Annie was 5’ tall (152 cm), aged 47 at time of her murder, with pallid complexion, blue eyes, dark brown wavy hair, excellent teeth (possibly two missing in lower jaw). She was strongly built (stout) and with a thick nose. She was under-nourished and suffering from a chronic disease of the lungs (tuberculosis) and brain tissue. It is said that she was dying (these could also be symptoms of syphilis). Her friend Amelia Palmer described her as “sober, steady going woman who seldom took any drink.” She was, however, known to have a taste for rum.
On Saturday, September 1, 1888, Edward Stanley returned after having been away since August 6. He met Annie at the corner of Brushfield Street. Sometime close to this date, Annie had a fight with Eliza Cooper. The fight has several different tellings but all revolve around Edward Stanley. An argument broke out in the Britannia Public House between Eliza Cooper and Annie. Also present were Stanley and Harry the Hawker. Cooper was Annie’s rival for the affections of Stanley. Cooper struck her, giving her a black eye and bruising her breast. The cause was given as: Chapman noticed Cooper palming a florin belonging to Harry, who was drunk, and replacing it with a penny. Chapman mentions this to Harry and otherwise calls attention to Cooper’s deceit. Cooper said she struck Annie in the pub on September 2nd. Amelia Palmer said that Annie told her the argument took place at the pub but the fisticuffs took place at the lodging house, later. John Evans, night watchman at the lodging house said the fight broke out in the lodging house on September 6th. Cooper also said that the fight was not over Harry but over soap which Annie had borrowed for the Pensioner and not returned. In one version of the story, Annie is to have thrown a half penny at Cooper and slapped her in the face saying “Think yourself lucky I did not do more.” Donovan stated that on August 30th he noticed she had a black eye. “Tim, this is lovely, aint it.” She was to have said to him. Stanley noticed that she had a black eye on the evening of September 2nd and on the 3rd Annie showed her bruises to Amelia Palmer. Donovan will tell the inquest into her death that she was not at the lodging house during the week prior to her death. So it appears from the bulk of the evidence that the fight took place in the last few days of August and probably in the lodging house.
On Monday, September 3, Annie met Amelia Palmer in Dorset Street. “How did you get that?” asked Palmer, noticing the bruise on her right temple. By way of answer, Annie opened her dress. “Yes,” Annie said “look at my chest.” Annie complained of feeling unwell and said she may go see her sister. “If I can get a pair of boots from my sister,” she said “I may go hop picking.”
The following day, Tuesday, September 4, Amelia Palmer saw Annie again near Christ Church. Chapman again complained she was feeling ill and said she may go the casual ward for a day or two. She said she has had nothing to eat or drink all day. Palmer gave her 2d for tea, and warned her not to spend it on rum.
On the night of Wednesday September 5 to Thursday, September 6th, she was possibly in the casual ward although there are no records to support the assumption. However, following her murder, Donovan found a bottle of medicine in her room.
On Friday, September 7, at around 2:00-3:00 PM Crossingham’s house deputy, Timothy Donovan, permitted Annie to sit in the kitchen, asking where she had been all week. “In the infirmary,“ answered Annie. At 5:00 PM Amelia Palmer saw Annie in Dorset Street. Chapman was sober and Palmer asked her if she was going to Stratford, but Annie said she was too ill to do anything. Farmer left but returned a few minutes later only to find Chapman not having moved. Annie said ”I must pull myself together and go out and get some money or I shall have no lodgings.“ At 11:30 PM Annie returned to the lodging house and asked permission to go into the kitchen.
At 12:10 AM of Saturday, September 8th, Frederick Stevens, also a lodger at Crossingham’s said he drank a pint of beer with Annie. He states that she did not leave the lodging house until 1:00 AM. At 12:12 AM printer William Stevens, another lodger, entered the kitchen and saw Chapman. She said that she had been to Vauxhall to see her sister, that she went to get some money and that her family had given her 5 pence. Annie said she had been to the hospital and would go to the infirmary the next day. She had a bottle of lotion and a bottle of medicine. She took out a box of pills from her pocket, and, upon handling it, the box broke. Annie placed the pills in a torn piece of envelope she found on the floor near the fireplace. Chapman left the kitchen, Stevens thought she had gone to bed.
