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For the consideration of the 2025 Long Beach amberpricefield council: Rachel's stint in modeling work would lead to her becoming good friends with people in sex work, who she would frequently bring on the podcast. Mostly because it's Good Radio, because it gets the numbers, yknow, but partially because it needles at Chloe in that very lighthearted way you do mischief to your partner as an adult. Because I think by her 30s, Chloe would have moved on from ever worrying over Rachel cheating on her and onto some absolute Looney Tunes ass bullshit that leads to her momentarily completely forgetting what a podcast is, like, "nooo, how come *you* get to smoke cigars and play mahjong with a bunch of beautiful women!!!"

chloe losermaxxing when rachel's podcast guests are too cool is absolutely true and necessary. great addition.

#replies #semiochemicals

Semiochemicals Market Demand in Organic Farming Practices

The Semiochemicals market size was USD 5.48 billion in 2024, and projects it to grow to USD 17.51 billion by 2032, at a CAGR of 15.75% from 2025 to 2032.The semiochemicals market is growing due to the rising demand for eco-friendly pest control solutions in agriculture. With strict regulations on chemical pesticides, farmers are adopting pheromones and allelochemicals for sustainable farming. Increasing use in organic crops, technological advancements, and global food security needs are fueling rapid market expansion.

Sample Link- https://www.datamintelligence.com/download-sample/semiochemicals-market

Maret Segmentation-

By Type

-Pheromones: This is the largest segment. They are widely used for mating disruption, mass trapping, and monitoring insect populations. Their specific nature makes them very effective for pest management.

-Allelochemicals: These are naturally occurring compounds used to deter pests and protect crops. More research on plant-derived semiochemicals is driving growth in this area.

By Crop Type

-Field Crops: This includes crops like corn, cotton, and rice, where pheromone traps are used extensively.

-Fruit & Vegetables: This segment is growing quickly. High-value crops are sensitive to pest damage, and there is a strong demand for residue-free produce.

.By Function

-Mating Disruption: This is the main application. It prevents pests from reproducing without using chemicals.

-Mass Trapping: This method helps reduce pest populations in large farms.

-Monitoring/Detection: This is important for early identification of pests and for targeted treatments.

By Application Method

-Traps: These are simple, cost-effective, and widely used in field and greenhouse farming.

-Sprays & Dispensers: New controlled-release technologies provide long-term effectiveness.

-Others: Innovative methods include pheromone-infused coatings and smart farming solutions.

Market drivers-

-Growing push for sustainable agriculture & organic farming:- As consumers demand cleaner produce and regulators limit synthetic pesticide usage, semiochemicals gain appeal for targeted, eco-friendly pest control.

-Regulation and restrictions on chemical pesticides:- Many countries are tightening controls, which drives farmers to alternative methods. Adoption of integrated pest management (IPM):- Semiochemicals fit well into IPM strategies as precision and species-specific tools. -Technological innovation in formulations & delivery:- Microencapsulation, controlled release, better environmental stability, integration with sensors / precision agriculture help improve efficacy.

-Rising cultivation of high-value crops & yield pressure:- In orchards, vegetables, and specialty crops, pest control is critical; semiochemicals offer a premium, precise option.

-Awareness & demand for residue-free produce:- Food safety and export standards incentivize lower chemical residues.

Keyplayers:-

-Shin-Etsu

-Pacific Biocontrol Corp -Bedoukian Research, Inc.

-SEDQ

-Suterra

-Pherobank

-Isagro Group

-Certis

-Corteva Agriscience

-Biobest Group NV

Recent Development:-

-Launch of new pheromone products / technologies:- Some companies are releasing improved mating disruption dispensers, sensor-integrated traps, or multi-species blend products to broaden utility.

-Acquisitions & strategic investments:- The aforementioned FMC → BioPhero deal is a major 2025 event, underscoring consolidation in the field.

- Increased R&D in formulation & stability:- Researchers are working on microencapsulation, nano-formulations, and UV-resistant carriers to prolong activity in harsh field conditions.

-Integration with precision agriculture / digital tools:- Some startups and agtech firms are linking semiochemical deployment to sensor systems, pest forecasting models, and smart dispensers.

-Expansion into novel applications / livestock:- Beyond crop protection, semiochemicals are seeing interest in modulating animal behavior (e.g. kairomones in feed, repellent for livestock pests). Mordor mentions this as a growth vector.

Benefits of the report-

-Detailed segmentation & insights:- See revenue and growth by type (pheromones, allelochemicals), crop, application, and region. Helps prioritize high-potential niches.

