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Read the full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50290 DOI: 10.4236/abc.2014.46041 Author(s) Umesh K. Parida1, Susanta K. Biswal2, Birendra K. Bindhani1* ABSTRACT In this investigation, the anticancer potentiality and biological mechanism of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was studied in SUDHL-4 cell line. Metallic AuNPs were prepared and stabilized with ethanol clove (Syzygium aromaticum) extract. The green synthesis of AuNPs was characterized and evaluated by UV-Visible Spectroscopic, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and biological activities using various biochemical assays. Green synthesis of AuNPs was confirmed by instrument method. The TEM images show polydis-perse, mostly spherical AuNPs particles of 12 - 20 nm. AuNPs were decreased the growth and viability of SU-DHL-4 cell line and increased the apoptosis. The treatments of SU-DHL-4 cells with AuNPs resulted in a moderate considerably increase in Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We measured apoptosis by Annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) in the existence and nonexistence of the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), the glutathione-depleting agent buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), or caspase inhibitors to determine the mechanism of cell death.eww141014gjr AuNPs are unique potential anticancer agents that cause ROS-dependent apoptosis in SUDHL-4 cell line which was improved by depletion of glutathione (GHS) and inhibited by N-acetyl-L-cysteine on Z-VAD-FMK. KEYWORDS Green Gold, Nanomedicine, Cell Line, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress, ROS, Caspase

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Read the full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50289 DOI: 10.4236/abc.2014.46040 Author(s) Irada Mammad Huseynova1*, Masma Yagubali Nasrullayeva2, Samira Mahammadrahim Rustamova1, Durna Rafail Aliyeva1, Jalal Alirza Aliyev1 ABSTRACT Drought is one of the major factors limiting the yield and quality of crops in the world. The activity of antioxidative system to tolerate the drought stress is significant in plants. In the present study, the activities and isoform profiles of catalase (CАТ), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were analyzed in four barley genotypes grown under soil water restriction. Drought stress caused increase in the activities of CАТ and SOD in all studied genotypes, while APX activity decreased. The total GR activity increased substantially in genotypes K 2778 and St.Garabag 7 and decreased in No. 77 local and St.Pallidum 596 genotypes under conditions of severe water stress. No detectable differences were observed in the isoenzyme pattern (the appearance of a new isoenzymes and disappearance of another one) between control plants and those subjected to soil drought. However, intensification of corresponding isoforms in electrophoretic spectra was observed in stressed barley leaves relative to watered ones. eww141014gjr The obtained results possibly suggest that antioxidant protection in barley plants under drought conditions could be attributed mainly to SOD and CAT. KEYWORDS Hordeum vulgare L., Drought, Reactive Oxygen Species, Antioxidant Enzymes

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Read the full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50288 DOI: 10.4236/jgis.2014.65036 Author(s) Lev Spivak1, Ivan Spivak2, Alexey Sokolov1, Sergey Voinov3 Affiliation(s) 1Dubna International University, Moscow Region, Russia. 2Real Geo Project, Moscow Region, Russia. 3University of Applied Sciences, Stuttgart, Germany. ABSTRACT A new methodology of comparing digital raster maps was proposed which allows not only detecting changes in the maps, but also obtaining quantitative measures of the importance of selected differences. Procedure of object interpretation of satellite images and forming of OMT (Object Map of Territory) is described. A list of allowable differences between two OMTs is defined. Two steps technique of quantitative measuring is proposed. At the first stage functions are constructed for calculating local measures of differences in the amount, areas and locations of objects on the map, as well as relations between the objects. In the second stage local measures are used to calculate the integral measure in order to get generalized assessment of difference between maps. The methods for constructing functions which calculate local and integral measures of differences are described. eww141014gjr Examples of comparing and measuring the differences between OMTs are provided. Obtained results by utilizing this technique can be used to analyze trends, forecast of development and might be helpful for choosing most efficient scenarios for sustainable spatial planning and land management. KEYWORDS Maps Comparison, Object Map of Territory, Change Detection, Local Measure of Difference, Integral Measure of Difference, Sustainable Spatial Planning and Land Management

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Read the full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50152 DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2014.515154 Author(s) Alexey V. Klimenko, Vladimir A. Klimenko ABSTRACT In the framework of the theory of the gravitational field, which distinguishes between particles and antiparticles, it is shown that even in the Early Universe its disintegration occurred into areas consisting of baryons (worlds), and areas consisting of antibaryons (antiworlds). It is hypothesized that astronomers have observed worlds and antiworlds for fifteen years. They are, according to the authors, objects that can be seen as relatively bright spots against the almost uniform background of cosmic microwave radiation, having a characteristic angular size of quarter degree.eww141008gjr KEYWORDS Cosmology, Particles, Antiparticles, Worlds, Antiworlds, Gravitational Field