At 12:30am Frederick Simmons, a fellow lodger, and Annie had a beer. Half an hour later, at 1:00am, Simmons saw Annie leave Crossingham's (#35 Dorset St), believing she went to the Brittannia pub, (located on the north-west corner of Dorset St and Commercial St).
At 1:35 AM Annie returned to the lodging house again. She ate a baked potato. John Evans, the night watchman, had been sent to collect her bed money. She went upstairs to see Timothy Donovan in his office. “I haven’t sufficient money for my bed,” she told him, “but don’t let it. I shall not be long before I’m in.” Donovan chastised her, “You can find money for your beer and you can’t find money for your bed.” Annie was not dismayed. She stepped out of the office and stood in the doorway for two or three minutes. “Never mind, Tim.” she stated, “I’ll soon be back.”And to Evans she said, “I won’t be long, Brummy [his nickname]. See that Tim keeps the bed for me.” Her regular bed in the lodging house was number 29. Evans saw her leave and enter Little Paternoster Row going in the direction of Brushfield Street and then turning towards Spitalfields Market.
At 2:30am Emily Walter was in the backyard of 29 Hanbury Street with a man. He was 37; Dark beard and moustache; foreign accent; dark vest and pants; black scarf and felt hat; short dark jacket. Hanbury St curves south-east from Commercial St to the junction of Baker’s Row and Old Montague St. #29 was on the North side of the street, between Wilkes St & Brick Ln. 27 Hanbury St was next door on the West side of #29. 29 Hanbury St, was a 3-story building with residents living on each of the three floors and in the attic with a small business on the ground floor and one working out of the cellar. On the left-hand side of the buildings’ front was two doors: the door on the right led to the shop. The door on the left opened to a passageway containing stairs to the residences and another door leading to the backyard.
#29 was owned by Mrs Amelia Richardson, who ran a packing case business out of the cellar and was assisted by Francis Tyler and her son, John Richardson. A cat’s meat shop was in the ground floor front room and was used by Mrs Harriet Hardyman and her 16 year old son. The ground floor back room was a kitchen. Mrs Richardson and her 14 year old grandson slept in the first floor front room. The first floor back room was occupied by Mr Waker and his adult, retarded son. Mr Thompson, his wife, and their adopted daughter slept in the second floor front room. Two unmarried sisters, Misses Copsey, lived in the second floor back room. Living in the front room of the attic was John Davis with his wife and three sons, and occupying the attic’s back room was Mrs Sarah Cox. The passageway was sometimes occupied by unknown people at unusual hours, and the backyard was frequented by prostitutes. The door to the street was a latch-type, and the door to the yard was self-closing or swing-door. Typically, neither door was locked as a courtesy to the residents.
Three small stone steps led to the yard, which was about 14’ x 12’. The yard was part dirt and part paving stone. About 3’ to 3’-6”, left of the doorway, was a 5’-6" high fence made of wooden pailings, separating the yards of #27 & #29. To the right of the doorway, were cellar doors, which led to a workshop. Two feet away, on the right, was a water pump. At the yard’s far left corner was a storage shed, and at the far right corner was a privy.
At 3:00am Davis woke up. Around 3:50am Thompson left for work without going into the back yard. Mrs Richardson, dozing fitfully, heard him pass her room and called out, “Good morning.”
At 4:45 AM Mr. John Richardson entered the backyard of 29 Hanbury St. on his way to work, and sat down on the steps to remove a piece of leather which was protruding from his boot. Although it was quite dark at the time, he was sitting no more than a yard away from where the head of Annie Chapman would have been had she already been killed. He later testified to have seen nothing of extraordinary nature. He left 5 minutes later. At 4:51am dawn broke. At 5:25am the sun rose.
