LPWAN AND SENSOR DEVICES — HOW DO THEY COME TOGETHER?
WHO ARE LPWAN?
A low-power wide-area network, or LPWAN, is a kind of wireless wide-area network created to enable long-distance communications at a low bit rate among things (connected items), including sensors run on a battery. A Low-Power Wide-Area Network is a wireless wide area network that caters largely to low-power devices (LPWAN). The Wireless Sensor Network uses LPWAN for the sensor devices’ communication.
THE MOST POPULAR LPWAN TECHNOLOGIES
SUB-1 GHZ
NBIOT
ZIGBEE
LORAWAN
LTE CAT-M1 OR LTE-M
SIGFOX
LPWAN-BASED WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK (WSN)
A group of autonomous, scattered devices known as a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) employs sensors to keep an eye on its surroundings. The sensor nodes utilised in WSN systems are integrated with the onboard controllers. The whole circuitry primarily regulates and oversees operation. The complex data processing carried out at the base station known as the Gateway, which is connected to everything, takes place there.
The majority of the dispersed sensor nodes in a WSN are connected by LPWAN, and they all interact with the gateway.
LPWAN SENSOR DEVICE COMMUNICATION STRUCTURE
A wireless sensor node is furnished with power supplies, radio transceivers, and sensing and processing equipment. A wireless sensor network (WSNindividual )’s nodes are intrinsically resource-restricted because of their confined processing power, storage space, and communication bandwidth. Radio transmissions are used by the sensor nodes to communicate among themselves.
After being installed, the sensor nodes are in charge of self-organizing a suitable network architecture and often communicating with them across several hops. The integrated sensors then start gathering important data.
In order to carry out certain instructions or offer sensing, wireless sensor devices further reply to inquiries issued from a control site or the gateway.
WHAT DOES AN LPWAN GATEWAY UNIT DO? HOW DO SENSOR APPLICATIONS CONNECT TO AN LPWAN GATEWAY?
The Gateway serves as a conduit between the cloud and the WSN or other networks. This makes it possible for data to be stored and processed by equipment with higher power on a gateway unit, a distant server.
Both edge computing and cloud computing are crucial to IoT applications.
A gateway, also known as an edge gateway, is a device that enables network administration (control) and combines data from nodes to provide real-time or almost real-time data to a user platform. The user may operate and monitor the WSN locally when the gateway is linked to a nearby laptop. The gateway may be remotely managed and can transfer data to the cloud by connecting a cellular modem (which supports LTE, NBIoT, LTE-catM1, etc.) or an Internet modem (which supports wifi).
The gateway is crucial since it manages the WSN’s sleeping protocol as well as its communication component. The gateway wakes up nodes at a specific time, exchanges data with them, and then sends them back to sleep. WSNs must sleep in order to conserve power. Typically, a sensor node will sleep 90% of the time.
The management of device connectivity, processing, protocol translation, data filtering, security, etc. is handled by IoT gateways. By processing data, some of the more recent gateways also serve as platforms for application code.
LPWAN CLOUD TRANSMISSION OF COLLECTED SENSOR DATA
IoT Gateway devices are situated where LPWAN-connected sensor nodes and cloud-based IoT device nodes meet. The cloud will receive the data sent by wireless sensor networks and other IoT devices after it has been transferred through gateways. After being stored in the cloud, the received data is subsequently made available to consumers as a service.
A completely managed service from Google called Cloud IoT Core makes it simple and safe to connect to, control, and ingest data from millions of widely scattered devices.
MQTT and HTTP are the two protocols that Cloud IoT Core supports for connecting to and communicating with devices. Using either the MQTT bridge or the HTTP bridge, devices connect to Cloud IoT Core. One of the main elements of the Cloud IoT Core is the MQTT/HTTP bridge.
You may choose to activate MQTT, HTTP, or both protocols when creating a device registry.
MQTT is a widely used publish/subscribe protocol that is supported by embedded hardware and used regularly in machine-to-machine communications.
Since HTTP is a “connectionless” protocol, devices using the HTTP bridge don’t keep a connection to Cloud IoT Core open. Rather, they make requests and get answers. Only HTTP 1.1 is supported by Cloud IoT Core.
A MOBILE APP OR IOT DASHBOARD FOR Analysis and visualisation DATA COLLECTED FROM SENSOR DEVICES
The data produced by IoT devices is examined in relation to time. After processing, the timestamp data is uploaded to the cloud storage of the IoT devices, where it creates a database. IoT Dashboard generates data visualisations for users by reading data from the database.
Only if the IoT Dashboard can load data quickly and generate visuals from the database is it said to be useful. By combining the data (which is gathered through remotely dispersed smart devices) with its own database, certain IoT web apps give customers an enhanced experience.
CONCLUSION
Key technologies for LPWA applications that have already enabled several million connected devices include CAT-M, NB-IoT, Sigfox, and LoRa. It might be difficult to choose the best technology in markets that are competitive.
Unlicensed LPWAN is ideal for industrial, warehouse, and agricultural applications whereas licensed LPWAN is better suited for regions where adequate mobile networks have been widely deployed.
Early market entrants Lora and Sigfox progressively took the lead in terms of cost per unit and battery life, whereas NB-IoT is still in development and has not yet seen widespread use and testing. However, CAT-M has carved out a special space for itself and, because to its support for a greater data rate, has encountered fewer difficulties in this market.
Also read: A comparison between LTE-M and NBIoT
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This article was originally published here: HOW DOES SENSOR DEVICES COMMUNICATE ON LPWAN ?