-Competitive intelligence:- Profiles, strategies, investment moves, patents, collaborators, and product pipelines for key players.

-Data tables & models:- Many reports include dozens of tables (45+, per DataM) and figures, plus downloadable Excel files for custom modeling.

-Trend & innovation tracking:- Understand where formulation, delivery, sensor-integration, new chemical discovery are heading.

-Risk & regulatory analysis:- Evaluate risks of regulatory shifts, adoption barriers, intellectual property landscape, geographic constraints.

Conclusion-

The semiochemicals market is poised for strong growth, driven by rising demand for sustainable pest management, stricter pesticide regulations, and expanding organic farming. With advancements in pheromone technologies and increasing adoption in high-value crops, semiochemicals are set to play a vital role in the future of global agriculture.

#Semiochemicals

Using pheromones to control and monitor stored grain pests is a technology applied in different countries. The present review identified the primary compounds used to prevent or monitor stored grain pests, their chemical structures, functional groups and attraction mechanisms. We discuss the aspects of historical evolution, the geographic distribution of research on stored grain pests, the methodological approaches used in developing this research, the strategies used to control and monitor these pests, and the chemical synthesis of the compounds used as pheromones. We found 109 published articles that reported data on pheromones. Aggregation and sexual pheromones were the most used for control and monitoring. The surveys were distributed across six continents; most studies were conducted in North America. Laboratory studies were the most common, followed by field studies. Management using pest monitoring was the most common. Different synthetic routes were observed when conducting the studies. These works showed the improvement of these synthetic routes to obtain pheromone constituents. This review highlighted the main aspects of using pheromones for controlling or monitoring stored grain pests.

#Pheromone #Stored product #Pests in storage #Pest control #Semiochemicals

How Do Mosquitoes Find You?

Biology concepts – semiochemicals, hematophagy, proboscis, thermosensing, TRPA1

Sure, mosquitoes suck blood and pass along malaria

that kill more humans than any other infectious disease.

But would it be good to get rid of them. They provide

food for birds – one scientist suggests that elimination

of Arctic mosquitoes could reduce northern bird

populations by 50%. And mosquitoes pollinate flowers

too, like blueberries and cranberries. See, they’re

not all bad.

We can start our summer series of biology questions by continuing our discussion of taste and thermosensing. It seems that some people are bitten by mosquitoes if they peak out the front door, while other people can sit outside next to tall grass or ponds for hours with suffering a single bite. Unfortunately, I happen to be in the former category.

How do mosquitoes find some people and not others? Are some people just tastier than others?

First let’s get some common misconceptions and basic information out of the way. Do mosquitoes bite you (or any other animal)? No, they have no teeth, so they don’t bite in the traditional sense. What they do have is an elongated set of mouthparts called a proboscis. The sheath on the outside retracts as the longer parts inside pierce the skin like a hypodermic needle. Only this is a flexible hypodermic needle, small enough to go around individual cells and look for a small vein or venule.

On the left is a drawing of the mosquito proboscis parts. Most sit

in a groove of the labium, which retracts as the rest is injected

into the skin. The maxillae and mandibles are like our upper and

lower jaws. They are the sharp parts. The hypopharynx is what

delivers the anticoagulant saliva. On the right is the parts put

together. The fuzzy part is the labium and the sharp tips are

from the maxillae.

Take a look at these videos taken from a 2012 PLoS One study of a mosquito biting a mouse. The squarish objects are skin cells, and the red streaks are blood vessels. The second video in the sequence shows what happens when the proboscis finds a vessel and starts to suck out the blood. Makes you respect the mosquito a bit more – these are some determined females.

Of course it’s only the females that feed on blood. This suggests that feeding on blood is related to having babies. And it is – just not in a “gotta get the baby some food” sort of way. Most mosquito species require a blood meal in order to develop viable eggs. Females get energy from drinking nectar (full of carbohydrates), but they need protein to produce yolk for the eggs. They get the protein from feeding on blood. If the female doesn’t feed on blood, the eggs will be produced, but they won’t be able to hatch and become larva.

But here is one of our exceptions – some mosquitoes have gotten around the need for blood meals. All 92 species of mosquito in the genus Toxorhynchites (elephant mosquito) don’t need to feed on blood. Instead, their larvae feed on the larva of other mosquitoes, and the gather the proteins they need to lay viable eggs from their larval meals. They store the amino acids in their larval and pupal bodies, until they become adults and need them to lay eggs of their own.

