The field of aerodynamics plays a critical role in the automotive industry, as it directly impacts a vehicle’s fuel efficiency, speed, stabi
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The field of aerodynamics plays a critical role in the automotive industry, as it directly impacts a vehicle’s fuel efficiency, speed, stabi
CFD Approach of Mixed Flow Submersible Pump
Discover how Computational Fluid Dynamics transforms mixed flow submersible pump design for better efficiency and performance in straightforward terms.
CFD Approach of Mixed Flow Submersible Pump
Introduction:
The mixed-flow submersible pumps are used for domestic purpose and also at the commercial level in a large extent, so increasing the efficiency of the pump is an essential part. Design of multi stage pump is really complex due to the fact that the flow inside this pump is inherently complex in nature. With the rapid development of the computer technology, the Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the numerical simulation has become an important tool to study flow field inside the pump and predict its performance.
With the aid of the CFD technology, the complex internal flows in water pump impellers can be well predicted and speed up the design procedure. Thus, CFD is an important tool for pump designers since it will reduce the time consuming and expensive experimental procedures.
Scope of Work:
Predict the performance improvement of Bowl-Impeller Axial Gap in a multi stage mixed flow submersible pump.
Six different Bowl-Impeller axial gap variations were considered (vary from 2mm, 5mm and 10 mm in Increasing and Decreasing order ).
Taguchi Method is utilized to reduce the number of trials and to optimize the best performance.
With a goal of increasing hydraulic efficiency of the pump CFD is utilized in a following systematic way.
Validation Study: CFD procedure has lot of variables such as grid count, turbulence model, and discretization scheme, so it is important for a CFD engineer to play between those variables without
affecting the solution accuracy. A commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code with a k-£ Realizable turbulence model was used to study the effects of Bowl-Impeller Interaction. Moving Reference Frame (MRF) technique is used to numerically model the rotation of the impeller section to predict the flow behaviour of the pump.
The numerical results are compared with the experimental data of the base model to arrive at the best computational procedure (BCP). Consult a reputable CFD consulting service or an Engineering Animation Services company to gain precise knowledge.
Performance Enhancement Study:
The hydraulic performance of the pump highly depends upon the complex configuration of the Bowl-Impeller interaction, number of blades on bowl-impeller, inlet-outlet angles, radial and axial clearance between Bowl-impeller and other various dimensions such as diameter, width etc., In this case axial clearance, number of blades and outlet angle on impeller are taken as the major variables for optimization.
Utilization of DOE Methodology
Taguchi method is a scientifically disciplined mechanism for evaluating and implementing improvements in products, processes, materials, equipment, and facilities. These improvements are aimed at improving the desired characteristics and simultaneously reducing the number of defects by studying the key variables controlling the process and optimizing the procedures or design to yield the best results.
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Discover how Computational Fluid Dynamics transforms mixed flow submersible pump design for better efficiency and performance in straightfor
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CIVIL ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Civil engineering and structural engineering are two engineering disciplines that are very similar to each other. However, they have vital differences that differentiate them from each other. In short, it can be said that all structural engineers are civil engineers, but not all civil engineers are structural engineers. In California, for example, civil engineers can do the work of structural engineers, except in the fields here where the law specifically prevents them from doing so. One of the provisions of the law is that only those who are registered as structural engineers can design the structural systems of hospitals and primary, secondary and secondary schools.
The two terms, civil and structural engineering, are used to denote two engineering disciplines. Traditionally, structural engineering is classified as a subdiscipline of civil engineering. However, structural engineering has grown in such proportions that it is now considered an engineering discipline on its own. Both civil and structural engineering deals with analysis, design construction and maintenance of the elements. Civil engineering and structural engineering range from private to state projects and from small to large. While one is subdisciplinary to another, there are many differences between civil engineering and structural engineering in the scope of coverage, teaching and jobs.
The basic difference between the two is that civil engineering is a four-year bachelor's degree offered at colleges and universities, while structural engineering is an advanced specialization after one becomes a civil engineer. After obtaining a degree in civil engineering, one can continue with postgraduate studies in structural engineering to specialize as a structural engineer.
While the two types of engineers ensure that construction projects are safe, stable and profitable, the work of civil engineers generally involves general supervision of a construction site or they can focus on model design or research. Some may also work in the area of education, teaching the subject at universities.
Civil engineering is one of the oldest engineering disciplines. It began when humans began to build shelters for themselves. In the traditional sense, civil engineering was defined as any engineering that is not related to military engineering. But at present, it is used to separate or distinguish civil engineering disciplines from other engineering disciplines, such as electrical engineering, electronic engineering, mechanical engineering, etc. Civil engineering generally contains structural engineering along with other subdisciplines, such as transportation engineering, environmental engineering, etc. Civil engineering deals with dams, roads, buildings, water treatment, canals, etc.