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Read the full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50119 DOI: 10.4236/as.2014.511110 Author(s) Margarita Miranda1, José Delatorre-Herrera2, Antonio Vega-Gálvez1,3, Evelyn Jorquera1, Issis Quispe-Fuentes1, Enrique A. Martínez23* ABSTRACT Antimicrobial potential of quinoa seeds from six diverse seeds, grown in three distinctive geo-graphical zones of Chile, was correlated with their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total saponin content (TSC). The six seeds were Ancovinto, Cancosa, Cahuil, Faro, Regalona and Villarrica. A significant influence of quinoa source on chemical composition of seeds was observed. Extracts of all quinoa samples showed antimicrobial activity in the range of 8.3 - 14.8 mm inhibition zone for E. coli and 8.5 - 15.0 mm inhibition zone for S. aureus. Cancosa seeds had the highest antimicrobial action. The TPC and TFC ranged from 3.71 to 16.55 mg GA/100 g d.m. and 7.77 to 14.37 mg QE/100 g d.m., respectively. TSC varied from 1.78 to 3.08 g/100 g d.m. A cor-relation between TFC and antimicrobial activity was found. In conclusion, the six types of quinoa seeds were identified as potential sources of antioxidant compounds and antimicrobial activity. KEYWORDS Quinoa, Antimicrobial Activity, Phenols, Flavonoids, Saponin

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Read the full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50118 DOI: 10.4236/jct.2014.511106 Author(s) Hanan E. Shafik1;2*, Salem H. Al-Shemarri1;3, Fahed Al-Enezi1, Mohamed Ashour1;4, Eman Khalaf1, Ahmed I. Al-Khodary1;2 ABSTRACT he frequency of EGFR mutations is ethnicity-dependent, with a higher proportion in Asian population than in whites. The prevalence of these mutations among Arab patients is unknown. The objective of this study was to report the frequency and spectrum of EGFR mutations in our population with lung adenocarcinoma, and the effect of this mutation on treatment outcome. eww141008gjr Tumor specimens from 81 patients histological diagnosed as NSCLC adenocarcinoma were reviewed by our local pathologist and then sent to Lab 21 London, UK. Samples were tested for 28 mutations in EGFR gene. Positive patients received TKI and negative patients received chemotherapy. Data were collected and retrospectively analyzed to determine frequency and spectrum of EGFR positivity. Patients were followed for time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS). Overall frequency of EGFR mutation was 37%; Del 19 (46.6%), L858R (40%), D719x and insertion 20 (6.7%) for each. Females and nonsmokers exhibited a statistically significant higher EGFR positivity (P = 0.003, 0.059) respectively. Overall response rate (ORR) was 76.6% and 43% in EGFR positive and negative cases respectively (P = 0.002). There was a statistically significant difference in TTP and OS between EGFR positive and negative patients (P = 0.035 and 0.039 respectively). Arab patients exhibit an EGFR mutation pattern that is closer to Asian population. EGFR gene mutation subtypes are the same as that reported worldwide. A statistically significant TTP and OS benefit was noticed in EGFR positive patients compared to EGFR negative cases. KEYWORDS Adenocarcinoma, EGFR, NSCLC, Outcome

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Read the full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50117 Teachers’ Professional Development Needs and the Systems That Meet Them DOI: 10.4236/ce.2014.516167 Author(s) Mahmut Sağır ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to identify professional development needs of primary and secondary school teachers and to present their views on the systems that meet those needs. The research model utilized in the study was the mixed model type. Findings related to identification of teachers’ professional development needs were collected through quantitative methods whereas findings related to systems that meet those needs were collected qualitatively. The study utilized survey model since it identified teachers’ professional development needs and investigated the systems that meet those needs. The part of the study related to identification of teachers’ professional development needs was quantitative and the section that investigated the systems that met professional development needs was qualitative. Data regarding the quantitative part of the study was collected with a data collection tool composed of 34 items prepared by the researcher and the data regarding the qualitative part of the study was collected, a 5-item data collection tool prepared by the researcher. Working group was composed of a total of 207 teachers selected via “simple random sampling” from the universe. Results showed that teachers needed development in the following areas mostly: “extracurricular and classroom activities”, “instructional programs and evaluation”, “teacher-student relationships” and “organization of instructional environments”. EWW141008GJR Teacher stated that they met their professional development needs in the following order from the most to least: through own individual studies, social learning among colleagues, in-service training, school administration and educational inspection. KEYWORDS Teacher, Professional Development, Provision of Professional Development