At 5:30 AM, Elizabeth Long saw Chapman with a man, hard against the shutters of 29 Hanbury Street. They are talking. Long heard the man say “Will you?” and Annie replied “Yes.” Long was certain of the time as she had heard the clock on the Black Eagle Brewery, Brick Lane, strike the half hour just as she had turned onto the street. Chapman had her back towards Spitalfields Market and, thus, her face towards Long. The man had his back towards Long. A few moments after the Long sighting, Albert Cadosch, a young carpenter living at 27 Hanbury Street walked into his back yard probably to use the outhouse. Passing the five foot tall wooden fence which separates his yard from that of number 29, he heard voices quite close. The only word he could make out was a woman saying “No!” He then heard something falling against the fence.
At 5:45am Davis and his wife got out of bed as the Spitalfields Church clock struck the quarter hour. They had some tea. Ten minutes later, Davis went downstairs, noticing that the passageway door to the street stood wide open, which was not unusual. Davis then opened the other door to enter the backyard and saw Annie’s body, then an unidentified woman.
Annie was lying on her back, parallel with the fence, which was to her left; Her head was about 2’ from the back wall and 6"-9" left of the bottom step; Her legs were bent at the knees; Her feet were flat on the ground, pointing toward the shed; Her dress was pushed above her knees; Her left arm lay across her left breast; Her right arm at her side; The small intestines, still attached by a cord, and part of the abdomen lay above her right shoulder; 2 flaps of skin from the lower abdomen lay in a large quantity of blood above the left shoulder; Her throat was deeply cut in a jagged manner; A neckerchief was around her neck.
Davis immediately left the yard and ran out into the street. James Kent and James Green were standing outside their workshop at 23A Hanbury St, waiting for their fellow workers to arrive when Davis entered the street. “Men! Come here! Here’s a sight. A woman must have been murdered!” shouted Davis to Green and Kent. Henry John Holland was passing by and followed the others to the yard. Only Holland ventured into the yard. All of them then left: Green, apparently, returned to work; Kent did not notice a constable in the area, so he went to his workshop for a brandy while looking for a canvas to put over the body; Holland went to the Spitalfields Market, where he found a constable who was on a fixed point; and, Davis went to the Commercial Street Police Station, to report the finding.
Mrs Hardyman woke up to the sound of Davis and the others in the passageway and sent her son to see what was going on. Upon his return, he said, “Don’t upset yourself, mother. It’s a woman been killed in the yard.” Around 6:10am Mrs Richardson went into the passageway after receiving news from her grandson. (Only Annie’s body was in the yard.)
Inspector Joseph Luniss Chandler was at the corner of Hanbury St and Commercial St when he saw several men running from Hanbury St. “Another woman has been murdered,” he was told. Some 3 minutes later Insp Chandler arrived at the scene. (A crowd had already begun to gather in the passageway, but no one was in the yard.) He sent for the Divisional Surgeon, Doctor George Bagster Phillips, 2 Spital Square; he sent for an ambulance and reinforcements from the Commercial Street Police Station; he notified Scotland Yard and covered the body with sacking he borrowed from a neighbouring resident. Kent returned to #29 and found that Insp Chandler had taken possession of the backyard and that a crowd had gathered in the passageway near the door. Other constables arrived, and the passageway was cleared. At 6:20am Dr Phillips learned of the body, and arrived upon the scene and began his initial examination 10 minutes later.
