#oceanograph

[antonkrohn]

[oceanograph]

http://scubageek.com/articles/wwwceler.html Water Wave Celerity The three-dimensional behaviour of surface water waves as they interact with wind, bottom, obstructions, currents, and each other is very complex. Much insight into the general behaviour of waves can be obtained by first studying two-dimensional, monochromatic, progressive waves using the so-called small amplitude wave theory. The figure below defines the terms most commonly used in discussions of water waves:. As waves pass some fixed point, the time between consecutive crests is the wave period T. The speed of the wave, or its celerity, C, (as ocean engineers refer to it), is the distance travelled by a crest per unit time, or C = L/T Equation 1 The small amplitude theory requires that both a/L and a/d be small. Using this assumption and solving the equation of motion for small amplitude waves yields the following expression for the wave celerity: Fig. where g is the gravitational acceleration. It is clear from Equation 2 that the wave celerity is a function of both the wave length (L) and the water's relative depth d/L. Since the hyperbolic tangent function (tanh) has simple limiting forms for both small and large values of its argument, it is useful to classify waves according to the relative depth, as follows: Note that in deep water the celerity is independent of water depth, which is not surprising in view of the fact that the waves do not interact with the bottom. What is interesting, however, is that the celerity depends on the wave length. Water is therefore a dispersive medium with respect to deep water surface waves, in much the same way that it is a dispersive medium for light waves. Shallow water surface waves, on the other hand, do feel the bottom, and slow down as the square root of the depth. Their speed is not a function of the wave length. As surface waves travel across various depths of water their period T does not change (for a proof see the article entitled "Constancy of Wave Period"). In deep water, therefore, the wave length is constant, but as waves approach a beach the wave length decreases as the square root of the depth. Wind-generated waves typically have periods from 1 to 25 seconds, wave lengths from 1 to 1000 meters, speeds from 1 to 40 m/s, and heights less than 3 meters. Seismic waves, or tsunamis, have periods typically from 10 minutes to one hour, wave lengths of several hundreds of kilometers, and mid-ocean heights usually less than half a meter. Because of their long wavelengths, tsunamis often satisfy the criterion for shallow-water waves. For example, when a tsunami with a wave length of 200 km passes over a depth of 4 km (the average depth of the oceans) the relative depth is d/L=.02. Since this is less than .05, this tsunami is a "shallow-water wave", and its celerity depends only on the water depth. REFERENCES: Robert M. Sorensen, "Basic Wave Mechanics for Coastal and Ocean Engineers" (John Wiley & Sons, 1993), Chapter 2. Last Modified: 10:11pm , April 28, 19

[tovisit-blog]

Yearly Valencia Happenings

I just researched a little bit about Valencia, and I found the following attractions:

Valencia Fallas  is a yearly happening which gets to its highest points about the nights Border district 19th subsequently acquiring opened up the start along Border district 15th using stunning cartonful typical monuments on nearly all nook, 30 minutes foresighted fireworks nightly, historical parades on the Moorish inside the avenues and the residents dressed up into their outdo brocade classic clothes in a very merry religious progression bringing bouquets towards the Virgin of the Unsheltered ( the particular Patron Apotheosis of Valencia). Another ‘to not to miss’ permanent attraction may be the architecture that homes the actual now all over City of the Arts And Sciences. There are four main complexes: - Oceanographic- with over forty-five,500 samples of 500 unlike varieties of underwater sprightliness which include its own cooler having sharks which you may base on balls nether. - Museum of the Sciences Prince Philip- and be involved in all sorts of experiments and also practice a lot more just about biota and also genetic science. - This Hemispheric- where one can sit back, take and luxuriate in one of the iii sound-optical exhibits, either at the Planetarium, the particular Laserium or perhaps for the mammoth blind observance documentaries where you tone you are a dynamic partially. + The Queen Sophia Palace of Arts – this is just open inch March the year 2005 while using bearing of the King. Here, entirely readers is going to be honored having playacting humanistic discipline in house, opera house and varieties of saltation events.   If you are intending to visit Valencia intended for any holiday at the conclusion involving next season, you will find oneself while using raw Valencia Zoo or BioPark  situated in a new green area and housing among other animals, over 250 species from the African savannah. Its to be 14 times bigger than the existing one and will take approximately six hours to see it all, but do not worry because the weather in Valencia is sunny and mild in the winter.This both new and experienced will be able to enjoy seeing the actual natural settings coming from all these kind of unlike animals that you commonly are not able to study unless you in reality travelling in that location. Since  2006, there will also be to a greater extent blow over in addition to match backrounds while using the Americas Cup. Valencia can have three more Louis Vuitton Serves starting in English hawthorn in addition to continuing along in autumn. The main harbour area could have undergone an alteration and you can at leisure amble about to acquire a dummy up sight in the fighting ships. There is also the state store and mother the many water travel dress the spirit dreams. Wonderful these kinds of new actions, the actual Valencia Drome may be making crucial upgrades and it has also been gradually increasing the fling involving plane tickets through across the world. You will find young resorts as well as best transport for all who wish to live an important part associated with Valencia Spain.