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Read the full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50116 DOI: 10.4236/jct.2014.511105 Author(s) Mari Pascual Gallego1, Jose Samblas2, Jose Carlos Bustos2, Jose Angel Gutierrez Diaz2, Marisa Gonzalez2, Kita Sallabanda1;2* ABSTRACT The cases of 82 patients with cavernous sinus meningioma (CSM) treated with Stereotactic Radio-surgery (SRS) at our institution from 1992 to 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. The mean follow-up time was 8.38 year. Patients’ age ranged between 16 and 78 years (mean 51). There were 35 patients who had been operated before, and two of them had been treated with fractionated radiotherapy. Twenty-three from 35 patients were surgically intervened (65.7%) and presented post-surgical morbidity. Only in 3 cases the surgery was considered complete. The patients were referred for SRS treatment due to having tumour remains or a tumour growth. The mean volume of the tumour was 17.96 (+/?13.67) cm3. All the patients had been treated with a Linear Accelerator (LINAC) using a high precision positioning and radiation system (SRS 2000) University of Florida. The clinical progress of the patients was assessed using pre-and post-SRS radiological imaging, post-surgical and pre-post-SRS morbidity and mortality. Tumour volume decreased significantly with RS in 61 of 82 patients (74.4%). The tumour volume remained stable 12 patients (14.6%) and only in 9 patients (11%) was there tumour growth after SRS. Of these, 5 required surgical intervention, and 7 of the 82 underwent SRS or another fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy after the RS. Morbidity due to the SRS was only seen in 14 out of the 82 patients treated with SRS, five of them recovered completely. SRS is a high precise and effective treatment with low morbidity, becoming more and more the option of choices in the treatment of cavernous sinus meningioma.eww141008gjr KEYWORDS Cavernous Sinus Meningioma, Radiosurgery, LINAC

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Read the full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50115 DOI: 10.4236/aim.2014.412094 Author(s) Fatuyi Olanipekun Ekundayo ABSTRACT Crude and used engine oil degrading ability of two white rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and P. pulmonarius were investigated for six months. One hundred grams of sterilized soil moistened with 75% distilled water (w/v) were weighed into 9 × 9 × 4 cm (350 cm3) jam bottles and mixed thoroughly with bonny light crude oil and used engine oil at different concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 25% and 30%), separately. Each bottle was then inoculated with two agar plugs of a vigorously grown mycelium of P. ostreatus and P. pulmonarius using a sterile cork borer. The bottles were incubated at room temperature for 6 months. The mycelia-ramified waste was separated from soils and analysed for physicochemical parameters such as organic matter, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, pH and total hydrocarbon content, (THC) after drying. The organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents in contaminated and inoculated soils were increased after six months. However, decrease in potassium, pH and THC occurred in these soils after the period of investigation. P. ostreatus reduced the initial THC to 8% and 9% in soils contaminated with 20% of crude and engine oils, respectively, which was lower than that of P. pulmonarius. The two white rot fungi could be exploited in bioremediation of soils contaminated with bonny light crude and used engine oils.EWW141008GJR KEYWORDS White Rot Fungi, Biodegradation, Crude Oil, Used Engine Oil

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Read the full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50114 DOI: 10.4236/jct.2014.511104 Author(s) Lamiae Amaadour1*, Zineb Benbrahim1, Khadija Benhayoune2, Layla Chbani2, Samia Arifi1, Nawfel Mellas1 ABSTRACT Aggressive fibromatosis arising from the small bowel mesentery is extremely rare. eww141008gjr It may occur in association with previous trauma, abdominal surgery, drugs, Gardner’s syndrome, or familial adenomatous polyposis. This paper presents a 32-year-old man with no significant medical or surgical history, complaining of diffuse abdominal pain and discomfort. His computed tomography scan revealed a well-defined soft tissue mass in the peritoneal cavity. He underwent surgical excision of the mass with resection and anastomosis of the involved loop of the small intestine. Histological examination confirmed mesenteric fibromatosis without infiltration of the bowel. The patient remained well during the 8 months follow-up. KEYWORDS Desmoid Tumor, Mesenteric Fibromatosis, Surgery