Compare the sizes of the elephant mosquito (left) and

A. aegypti. I’m very glad that the females of the

Toxorhynchites genus don’t suck blood. They could drain

people dry! Even though their size is small, species like the

one on the right can consume 300 ml a day from every

caribou in a herd when they are swarming.

This suggests that the elephant mosquitoes could be used to combat disease spreading mosquitoes, like the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that spread dengue fever, yellow fever and the current disease of interest, chikungunya fever. And the elephant mosquito has been used as a natural biocontrol agent. What's weird is that A. aegypti females actually help the situation.

A. aegypti, and many other mosquitoes that lay eggs in water, have larvae that eat bacteria. So they want to lay eggs where there are a lot of bacteria. Well, the eating of larvae by Toxorhynchitesspecies leaves lots of little pieces of mosquito larva in the water, and this provides bacteria with a lot of food. A June 2014 study showed that A. aegypti females actually prefer to lay eggs in water that contain predators for their larva, because it increases the bacterial numbers so much. Thos that survive have lots of bacteria to feed on. It’s a calculated behavior – risk being eaten or risk starving.

So some mosquitoes will go a long way and risk death in order to get a good meal for their potential offspring. They’re looking for mammals usually, but even here there are exceptions. Some mosquito species, like Culiseta melanura, feed almost exclusively on bird blood – they say it tastes like chicken.

The picture represents the transmission cycle for

eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV). It can’t be

transmitted from mammals to other animals, so they are

called dead-end hosts. But it can produce disease in

them. Humans most often will present with a limiting or

subclinical disease, but horses have a hard time with it.

The major source is in birds, and the transmission from

bird to bird is by mosquitoes that rarely bite humans. The

way into dead-end hosts is by a mosquito that normally

bites mammals occasionally biting a bird, or the rare

occasion that a bird specific mosquito will bit a mammal.

But just because they feed mostly from birds doesn’t mean they aren’t important disease transmission. They are – for horses. Eastern equine encephalitis virus is passed from bird to bird by C. melanura, so the birds, especially cardinals, are a reservoir of virus. Then, when another species of mosquito that is less particular about its host species bite a bird then bites a horse or person, the disease can be spread. There are even cases where a C. melanura will occasionally feed on a human and spread the disease directly.

With this background, we still need to answer our question of the day – how do mosquitoes find a blood meal. Believe it or not, your socks help answer the question. For many years it was assumed that mosquitoes followed the heat of warm-blooded animals in order to find a meal, but this was an assumption that was not tested rigorously.

Then it was discovered that carbon dioxide (CO2) is a strong cue for mosquitoes seeking sustenance. CO2 means respiration, and respiration possibly means mammals. The mosquitoes have taste receptors in their antennae and mouths that will sense changes in CO2 and they will follow the path of more carbon dioxide right to your nose and mouth (see this post).

Large people and pregnant women tend to exhale more CO2, so they will be more attractive to mosquitoes. But there are large individuals who never get bothered by mosquitoes. Maybe there’s more to it.

Semiochemicals are part of the answer. Semio- comes from the Greek meaning signal, like in semaphore flags. So semiochemicals are molecules emitted by organisms for communication. Pheromones are the most famous of the semiochemicals – and we know that these are used in many animals, from helping to guide ants to follow the path of their predecessors, to influencing mate choices in many animals.

Semiochemicals might be attractants or repellants. In some cases, they can be both. Take human body odor – it contains dozens of semiochemicals, people find body odor repulsive, but mosquitoes enjoy it like the smell of fresh apple pie. Of course, body odor is only offensive nowadays; before the advent of deodorant, daily or three times daily baths and showers, perfume, aftershave, and of course Axe products – everybody smelled like that guy that lives under the bridge.

On the top of this image is a general idea of semiochemicals.

If they work on members of the same species (like mating

signals), then they are called pheromones. If they work on

other species, they are called alleochemicals. Each can be

either attractive or repellant. On the bottom is a homemade

mosquito trap. You might be able to see that it has been

baited with old shoes and grimy socks.

Bacteria feed on the sweat, sugars and proteins that mammals exude, and they give even more semiochemicals. This can make you more or less attractive to mosquitoes. In general, people with many types of bacteria on their skin are less attractive, while those with mostly a few attractive species will get bitten more often. Having a high number of bacteria is a turn off too, probably because that would expose the mosquitoes to more possible pathogens as well. Is it possible to be so disgustingly colonized that even mosquitoes won’t land on you?