Civil engineering is offered as a first degree in universities after a four-year full-time course or equivalent. It is very rare to find a master's or doctorate level course called a master's degree in civil engineering or a doctorate in civil engineering. After graduations, civil engineers join various disciplines in the field. Civil engineering graduates are expected to be familiar with all subdivisions of civil engineering. The civil engineering work could cover one or more sub-disciplines of civil engineering.
Structural engineering deals with the design, analysis, construction and maintenance of load or resistance support structures. For example, dams, skyscrapers and bridges are covered in structural engineering. In structural engineering, the structures are divided into small elements according to the load mechanism they use, such as plates, housings, arches, columns, beams and catenaries. The structure of any size or shape is divided into these small elements and analyzed.
Structural engineering is taught as a subject in the civil engineering course of the universities. It is very rare to find structural engineering as a first grade for college students. However, structural engineering is offered as a master's or doctorate. When you join as a structural engineer, your work will cover the structural engineering part of the project.
Although for some the terms civil engineering and structural engineering may seem similar, the truth is that they are very different from each other. Civil engineering is a collection of engineering subdisciplines, while structural engineering is one of those subdisciplines. For example, a structural engineer could work on the design of the structure to house a water treatment plant, however, the treatment systems are out of reach. On the other hand, the design, analysis, construction and maintenance of the water treatment system, and the entire combined building can be called civil engineering works.
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Classifications of drawings of civil engineering and interpretation of engineering drawings.
Engineering drawings are the way engineers and draughtsmen communicate designs for a construction project to a contractor, builder or technician. In civil engineering, detailed plans are produced for each stage of a construction project, from bidding on the contract to completion. Writing is the best possible way to prepare a concise record of a construction project. The engineering drawing is usually the starting point in a long chain of events that ultimately results in the production, manufacture or construction of a construction project.
This article will discuss:
The types of drawings that accompany each stage of a construction project.
A brief discussion of the elements of civil engineering drawing: scale, projection and lines.
Classification of drawings of civil engineering.
There are four basic types of civil engineering drawings.
Tender drawings
Contract drawings
Work drawings
Termination drawings
The function of each drawing corresponds to its stage in the construction project, from the bidding to its completion. The differences between each drawing can be negligent or significant according to the specific project. In small and simple projects, for example, there is often little difference between the tender drawing and the completion drawing. If drastic changes are made in the middle of the project, the work and completion plans can be markedly different from the bidding and contracting plans.
1. Tender drawings
A tender drawing is prepared at the beginning of the construction process and is used by contractors to develop offers. The bidding plans, together with the other bidding documents (list of quantities, specifications, etc.), describe the scheme of the project to the contractor so that he or she can assess the construction work accordingly. Tender drawings are prepared by engineers with clear understanding in mind.
2. Drawings of the contract
The engineer can continue with a more detailed design only after completing the bidding plans and the bidding process. After evaluating the contractor's offer, the engineer compares the evaluation of the contractor's project with the drawings of the tender to make the necessary modifications according to the proposed construction methods and budget. These drawings and the engineer's report are included in the documents prepared for the legally binding contract between the contractor and the project commissioner.
For some projects, if the tender has been simple and without any alternative proposal, the plans of the contract may be the same as those of the tender. If alternative proposals have been accepted, new or additional plans must be prepared in accordance with the accepted bid proposals and alternatives.
The contract plans are printed on good quality paper and are given a cloth backing, and are designed to withstand long-term storage.
3. Work drawings
The work plans are generally more detailed than the bidding and contract plans. These plans report the actual work and manufacture of a building or other project, and represent the engineer's final decisions regarding various details.
For simple projects, the work plans can not differ significantly from the bidding or contract plans. However, for very large projects or projects with minimalist bidding drawings, the working drawings should be much more detailed than the previous drawings. They are often complemented by finer details of design and construction in the form of notes and additional written instructions.
4. Termination drawings
The finishing drawings are the final set of drawings made in a building project, and its purpose is to register the project as it was built.
During any given project, it is likely that ad hoc changes have been made that diverge from the work planes. These variations, additions and alterations may be due to unforeseen site conditions or budgetary problems. Even the smallest variations are recorded in completion drawings, also known as registration or construction drawings.
How to read engineering drawings
The engineering drawing uses a standard range of conventions and symbols that may seem incomprehensible at first glance. Engineering drawings are prepared in accordance with professional codes and technical standards so that they can be read by anyone without misinterpretation or confusion. The reading of engineering drawings requires knowledge of the following elements:
Scales
Symbols
Projections
Lines
How to interpret scales in engineering drawings
The scales adopted for the plans of civil engineering depend on the degree of precision and detail required.
The representative fraction indicates the relationship of the dimensions in the drawing to the dimensions in reality. For example, a location map can have a scale of 1: 100,000, which means that the dimensions of the object or real space is actually 100,000 times larger than that of the drawing.