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Read the full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50113 DOI: 10.4236/aim.2014.412093 Author(s) Alfred Chioza, Shoji Ohga ABSTRACT This study looked at comparison of chemical components and pharmacological activity between wildOphiocordyceps sinensis and Paecilomyces hepiali. The chemical components investigated included amino acids, vitamins, dietary elements, protein, lipid, ash, carbohydrates, crude fibre, ergosterol and mannitol. Studies on pharmacological activity included anti-platelet aggregation, inhibitory effect on IL-8 gene expression, anti-mutagenic activity, skin whitening effect and impro- vement activity on human skin texture. The results show that P. hepiali has a larger total content of seven essential amino acids (leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine) than O. sinensis, 8580 mg/100g and 6180 mg/100g respectively. The total content of dietary elements analysed (potassium, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese and selenium) was also higher in P. hepiali (3135 mg/100g) than that in O. sinensis (2445 mg/100g). The total content of four vitamins (B1, B2, B6 and E) was almost equal for both fungi. Paecilomyces hepiali had more content of protein, lipid, ash, carbohydrate, ergosterol and mannitol than O. sinensis. However, the contents of lipid and ash were not significantly different between the two fungi. The hot water extract of P. hepiali has been shown to have a number of pharmacological effects which include 1) inhibition of aggregation on human platelet, 2) inhibition of IL-8 gene expression, 3) anti-mutage- nic activity, 4) inhibition effect on production of melanin, and 5) improvement on human skin texture. eww141008gjr Anti-platelet aggregation effects on human platelet, inhibition of IL-8 gene expression, anti-mutagenic activity and improvement effect on human skin texture were greater in P. hepialitreatments than that in wild O. sinensis. KEYWORDS Chemical Composition, Pharmacological Effects, Paecilomyces hepiali, Ophiocordyceps sinensis

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Read the full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50112 DOI: 10.4236/jct.2014.511103 ABSTRACT Background: Treatment is an important component of a comprehensive cancer control approach and its outcomes strongly depend on infrastructure, equipment, human and financial resources available. Therefore it is imperative to generate evidence-based tools to assist health policy makers from low resourced countries in planning efficient and equitable treatment services for a defined population based on what it is feasible to these settings. Methods: The intended cancer spe-cific treatment planned and written in the patients’ medical record (treatment prescription) of untreated adult cancer cases (≥18 years of age), excluding non-melanoma skin cancer, was recorded in a chronological way from 1 January 2012 onwards in a group of eight comprehensive cancer centres located in middle income countries and offering the main modalities of cancer treatment (surgery, medical oncology and radiotherapy). Results: A total of 17,713 medical records were reviewed, of which 7106 (54.2%) met the eligibility criteria. Prescription of main cancer treatment modalities were distributed as follows: 57.6% for chemotherapy (n = 4093), 56.8% for surgery (n = 4038), and 46.8% for radiotherapy (n = 3327).eww141008gjr There was a predominance of plans consisting of combined treatment modalities over monotherapy (55.2% versus 44.8%). At the time of diagnosis 54.3% of the cancer cases had disease that had spread beyond the primary site, 41.2% were considered as having local disease and in 4.5% of the cases the information on disease extension was unknown. Conclusions: The results obtained should be seen as an approximation of cancer treatment service demand based on what it is currently practiced and therefore feasible in developing countries, particularly in middle income countries. KEYWORDS Cancer Treatment, Developing Countries, Health Services Needs and Demand, Resource Allocation, Observational Study

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Read the full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50111 DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2014.515147 Author(s) Diouma Kobor, Abdou Kadri Diallo, Modou Tine ABSTRACT Historically, the LiCoO2 is the most used as active material for battery positive electrode because of its great potential (3.7 - 4.2 V), its interesting specific capacity (150 mA·h·g-1) and its excellent life cycle [1]. However, its toxicity, the cobalt cost and its structural instability oriented research towards new materials more stable that can replace it. In another context, hybrid, electrical vehicles and communication (computers and mobile phones...) have increased the scientific and technological research for new materials capable of storing and return energy through a system called accumulator. And research has identified the phosphate olivine structure as the most prolific ceramic material for positive electrode. LiFePO4 is a promising cathode material for Lithium-ion batteries.eww141009gjr It provides high thermal stability and is synthesized using low cost materials. Unfortunately LiFePO4 suffers from a low electrical conductivity, which is harmful to its electrochemical performance. Decreasing the particle size, coating the particles with carbon or doping with metal atoms can increase the conductivity of the material. In this paper, we present the synthesis, physico-chemical and electrical characterization of lithium and iron doped Al-phosphorrus-based ceramic. The NPK Fertiliser was used as Al and phosphorus precursors. The powder XRD spectrum shows a possible presence of LiFePO4 and Fe2(PO)3 in theheterostrcture. An important quantity of Al is found by EDX spectra which supposed that the most important based atom is Aluminum and not Phosphorus. This can explain the increase of the conductivity value 102 times more important than those found in the literature for LiFePO4. KEYWORDS Characterization, X-Ray Diffraction, EDX, Ceramic, Positive Electrode

