mistake by saying that many people at the time admired Napoleon and supported the coup d'état. It's untrue; Kleber made a report against Napoleon (although he died before the 18th Brumaire), Prieur de la Marne was against Napoleon, Prieur de la Côte d'Or never accepted anything from Napoleon... So no, this excuse doesn't hold. Let's not forget that Germaine Stael made a dubious comparison between Robespierre and Napoleon; Robespierre surely had flaws but not that of being a dictator, and wouldn't sending armed force against the Convention unlike Napoleon. I acknowledge Madame de Stael for being anti-slavery and for having a good opinion of the consequences of the Hundred Days regarding Napoleon, but I must note that she did not suffer (at least not much) unlike other opponents of Napoleon, namely the Belair couple (Charles and Sanité Belair) who were executed, Jean-Baptiste Antoine le Franc (we must not forget that deportation could be worse than death), and even Simone Evrard who was interrogated (I think Napoleon and his governement wouldn't have arrested her too much time and even less deported her because even he would have realized that it would have been hell to pay if he did that against someone considered the widow of Marat) or even Marie Anne Babeuf watched by Napoleon's police and denounced, etc... But I will continue to read the books; I hope that thanks to these books, my opinion of her will evolve.

Source thank you again aedesluminis

Jean Denis Bredin Une singulière famille

Michel Winock Madame de Stael

Gislaine de Diesbach Madame de Stael

[detournementsmineurs]

Christophe Truchi, Marina Delmonde et Stéphane Russel dans “La Guerre des Trônes, la Véritable Histoire de l'Europe : La Révolution Française I (Saison 7)” documentaires présentés par Bruno Solo, décembre 2023.

[sir-lancerlot]

On the afternoon of July 12, 1789, an excited but uncertain crowd of Parisians assembled in the Palais Royale. Hardly a person present knew why they were there. Each was drawn by the compulsion that often moves the individual when he sees a crowd gathering and succumbs to the curiosity that works upon city dwellers when a procession marches by. There was no procession on this occasion, simply a milling crowd of artisans, shopkeepers and shabby professional men, all apparently with nothing to do but discuss the recent decision of the States General to resolve itself into a permanent body that could not be dismissed by the King.

Outwardly there was nothing at all about this assembly to distinguish it from any other street demonstration. There were no advertised tub-thumpers and no banners, no emblems in hats or lapels, no real disorder calling for the appearance of police officers or troops of the Paris garrison. Suddenly, however, the mood of the gathering changed. Three young men, linked arm-by-arm, walked through the crowd shouting "To arms!" and almost at once another young man in threadbare clothes leaped onto a table and began to harangue the crowd. Within minutes the Palais Royale was seething with insurrection. The French Revolution, now generally recognized as by far the most important event of the eighteenth century, had begun.

(Napoleon's Marshals, R. F. Delderfield)

My Thoughts:

Crowds had assembled for good reason -- because the news of Necker's dismissal had reached Paris that afternoon, & Royal troops had been brought in from the frontier (this is minimal context, I know). I don't think that Camille Desmoulins' address to the crowd was the beginning of the French Revolution - but it certainly played a very important role.

"Citizens, there is no time to lose; the dismissal of Necker is the knell of a Saint Bartholomew for patriots! This very night all the Swiss and German battalions will leave the Champ de Mars to massacre us all; one resource is left; to take arms!" (tr. from History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814, François-Auguste Mignet)

[suitandtiefixation]

Green in a bottle. Silk seems to me to be so ethereal and at the same time is such a long lasting and strong material, I have a vintage scarf that is more than 50 years old and looks like the first day. With its shimmering appearance and fluidity, without being slippery, silk is a perfect fabrics for pocket squares and neck scarves. Often used in men formal wear for their accessories and components, silk can also me used to lift a more casual look. Getting a bit more relaxed and experimenting new looks wearing this beautiful pocket square from @hawesandcurtisofficial and wearing it as a neckerchief. #mensfashion #menstyle #hawesandcurtis #permanentfashion #pocketsquare #handkerchief #necker #neckerchief #whiteshirt #cummerbund #silkscarf #silk #bottlegreen #fashionart #artfashion #vintagefashion #vintageaccessories (at London, Unιted Kingdom) https://www.instagram.com/p/CIBq0N0LwpY/?igshid=68ol535xg1yh

[bastien-on-safari]

the stables at the château de coppet

benjo in canton vaud

[luciesahistorynerd]

a few frenchrev figures: a guide (to how i feel about them even though i barely know them)

tag yourself

robespierre: everyone loves him so much??? also glasses! doesn't deserve the shit he gets (@ my history professor)

saint-just: "angel of death" yh sure you edgy. he's really pretty. i'm mad at him for so. many. things.

camille desmoulins: pURE BOI. I LOVE HIM. also we have the same first name!!!! same name buds!!!!

lucile desmoulins: i love her! + similiar name buds!!!!

danton: he's intimidating for some reason but also not really? idk he's cool tho

marat: stab stab guy

marquis de lafayette: reminds me of myself cause i too am reckless and need everyones attention. i know a lot about him because i "came" here from the american revolution so

adrienne de lafayette: an absolute goddess. deserves the world. reminds me of my best friend. would die for her if needed.

louis xvi: wasn't as bad as everyone says. messed up a lot but it was often because of his position. ⭐ at least you tried.

marie antoinette: i have no idea how to feel about her to be honest????

necker: tries very hard but his colleagues are little bitches. they should have listened to him.

olympe de gouges: i know an icon when i see one

élisabeth vigée le brun: i saw her autoportrait in the london gallery once, loved it so much i couldn't sleep, forgot her name and then found her again on tumblr a few months later and then cried about how amazing her paintings are and if that isn't true love then i don't know what is