Dr. Phillips described the body of Annie Chapman as he saw it at 6:30 AM in the back yard of the house at 29 Hanbury Street. According to him, she was murdered around 4:30am. This is inquest testimony: “The left arm was placed across the left breast. The legs were drawn up, the feet resting on the ground, and the knees turned outwards. The face was swollen and turned on the right side… The tongue was evidently much swollen. The front teeth were perfect as far as the first molar, top and bottom and very fine teeth they were. The body was terribly mutilated…the stiffness of the limbs was not marked, but was evidently commencing… the throat was dissevered deeply; the incision through the skin were jagged and reached right round the neck…On the wooden paling between the yard in question and the next, smears of blood, corresponding to where the head of the deceased lay, were to be seen. These were about 14 inches from the ground, and immediately above the part where the blood from the neck lay… the instrument used at the throat and abdomen was the same. It must have been a very sharp knife with a thin narrow blade, and must have been at least 6 in. to 8 in. in length, probably longer… the injuries could not have been inflicted by a bayonet or a sword bayonet. They could have been done by such an instrument as a medical man used for post-mortem purposes, but the ordinary surgical cases might not contain such an instrument. Those used by the slaughtermen, well ground down, might have caused them… the knives used by those in the leather trade would not be long enough in the blade. There were indications of anatomical knowledge… the deceased had been dead at least two hours, and probably more; but it was right to mention that it was a fairly cool morning, and that the body would be more apt to cool rapidly from its having lost a great quantity of blood. There was no evidence…of a struggle having taken place… the deceased entered the yard alive… A handkerchief was round the throat of the deceased… it was not tied on after the throat was cut.”
Around.6:40am the ambulance had arrived and Dr Phillips ordered the body to be taken to the Whitechapel Workhouse Infirmary Mortuary in Eagle St off of Old Montague St. As the body was being removed, the contents of Annie’s pocket, which had been cut, were discovered at her feet: A folded piece of coarse muslin, a comb, and a pocket hair comb in a case. (Dr Phillips felt the items were arranged/placed.) Dr Phillips and Insp Chandler then searched the area, finding an envelope piece with the Royal Sussex Regiment crest, the letter “M” in a man’s handwriting, letters “SP,” the number “2,” and the postmark “London, 23 August, 1888” containing the 2 pills laying by her head; A wet leather apron drying on the water tap 2’ from the body; A basin of clean water resting beneath the water tap; 6 spots of blood on the back wall, near where Annie’s head had lain, were located about 18" off the ground and ranged in size from that of six pence to that of a pin point; About 14" off the ground, near the position of Annie’s head, were clotted patches and smears of blood on the pailings of the still-intact fence; No blood stains were found in the passageway, in the rest of the house, in the street, or in the adjoining yards; An empty nail box and a piece of flat steel were found in the yard.
News of the murder had spread, and Sergeant Edward Badham was met by several hundred people as he conveyed the body to the mortuary. Around 7:00am, Sergeant William Thick, Sergeant Leach, and other detectives arrived at Hanbury St. Insp Frederick Abberline was informed of the murder by telegram. At 7:00am Robert Mann received Annie’s body at the mortuary. Around 7:02am Insp Chandler arrived at the mortuary. The body was still on the ambulance, and he took a description of Annie’s clothing. Insp Chandler then left the mortuary, leaving Police Constable Barnes in charge of the body. At 7:10am Sgt Thick arrived at the mortuary and took Annie’s description. Around 7:30am Simmons was taken to the mortuary and immediately recognized Annie, noting that she had on 3 rings when she left the lodging house. Later in the morning Donovan identified the body as Annie Siffey.
It wasn’t until 10:00am that Amelia Palmer read the description of the latest murder victim in the newspaper. She went to a police station, believing she knew the murdered woman. One hour and a half later, she was taken to the mortuary and identified the body as Annie Chapman, (aka Dark Annie). That day, Emmanuel Delbast Violenia of Hanbury St informed police that he had witnessed a man and a woman quarrelling early that morning, and that the man had threatened to stick the woman with a knife. In the afternoon Holland went to the Commercial Street Police Station to report the conduct of the officer at the Spitalfields Market, whom he informed of the murder.
Around 2:00pm Dr Phillips arrived at the mortuary to conduct the post-mortem and found that the body had already been stripped, partially washed, and laid on the table waiting for him. The clothes were tossed into a corner except for the neckerchief which was still around the neck. (The Clerk to the Parish Guardians ordered two nurses, Mary Simonds and Francis Wright, to lay out the body. This was done without police consent.)
