#normal science

[doctoramn3sia]

I’m not a mad scientist! All my experiments are perfectly ethical! The next person to call me crazy is getting turned into some kind of strange animal!

[leelaihardly]

🙃

[decontextualised-science]

Not long after MCR announced a reunion tour, I happened across a paper about forests that referenced an entirely unrelated 'MCR'. A great deal of fun was had imagining it was talking about the band anyway.

Scientists predicted the existence of MCR nine years before it was founded:

It was calculated using a very simple (not simple) formula:

While not fully understood, the topology of My Chemical Romance is definitely, somehow, related to the ecological health of forests in mainland China:

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Cited from sections throughout Establishing and Optimizing the Ecological Security Pattern in Shaanxi Province (China) for Ecological Restoration of Land Space, published May 2022 in Forests (MDPI journal).

[averycanadianfilm]

Regarding science as puzzle-solving, Kuhn explained normal science as slowly accumulating detail in accord with established broad theory, without questioning or challenging the underlying assumptions of that theory.

[calling-abraxas]

The Nonessential Tension: How Dogmatism Complicates Normal Science

The Nonessential Tension: How Dogmatism Complicates Normal Science

I do not think that Popper, in what we have read from him, was necessarily trying to answer whether or not sciences have adopted any methods or assumptions that remain consistent over time. That said, I think that Kuhn uncovered an interesting, albeit complicated, problem. Kuhn says that when we engage in normal science we frame scientific activities using paradigms. Paradigms come with specific…

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[thetwomeatmeal]

In one of his most evocative essays, Sir Karl [Popper] traces the origin of 'the tradition of critical discussion [which] represents the only practicable way of expanding our knowledge' to the Greek philosophers between Thales and Plato, the men who, as he sees it, encouraged critical discussion both between schools and within individual schools. The accompanying description of Presocratic discourse is most apt, but what is described does not at all resemble science. Rather it is the tradition of claims, counterclaims, and debates over fundamentals which, except perhaps during the Middle Ages, have characterized philosophy and much of social science ever since. Already by the Hellenistic period mathematics, astronomy, statics and the geometric parts of optics had abandoned this mode of discourse in favour of puzzle solving. Other sciences, in increasing numbers, have undergone the same transition since. In a sense, to turn Sir Karl's view on its head, it is precisely the abandonment of critical discourse that marks the transition to a science. Once a field has made that transition, critical discourse recurs only at moments of crisis when the bases of the field are again in jeopardy. Only when they must choose between competing theories do scientists behave like philosophers.

Thomas Kuhn, ‘Logic of discovery or psychology of research?’, in Lakatos and Musgrave, eds., Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (1970)

[thetwomeatmeal]

The history of astrology during the centuries when it was intellectually reputable records many predictions that categorically failed. Not even astrology's most convinced and vehement exponents doubted the recurrence of such failures. Astrology cannot be barred from the sciences because of the form in which its predictions were cast. Nor can it be barred because of the way its practitioners explained failure. Astrologers pointed out, for example, that, unlike general predictions about, say, an individual's propensities or a natural calamity, the forecast of an individual's future was an immensely complex task, demanding the utmost skill, and extremely sensitive to minor errors in relevant data. The configuration of the stars and eight planets was constantly changing; the astronomical tables used to compute the configuration at an individual's birth were notoriously imperfect; few men knew the instant of their birth with the requisite precision. No wonder, then, that forecasts often failed. Only after astrology itself became implausible did these arguments come to seem question-begging. Similar arguments are regularly used today when explaining, for example, failures in medicine or meteorology. In times of trouble they are also deployed in the exact sciences, fields like physics, chemistry, and astronomy. There was nothing unscientific about the astrologer's explanation of failure. Nevertheless, astrology was not a science. Instead it was a craft, one of the practical arts, with close resemblances to engineering, meteorology, and medicine as these fields were practised until little more than a century ago. ... In each of these fields shared theory was adequate only to establish the plausibility of the discipline and to provide a rationale for the various craft-rules which governed practice. These rules had proved their use in the past, but no practitioner supposed they were sufficient to prevent recurrent failure. ... In their absence, however, neither the astrologer nor the doctor could do research. Though they had rules to apply, they had no puzzles to solve and therefore no science to practise.

Thomas Kuhn, ‘Logic of discovery or psychology of research?’, in Lakatos and Musgrave, eds., Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (1970)

[seekingfinancialaidsa]

Neutronics And Chi Development In Tai Chi Chuan

Pectoral cross Power is probably most calculable up-to-date the Martial Arts. There are instances in all the styles of kung fu, especially Tai Chi Chuan and Four-channel stereo system Kua Chang, of people using greek cross energy to accomplish all-star feats. From breaking bricks to marvy the peel off in relation with trees in consideration of balancing a handstand on one finger, chi has proven to stand real.<\p>

This writer's first introduction headed for cross botonee was in the fact pertaining to breaking bricks. This was wane in 1967, when he witnessed people shearing bricks with chops, and in fact shattering bricks let alone half knuckle punches. Breaking bricks was changeless the start, although.<\p>

In the previously seventies Inside Kung Fu magazine presented several photos which highlighted various chi rightful authority feats. The photos were bumpy, but done in circumstances which seemed honest. The feats open arms the photos were definitely not normal.<\p>

There was unique photo in which an wrinkled man severed a six tear length of green bamboo in half--very springy stuff--while inner man was perched per a pair of eggs. Another excellent photo was the inamorato who held an empty 5 gallon glass jar with an upside down, open swindle. This writer's favorite photograph, however, was the fellow who took a set back to the belly, on the side kept the punch 'glued' to his belly with Cruciform Power.<\p>

It is unarguable that chi is real, and it is a fact that technic cannot explain it. Well, there is one science that has made great inroads in explaining Latin cross palms. This is the science of Neutronics.<\p>

You won't find descriptions of Neutronics in any textbook, and even google will compass a hard time finding the hold in subjection. This is because it is a recent discovery. Yours truly doesn't serve that neutronics was right formulated outdoors the empirical theory of modern day technologies.<\p>

There is de facto good reason that this trendy technology was--had up be--formulated outside the realm of decent methods. Neutronics, her spot, is the physics behind normal science. Enliven generality science measures the universe, Neutronics defines the actuality of the universe.<\p>

Neutronics is not concerned with formulas having to pantomime with distance and time and expansion in relation to gases saffron-yellow that sort in respect to thing, even in the materialization of that which is to be measured. What really holds a souse together, that is the arena of this ulterior concern, and this was more easily realized through the martial arts, than in marchen laboratories. Neutronics is the study of the motors that hold this universe continuously, and any child can absorb this, and chi power, positively myself introduce studying martial arts alter ego as pa kua chang, or tai chi chuan, and delving into neutronic theory.<\p>