Mosquitoes are attracted to several different semiochemicals, including octenol, CO2, and nonanal. On mosquito antennae, especially the female antennae, there are receptors in the sensilla (see this post) for at least 27 different chemicals in human sweat.

Studies have shown that old socks are a good experimental attractant for mosquitoes. Instead of using an arm or other body part, scientists will compare the attractive ability of someone’s old sweat socks to individual chemicals or mixtures of chemicals. Of course, whose socks you use matters as well. Some people are classified as high attractors (HA) and some as low attractors (LA), so studies often include comparisons of chemicals or mixtures to both HA and LA socks.

But there are other considerations as well. People with blood type O secrete different semiochemicals and are more attractive to many species of mosquitoes. Go ahead, try to change your blood type so you’re less attractive to mosquitoes.

Different species may aim for different body parts. Some seem to prefer feet and ankles, but this may be because they are closer to the ground. If convection currents created by the body heat rising suck the mosquitoes in from below, then it is really the fact that they are following their noses and not going after feet particularly. A small 1998 study showed that mosquitoes that went after feet and ankles preferentially did not do so when the volunteers lied on their backs and raised their feet high in to the air. But, what we have stumbled across in this discussion is body heat.

This is part of a complex figure from a 2011 scientific paper.

In addition to the pretty colors used, the message is that these

researchers identified TRPA1 ion channels on the proboscis

of a species of mosquito. They don’t just sense heat with

their antennae, but also their sucking parts. I wonder if the

interior parts also have TRPA1 to help them find a vessel

when the proboscis is inserted into the tissue.

But what was old is new again…. Scientists are again looking at heat as an attractant for mosquitoes. As compared to HA or LA socks, heat isn’t a strong attractor, but warm socks attract more mosquitoes than cold socks. On the other hand, a 2010 study says that heat and moisture is a greater attractor than heat alone, so it would seem that people working outside in the heat would be the perfect attractors for mosquitoes.

Since heat does seem to be an attractor, it would follow that female mosquitoes would have a receptor for heat. Voila, a new study shows that mosquitoes have sensilla on their antennae and palps that house TRPA1 ion channels. A 2011 study even showed that one malaria-carrying mosquito has TRPA1 receptors on its proboscis. We have talked before about how many mammals use this receptor to sense noxious cold as well as chemicals that cause irritation or pain.

On the left is a species of tick. You wouldn’t believe how big they

can get when feeding on blood. Look it up – I dare you. On the

right is a bedbug. The bedbug is not that closely related to the

tick, since the tick is an arachnid. Count the legs on each – spiders

(arachnids) have eight legs, insects have six. Both these animals

feed on blood, but no one has identified a heat sensor in them.

But in birds, reptiles and insects, TRPA1 is a heat sensor. The 2009 studyshowed that the TRPA1 were expressed on the female antennae only. But that isn’t to say that only female mosquitoes have TRPA1. A 2013 study indicates that A. gambiae mosquito larvae have functioning TRPA1 so that they can sense water temperature and stay in the most comfortable water.

So mosquitoes (most female mosquitoes) are finding suitable hosts for blood meals by using their senses of taste, smell, sight, and infrared detection. There are other vampire insects as well, ticks, bedbugs, etc. I wonder if they are using heat sensing too. These have yet to be reported on.

Next week, a related question – just how and why do mosquito repellants work?

Maekawa E, Aonuma H, Nelson B, Yoshimura A, Tokunaga F, Fukumoto S, & Kanuka H (2011). The role of proboscis of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi in host-seeking behavior. Parasites & vectors, 4 PMID: 21272298

Albeny-Simões D, Murrell EG, Elliot SL, Andrade MR, Lima E, Juliano SA, & Vilela EF (2014). Attracted to the enemy: Aedes aegypti prefers oviposition sites with predator-killed conspecifics. Oecologia, 175 (2), 481-92 PMID: 24590205

Olanga EA, Okal MN, Mbadi PA, Kokwaro ED, & Mukabana WR (2010). Attraction of Anopheles gambiae to odour baits augmented with heat and moisture. Malaria journal, 9 PMID: 20051143

Liu C, & Zwiebel LJ (2013). Molecular characterization of larval peripheral thermosensory responses of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae. PloS one, 8 (8) PMID: 23940815

#zoology #TRPA1 #thermosensing #semiochemicals #protein #proboscis #pheromone #hematophagy #exception #animal