Report following the post mortem examination:“…There was a bruise over the right temple. On the upper eyelid there was a bruise, and there were two distinct bruises, each the size of a man’s thumb, on the forepart of the top of the chest. The stiffness of the limbs was now well marked. There was a bruise over the middle part of the bone of the right hand. There was an old scar on the left of the frontal bone. The stiffness was more noticeable on the left side, especially in the fingers, which were partly closed. There was an abrasion over the ring finger, with distinct markings of a ring or rings. The throat had been severed as before described. the incisions into the skin indicated that they had been made from the left side of the neck. There were two distinct clean cuts on the left side of the spine. They were parallel with each other and separated by about half an inch. The muscular structures appeared as though an attempt had made to separate the bones of the neck. There were various other mutilations to the body,… that they occurred subsequent to the death of the woman, and to the large escape of blood from the division of the neck.
The deceased was far advanced in disease of the lungs and membranes of the brain, but they had nothing to do with the cause of death. The stomach contained little food, but there was not any sign of fluid. There was no appearance of the deceased having taken alcohol, but there were signs of great deprivation… she had been badly fed… The injuries were certainly not self-inflicted. The bruises on the face were evidently recent, especially about the chin and side of the jaw, but the bruises in front of the chest and temple were of longer standing - probably of days… the person who cut the deceased throat took hold of her by the chin, and then commenced the incision from left to right… it was highly probable that a person could call out, but with regard to an idea that she might have been gagged he could only point to the swollen face and the protruding tongue, both of which were signs of suffocation.
The abdomen had been entirely laid open: the intestines, severed from their mesenteric attachments, had been lifted out of the body and placed on the shoulder of the corpse; whilst from the pelvis, the uterus and its appendages with the upper portion of the vagina and the posterior two thirds of the bladder, had been entirely removed. No trace of these parts could be found and the incisions were cleanly cut, avoiding the rectum, and dividing the vagina low enough to avoid injury to the cervix uteri. Obviously the work was that of an expert- of one, at least, who had such knowledge of anatomical or pathological examinations as to be enabled to secure the pelvic organs with one sweep of the knife, which must therefore must have at least 5 or 6 inches in length, probably more… the instrument, like the one which divided the neck, had been of a very sharp character. The mode in which the knife had been used seemed to indicate great anatomical knowledge.
He… himself could not have performed all the injuries he described, even without a struggle, under a quarter of an hour. If he had down it in a deliberate way such as would fall to the duties of a surgeon it probably would have taken him the best part of an hour.”
About 2:30pm Edward Stanley, having heard from a shoeblack that Annie had been murdered, turned up at Crossingham’s. Upon verification of the story, he left without another word. That night Albert Cadosch informed the police of what he knew after he returned from work.
The following day, Sunday September 9th, Annie’s brother, Fountain Hamilton Smith, identified the body as that of his sister. On Monday September 10th, c8:00am John Pizer was taken into custody at his Mulberry St home by Sgt Thick and several other officers. “You are just the man I want,” said Sgt Thick, who thought Pizer and “Leather Apron” (and the murderer) were all the same person. “Mother, he has got me,” replied Pizer. Pizer was then taken to the Leman Street Police Station. That same day, at 10:00am it was the first day of the Chapman inquest, conducted by Coroner Wynne Edwin Baxter at the Working Lad’s Institute. The jury viewed the corpse at the mortuary in Montague St. The inquest adjourned until Wednesday, September 12th.
The following day, Tuesday September 11th, at 1:00pm Emmanuel Delbast Violenia was taken to the Leman Street Police Station to view a line-up of twelve, predominantly Jewish, men. From which, he “unhesitatingly identified” Pizer as Leather Apron and as the man he had seen quarrelling with a woman on the morning of Annie’s death, but at 8:00pm Violenia was reprimanded for wasting the police’s time when, after 3 hours of continued questioning, Violenia contradicted himself “over and over again” and seemed too anxious to view the corpse, convincing the police that Violenia had fabricated the story in order to see the body.