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Read the full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50110 DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2014.515146 Author(s) Ahmed Abd Elradi1, Nasser N. Morgan1,2, Sobhy Ghalab1,2, Mansour Elsabagh1,2, Safwat Hassaballa1,2, Ahmed Samir1*, Farouk F. Elakshar1,2, Abdou A. Garamoon1,2 ABSTRACT Electric discharge has been carried out in LPG using DC high voltage (0.4 - 3 KV) at gas pressure in the range of 1 to 25 torr. The electric and spectroscopic characteristics of the discharge were studied at different discharge conditions. Deviations from Paschen’s law were observed as a result of the change of the distance between the two the electrodes. Two discharge modes, namely glow discharge and spark discharge modes, has been observed in the discharge current waveforms. The discharge current waveforms indicate a repetitive pulsed behaviour with frequencies of 5 kHz to 5 MHz depending upon the applied voltage and the gas pressure. The emitted spectra from the discharge are also studied near both the cathode and the anode using different electrode materials. Hα line and C2 Swan band system are observed, which confirms the conversion of LPG to hydrogen and carbon clusters.eww141008gjr KEYWORDS Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Electric Discharge, Hydrogen Production, Propane Decomposition, Butane Decomposition

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Read the full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50109 Influence of Infinitesimal Neglected Effects by Current Theory of Gravitation and Experiments on the Stability of the Universe DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2014.515145 Author(s) Ping’an Luo ABSTRACT From the hypotheses compatible with microphysics theory, this paper establishes a new theoretical model of static universal gravitation and deduces new formula of the theory of universal gravitation. In a first order approximation, the new formula shows the inverse-square law consistent with Newton formula, which would indicate that the new theory is consistent with the experimental results that can be reasonably explained by the current theory of gravitation. The parameters and higher order terms among the coefficients of this paper reveal the numerous infinitesimal neglected effects by current theory and experiments. In the first order approximation, the meanings of the physical parameters included in coefficients are analyzed and the infinitesimal neglected effects are applied in the study of the stability of the universe, which overcomes the difficulty of singularity in the cosmology of Newton, Einstein, etc., and concludes that the boundary of universe is unlimited, without any need of the hypothesis that the universe starts off with the big bang. Therefore, this paper establishes a harmonious and ingenious relationship between microphysics and macrophysics theories. In addition, through the analysis of the formula derived from the theory of this paper, it is found that: in general, the gravitational constant is not always a constant in the gravitation formula requiring high precision; from the perspective of the interaction of field quantum, the acting force may not be equal to counter-acting force under the interaction of indirect contact; the gravity process is an exothermic process; in the gravitational process, annihilation effects may exist amongst gravitons; reciprocal translation may exist amongst fundamental forces.eww141008gjr KEYWORDS Universal Gravitation, Graviton, Annihilation Effect, General Theory of Relativity, Steady-State Model of the Universe, Infinitesimal

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Read the full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50108 DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2014.515144 Author(s) Jean-Paul Auffray ABSTRACT Using powerful concepts and tools borrowed from the seminal arsenal connecting physics fundamentals with esoteric set theoretical operations developed in recent years by Alexandria E-infinity theoretician M. S. El Naschie, this paper explores the deep implications of some of the dualities Dr El Naschie has identified and analyzed in his exposes, connecting them with our own Xonic Quantum Physics (XQP) which places dynamical action rather than spacetime and energy at the core of the System of the World. EWW141008GJR KEYWORDS E-Infinity, El Naschie, Space, Time, Spacetime, Topology, Cantor Sets, Energy, Xon, Xonic Quantum Physics,Planck Scale, Dirac Electron

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Read the full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50107 DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2014.515143 Author(s) Leave a commentYury F. Pirogov ABSTRACT The nonlinear affine Goldstone model of the emergent gravity, built on the nonlinearly realized/ hidden affine symmetry, is concisely revisited. Beyond General Relativity, the explicit violation of general invariance/relativity, under preserving general covariance, is exposed. Dependent on a nondynamical affine connection, a generally covariant second-order effective Lagrangian for metric gravity is worked out, with the general relativity violation and the gravitational dark matter serving as the signatures of emergence.eww141008gjr KEYWORDS Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking, Nonlinear Realizations, Emergent Gravity, General Relativity Violation, Dark Matter