L’essere umano ha bisogno della sua poleis, della sua città, colui che non ne ha bisogno è o bestia o dio. E dio è monakos, che significa solo”

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L’essere umano ha bisogno della sua poleis, della sua città, colui che non ne ha bisogno è o bestia o dio. E dio è monakos, che significa solo”
Herodotus 90-118
Question: I understand that the different Greek poleis engaged in conflict with each other from time to time, but did they really have the violent, mistrusting relationship Herodotus describes? Also, with the tradition of revenge/retribution, how and at what point did the city states overcome their differences?
Comment: Did they actually “prick” messages on people’s scalps? I can’t believe that that was a legitimate form of communication! “Here, take this man with a bleeding face to my friend, it’s a secret message.” This is something Umbridge would do.