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Rivastigmine Market
Rivastigmine is a medication commonly used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and memory impairment.
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Rivastigmine
Common Brand Name: Exelon
Generic Available
Common Dosage Forms:
Capsules: 1.5 mg, 3 mg, 4.5 mg, 6 mg (as rivastigmine tartrate)
Solution: 2 mg/mL (as rivastigmine tartrate)
Transdermal Patch: 4.6 mg/24 hours, 9.5 mg/24 hours, 13.3 mg/24 hours (as rivastigmine base)
FDA Indications/Dosages:
For the treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer’s type: Oral: Initiate treatment with 1.5 mg given twice a day. After 2 weeks, and if well tolerated, the dose may be increased to 3 mg twice a day. Subsequent increases to 4.5 mg or 6 mg twice a day may be made every 2 weeks, if tolerated. Oral solution and capsules may be interchanged in equal doses. Transdermal: Initiate treatment with 4.6 mg/hour patch applied to the skin once daily. After 4 weeks, and if well tolerated, the dose may be increased to the maximum daily dose of 13.3 mg/24 hours.
For the treatment of dementia associated with Parkinson’s Disease: Initiate treatment with 1.5 mg twice a day. After 4 weeks, and if well tolerated, the dose may be increased to 4.5 mg and 6 mg twice a day may be made every 4 weeks, if tolerated.
Monitor: LFT, RFT, Weight
Pharmacology/Pharmacokinetics: Rivastigmine is a cholinergic agonist which increases acetylcholine through reversible inhibition to its hydrolysis by cholinesterase. After application of transdermal patches, peak plasma levels are reached in 8 hours with 1 hour lag times of absorption. Elimination half-life is 3 hours following patch removal. Metabolism occurs via hydrolysis by cholinesterase and excretion via the kidneys. Rivastigmine is loosely bound to plasma proteins (40%).
Drug Interactions: Smoking increases rivastigmine clearance. May increase the effects of other cholinergic agonists and inhibit the actions of anticholinergics.
Contraindications/Precautions: Contraindicated in patients allergic to any component of any formulation. Use a lower dose and caution in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. Use with caution in patients at risk for seizures and in patients with COPD. Use caution in patients with history of stomach ulcers. Use with caution in nursing mothers. Pregnancy Category B.
Adverse Effects: The most common adverse effect (>10%) with the oral and transdermal dosage forms is nausea. Vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and weight loss are also common (5-10%). Less common effects are dizziness, anxiety, headache, depression, UTI, and fatigue (2-4%). The transdermal dosage form generally has fewer adverse effects than the oral form. Application site pruritus can occur with transdermal use (4%).
Patient Consultation:
Take capsules with food.
If therapy is interrupted for more than 3 days, restart treatment with the lowest dose. If interrupted for less than 3 days, continue the current treatment or decrease to the next lowest dose.
If a dose is missed, skip it and return to the normal dosing schedule. Do not double doses.
It is important to remove the old patch before applying the new patch. Serious adverse effects have occurred in patients who administered multiple patches.
Apply the patch to the upper back, chest, or upper arm.
Contact your prescriber if any of the above side effects are severe or persistent.
Rivastigmine Market Anlysis with Inputs form Industry Experts 2018 to 2026
Rivastigmine is a cholinesterase enzyme inhibitor, which acts on butylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase. It is a cholinergic agent that aids in the treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. The drug can be administered orally or in transdermal patches form, owing to its small molecular size.
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Rivastigmine Market – Dynamics
Increasing geriatric population is a major driver for growth of the rivastigmine market. According to The Alzheimer Association, in 2018, the risk of suffering from dementia can increase double fold above the age of 65 years in every 5 years. Moreover, increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases worldwide also accounts for the development of Alzheimer’s disease, thereby boosting demand for rivastigmine. As per the National Center for Biotechnology Information published in 2013, the incidence of cardiovascular diseases was around 22.5 per 1,000 person worldwide which in turn suggesting a risk of dementia.Diseases such as diabetes and blood pressure can also increase the risk of dementia, which further boosts demand for rivastigmine, thereby propelling the market growth.
Rivastigmine Market – Regional Insights
The rivastigmine market is segregated geographically into North America, Latin America, Asia Pacific, Europe, Middle East, and Africa. North America accounted for the largest share in the global rivastigmine market in 2017. This is owing to increasing prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the region that may lead to dementia. According to The American Kidney Fund, around 31 million people suffered from chronic kidney disease in 2015. Europe accounted for the second largest share in terms of revenue in the global rivastigmine market, in 2017 owing to increasing geriatric population in the region. Geriatric population is more prone to dementia. According to World Population Prospects (WPP), in 2017, around 25% of the population in Europe was aged 60 years or above. According to the Alzheimer’s Association, in 2017, there was significant prevalence of vascular diseases in Latin America and Africa. Therefore, Latin America and Africa are expected to witness significant growth in the global rivastigmine market during the forecast period.
Rivastigmine Market – Competitive Landscape
Major players operating in the global rivastigmine market include, Novartis Europharm Limited, Actavis Pharma, Apotex Corporation, Aurobindo Pharm Ltd, Teva Pharmaceuticals Industries Ltd, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Macleods, and others. Key players in the market are focused on product development and approvals in order to enhance their market share. For instance, in 2007, U.S. FDA approved Exelon (Rivastigmine tartarate) — developed by Novartis Europharm Limited for the treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.
