UMass alum and NSA official speaks on balance between protecting freedom and privacy October 5, 2017
READ MORE http://dailycollegian.com/2017/10/05/umass-alum-and-nsa-official-speaks-on-balance-between-protecting-freedom-and-privacy/
“Don’t Call Us, WE’LL CALL YOU!” It started in 1968 with a U.S. Supreme Court decision about ‘Probable Cause’ (PC) vs. ‘Reasonable Articulable Suspicion’ . ‘Reasonable Suspicion’ changes to ‘Reasonable Articulable Suspicion’ “It was not until 1968 that the need for a standard lower than PC was recognized by the Supreme Court.” “The court noted that a temporary investigative detention is less of an infringement of a person's liberty than arresting him and taking him into custody. Therefore, said the court, police need not have as much justification for this lower level of restraint as the probable cause that would have been required to make an arrest. The court called this lower justification standard for detentions "reasonable suspicion."
"The term "reasonable suspicion" is not of constitutional derivation but was fashioned by the court to describe a level of suspicion lower than probable cause. The court has struggled to provide meaningful definitions of both terms, and law enforcement officers have likewise struggled to understand and apply the court's vague, general pronouncements. In Ornelas v. U.S., the court acknowledged the problem: "Articulating precisely what 'reasonable suspicion' and 'probable cause' mean is not possible.” (Ornelas v. U.S.) Though it may not be possible to articulate precisely what "probable cause" means, the court has offered this guidance: "Probable cause does not require the same type of specific evidence of each element of the offense as would be needed to support a conviction." (Adams v. Williams) "The process does not deal with hard certainties, but with probabilities.” (U.S. v. Cortez) "We have held that probable cause means a 'fair probability'." (U.S. v. Sokolow)
-- -- --> site keeps blacking-out the print! READ MORE http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-1232351
<>attended event & heard a passing reference to Edward Snowden, without his name being mentioned, FYI<>
