Sep 17, 2025
Sinoatrial Node -> Atrioventricular Node
ECB is an acronym for...
E - Wave of Excitation (heartbeat)
C - Walls of atria (left and right) Contract
B - Blood flows to left + right ventricles.
:)
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Sinoatrial Node -> Atrioventricular Node
ECB is an acronym for...
E - Wave of Excitation (heartbeat)
C - Walls of atria (left and right) Contract
B - Blood flows to left + right ventricles.
:)
To the Beat
Swimming like a fish, this biohybrid device, blending artificial and biological structures, is the latest tool designed by scientists studying the heart. Powering a fish shape made of paper and gelatine, with plastic fins, are two layers of cardiac muscle cells, derived from human stem cells. When cells in one layer contract, the others stretch, activating mechanosensitive ion channels in their cell membranes that cause them to contract in return, stretching the other side, and so on, in a continuous loop propelling the fish forward of its own accord. Researchers also engineered a group of cells to drive the rhythm of contractions, acting like the sinoatrial node, the heart’s natural pacemaker. Emulating the heart’s coordinated, autonomous beating, the fish remained active for over 100 days, and even improved its performance, swimming faster over its first month of activity. Monitoring its behaviour presents new opportunities to test how cardiac muscle operates.
Written by Emmanuelle Briolat
Video by Keel Yong Lee, Sung-Jin Park, David G. Matthews, George Lauder and Kevin Kit Parker
Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
Video originally published with a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Research published in Science, February 2022
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Right Sided Endocarditis
Authored by Sudeb Mukherjee*
Introduction: His Bundle Pacing (HBP) is devoid of consequences of remodelling induced by Right Ventricular Apical Pacing (RVAP). Septal pacing has also been studied in several studies. Complications of heart failure, chamber dilatation and QRS prolongation are not seen in HBP and less in septal pacing. This study was done to evaluate outcomes of HBP versus Septal pacing versus RVAP in those patients requiring pacing.
Methods:
Total 100 patients with atrio ventricular block with syncope who required pacing were included in this study. 50 patients underwent RVAP, 38 patients septal pacing and 12 patients underwent His bundle pacing. Detail echocardiogram-based parameters were obtained before and post pacing 6 months. All data collected appropriately and analysed accordingly using SPSS software by 1-way ANOVA with the use of the Holm-Sidak method for pairwise multiple comparisons or by the χ2 test, as appropriate. The statistical test of main treatment effect was an adjusted F test with Kenward-Roger type adjustment of denominator degrees of freedom.
Read more...FullText
For More Articles in Online Journal of Cardiology Research & Reports please click on https://irispublishers.com/ojcr/index.php
For More Open Access Journals in Iris Publishers please click on https://irispublishers.com/journals.php
For More Articles in Iris Publishers please click on https://irispublishers.com/
Comparative Analysis of His Bundle Versus Septal Versus Right Ventricuar Apical Pacing- A Short Term Follow up Study
Authored by Sudeb Mukherjee*
Introduction: His Bundle Pacing (HBP) is devoid of consequences of remodelling induced by Right Ventricular Apical Pacing (RVAP). Septal pacing has also been studied in several studies. Complications of heart failure, chamber dilatation and QRS prolongation are not seen in HBP and less in septal pacing. This study was done to evaluate outcomes of HBP versus Septal pacing versus RVAP in those patients requiring pacing.
Methods:
Total 100 patients with atrio ventricular block with syncope who required pacing were included in this study. 50 patients underwent RVAP, 38 patients septal pacing and 12 patients underwent His bundle pacing. Detail echocardiogram-based parameters were obtained before and post pacing 6 months. All data collected appropriately and analysed accordingly using SPSS software by 1-way ANOVA with the use of the Holm-Sidak method for pairwise multiple comparisons or by the χ2 test, as appropriate. The statistical test of main treatment effect was an adjusted F test with Kenward-Roger type adjustment of denominator degrees of freedom.
Read more...FullText
For More Articles in Online Journal of Cardiology Research & Reports please click on https://irispublishers.com/ojcr/index.php
For More Open Access Journals in Iris Publishers please click on https://irispublishers.com/journals.php
For More Articles in Iris Publishers please click on https://irispublishers.com/
[...]
Arguably, the most famous electrical current within our bodies, is our heart rhythm. Hearts contain within them, a grouping of cells known as your Sinoatrial node (SA node). The cells within the SA node, sometimes called the pacemaker of the heart, contain electrolytes both inside and outside of the cells. The most common electrolytes within the body are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and chloride. Sodium and calcium generally reside outside the SA nodes cells. Potassium generally lies within them. The cell membrane acts as a barrier between these electrolytes.
Pressure within the bloodstream allows sodium to enter the cell causing potassium to leave it. Less potassium leaves the cell than sodium entering it. The result is a continually growing positive charge. When that charge reaches a certain point, calcium channels in the cell membrane open up and allow for calcium to enter. This makes the interior of the cell extremely positive compared to outside the cell, known as an action potential. Once that potential reaches a certain point, it has enough “power” to discharge down the nerves of the heart. This electricity causes the muscles to contract and your heart to beat. Ah, the wonders of chemistry in action!
[...]
[How Human Bodies Create Electricity]
Gene Therapy Creates a New Heart Pacemaker
Gene Therapy Creates a New Heart Pacemaker
When a patient’s heart beats too rapidly, too slowly or erratically, and if the usual heart medicines fail to properly regulate the heart rhythm, then the patient’s cardiologist may prescribe the implantation of an electronic pacemaker to regulate the heart rhythm. Even though implanted pacemakers are widely used, their installation requires an invasive surgery, they carry some risk of infection,…
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How the Heart Works
When the heart muscle contracts or beats (called systole), it pumps blood out of the heart. The heart contracts in two stages. In the first stage, the right and left atria contract at the same time, pumping blood to the right and left ventricles. Then the ventricles contract together to propel blood out of the heart. Then the heart muscle relaxes (called diastole) before the next heartbeat. This allows blood to fill up the heart again.
The right and left sides of the heart have separate functions. The right side of the heart collects oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The left side of the heart then collects oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body so that the cells throughout your body have the oxygen they need to function properly.
So what causes the heart to beat in the first place? The answer lies in a special group of cells that have the ability to generate electrical activity on their own. These cells separate charged particles. Then they spontaneously leak certain charged particles into the cells. This produces electrical impuses in the pacemaker cells which spread over the heart, causing it to contract. These cells do this more than once per second to produce a normal heart beat of 72 beats per minute.
The natural pacemaker of the heart is called the sinoatrial node (SA node). It is located in the right atrium. The heart also contains specialized fibers that conduct the electrical impulse from the pacemaker (SA node) to the rest of the heart.
The electrical impulse leaves the SA node and travels to the right and left atria, causing them to contract together. This takes .04 seconds. There is now a natural delay to allow the atria to contract and the ventricles to fill up with blood. The electrical impulse has now traveled to the atrioventricular node (AV node). The electrical impulse now goes to the Bundle of His, then it divides into the right and left bundle branches where it rapidly spreads using Purkinje fibers to the muscles of the right and left ventricle, causing them to contract at the same time.
Keep reading, or tune in to our podcast episode on artificial pacemakers [mp3] to learn how an electronic device can take over when the SA node fails.