#standard errors

[statsineducation]

Multilevel Non-Normality

Maas, C. J., & Hox, J. J. (2004). The influence of violations of assumptions on multilevel parameter estimates and their standard errors. Computational statistics & data analysis, 46(3), 427-440.

THIS PAPER

“In general we conclude that using ML methods for the analysis of multilevel data with non-normally distributed group level residual errors only causes problems when one is interested in the significance or in the confidence intervals of the variance terms at the second level.”

[christophergandrud-blog]

What do standard errors mean when the sample is the population?

This is a [good post](http://andrewgelman.com/2011/10/how-do-you-interpret-standard-errors-from-a-regression-fit-to-the-entire-population/) by Andrew Gelman to keep in the back of my mind when when doing research with a sample that is the population (i.e. *all* Federal Reserve Chairman speeches).