Around c.9:30pm Pizer was released from Custody. On Wednesday September 12th, Mrs Long made her statement to the police and identified Annie’s body as the woman she had seen. The inquest was resumed on its thirds day on September 13th.
Annie Chapman was buried on Friday, 14 September, 1888. At 7:00am, a hearse, supplied by a Hanbury Street Undertaker, H. Smith, went to the Whitechapel Mortuary. Annie’s body was placed in a black-draped elm coffin and was then driven to Harry Hawes, a Spitalfields Undertaker who arranged the funeral, at 19 Hunt Street. At 9:00am, the hearse (without mourning coaches) took Annie’s body to City of London Cemetery (Little Ilford) at Manor Park Cemetery, Sebert Road, Forest Gate, London, E12, where she was buried at (public) grave 78, square 148. Annie’s relatives, who paid for the funeral, met the hearse at the cemetery, and, by request, kept the funeral a secret and were the only ones to attend. The black-covered elm coffin bore the words “Annie Chapman, died Sept. 8, 1888, aged 48 years.”
On September 19th it took place the 4th day of Annie’s inquest. Wednesday September 26th, 1888 was the last day of her inquest. Baxter summarised the case, saying: “…the uterus has been removed. The body has not been dissected, but the injuries have been made by some one who had considerable anatomical skill and knowledge. There are no meaningless cuts. It was done by one who knew where to find what he wanted, what difficulties he would have to contend against, and how he should use his knife, so as to abstract the organ without injury to it. No unskilled person could have known where to find it, or have recognised it when it was found. For instance, no mere slaughterer of animals could have carried out these operations. It must have been some one accustomed to the post-mortem room… I must mention a fact which at the same time proves the assistance which publicity and the newspaper press afford in the detection of crime. Within a few hours of the issue of the morning papers containing a report of the medical evidence given at the last sitting of the Court, I received a communication from an officer of one of our great medical schools, that they had information which might or might not have a distinct bearing on our inquiry. I attended at the first opportunity, and was told by the sub-curator of the Pathological Museum that some months ago an American had called on him, and asked him to procure a number of specimens of the organ that was missing in the deceased. He stated his willingness to give œ20 for each, and explained that his object was to issue an actual specimen with each copy of a publication on which he was then engaged. Although he was told that his wish was impossible to be complied with, he still urged his request. He desired them preserved, not in spirits of wine, the usual medium, but in glycerine, in order to preserve them in a flaccid condition, and he wished them sent to America direct. It is known that this request was repeated to another institution of a similar character. Now, is it not possible that the knowledge of this demand may have incited some abandoned wretch to possess himself of a specimen. It seems beyond belief that such inhuman wickedness could enter into the mind of any man, but unfortunately our criminal annals prove that every crime is possible… His anatomical skill carries him out of the category of a common criminal, for his knowledge could only have been obtained by assisting at post-mortems, or by frequenting the post-mortem room. Thus the class in which search must be made, although a large one, is limited…” A verdict of wilful murder against a person or persons unknown was entered.
On Saturday October 6th, the British Medical Journal published the following report in response to Baxter’s summation: “It is true that enquiries were made at one or two medical schools early last year by a foreign physician, who was “spending some time in London, as to the possibility of securing certain parts of the body for the purpose of scientific investigation.” No large sum, however, was offered. The person in question was a physician of the highest reputability and exceedingly well accredited to this country by the best authorities in his own, and he left London fully 18 months ago. There was never any real foundation for the hypothesis, and the information communicated, which was not at all of the nature the public has been led to believe, was due to the erroneous interpretation by a minor official of a question which he had overheard and to which a negative reply was given. This theory may be dismissed, and is, we believe, no longer entertained by its author.”
Chapman’s grave no longer exists; it has since been buried over.
Photos: Whitechapel Murders Wordpress, Jack the Ripper Tour, Whitechapel Jack & Retrocards
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(Wiki) Casebook - Annie Chapman
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