Global Rivastigmine Market Taxonomy:
On the basis of disease indication, the global rivastigmine market is segmented into:
Alzheimer’s disease
Parkinson’s disease
On the basis of formulation, the global rivastigmine market is segmented into:
Capsules
Transdermal Patches
On the basis of distribution channel, the global rivastigmine market is segmented into:
Hospital pharmacies
Retail pharmacies
Online pharmacies
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Rivastigmine Market Assessment Covering Growth Factors and Upcoming Trends by 2026 End
Rivastigmine is a cholinesterase enzyme inhibitor, which acts on butylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase. It is a cholinergic agent that aids in the treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. The drug can be administered orally or in transdermal patches form, owing to its small molecular size.
Get Exclusive Sample Report at: https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/insight/request-sample/2407
Rivastigmine Market – Dynamics
Increasing geriatric population is a major driver for growth of the rivastigmine market. According to The Alzheimer Association, in 2018, the risk of suffering from dementia can increase double fold above the age of 65 years in every 5 years. Moreover, increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases worldwide also accounts for the development of Alzheimer’s disease, thereby boosting demand for rivastigmine. As per the National Center for Biotechnology Information published in 2013, the incidence of cardiovascular diseases was around 22.5 per 1,000 person worldwide which in turn suggesting a risk of dementia.Diseases such as diabetes and blood pressure can also increase the risk of dementia, which further boosts demand for rivastigmine, thereby propelling the market growth.
Rivastigmine Market – Regional Insights
The rivastigmine market is segregated geographically into North America, Latin America, Asia Pacific, Europe, Middle East, and Africa. North America accounted for the largest share in the global rivastigmine market in 2017. This is owing to increasing prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the region that may lead to dementia. According to The American Kidney Fund, around 31 million people suffered from chronic kidney disease in 2015. Europe accounted for the second largest share in terms of revenue in the global rivastigmine market, in 2017 owing to increasing geriatric population in the region. Geriatric population is more prone to dementia.
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Rivastigmine Market – Competitive Landscape
Major players operating in the global rivastigmine market include, Novartis Europharm Limited, Actavis Pharma, Apotex Corporation, Aurobindo Pharm Ltd, Teva Pharmaceuticals Industries Ltd, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Macleods, and others. Key players in the market are focused on product development and approvals in order to enhance their market share. For instance, in 2007, U.S. FDA approved Exelon (Rivastigmine tartarate) — developed by Novartis Europharm Limited for the treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.
Alzheimer's Research & Therapy | Full text | Rivastigmine in ...
The current analysis aimed to further investigate the cognitive efficacy of rivastigmine capsules, as assessed by SIB factor scores, in patients with moderately severe-to-severe Alzheimer's disease (AD). ... A previously reported pooled analysis of data from clinical trials investigating the Read more at http://alzheimer.healthcrisis.info/?p=3722
Read the full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=49637 DOI: 10.4236/aad.2014.33012 Author(s) Muhammad Rashedul Islam, Shigeki Moriguchi, Hideaki Tagashira, Kohji Fukunaga Affiliation(s) Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. ABSTRACT Rivastigmine, a dual acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor, is used for symptomatic treatment of patients with mild to moderately severe dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. In the present study, we found that 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1AR) is downregulated, whereas 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) is upregulated in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and CA1 region by olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) in mice. Furthermore, chronic treatment with rivastigmine (1.0 mg/kg) for 2 weeks starting 2 weeks after OBX operation restored the decreased 5-HT1AR and the increased 5-HT2AR levels. To determine whether cholinergic receptor stimulation by rivastigmine is involved in the rivastigmine-induced regulation of 5-HTR levels, we treated the mice with mecamylamine (2.5 mg/kg), or atropine (5.0 mg/kg) with rivastigmine (1.0 mg/kg) once a day for 2 weeks. Notably, the rivastigmine-induced 5-HT1AR upregulation was eliminated by mecamylamine but not by atropine treatments. On the other hand, the restored 5-HT2AR level by rivastigmine was not affected by either mecamylamine or atropine. Treatment with 8-OH-DPAT, a selective 5-HT1AR agonist improved the decreased 5-HT1AR and the increased 5-HT2AR levels in OBX mice. On the other hand, treatment with TCB-2, a potent 5-HT2AR agonist had no effects on the 5-HT1AR and 5-HT2AR dysregulation in OBX mice. Taken together, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) stimulation mediates rivastigmine-induced upregulation of 5-HT1AR. Therefore, we speculate that the increased ACh levels by rivastigmine can stimulate nAChR located on serotonergic nerve terminals and stimulate 5-HT1AR by the enhanced 5-HT release in the hippocampus. The 5-HT1AR stimulation likely mediates the improvement of 5-HT1AR levels as auto-receptor in OBX hippocampus.gjreww140916 KEYWORDS Rivastigmine, 5-HT1A Receptor, 5-HT2A Receptor, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor, Olfactory Bulbectomized Mice
