Understanding Video Technology
Cameras and Audio
There are two types of aspect ratios which include tape, SD and SDD cards. The two ratios are: 4:3 and 16:9. These are the main two which are used in televisions and film industry mainly 4:3 was used before HD cameras came out on the market is basically a square frame size and if you would play it on HD screen now, it wouldn’t cover the whole screen the would be black spaces on both sides. 16:9 is more stretched out so you can watch something and see more around the object and understand the scene in more detail also 16:9 is HD Standard for example YouTube uses 16:9 aspect ratio because if you would upload 4:3 footage that you have filmed and edited then it wouldn’t cover the whole screen on YouTube as its not HD footage and the quality is not great either. Is similar like compering VGA cable and HDMI you will see a big difference such as the sharpness, colour temperature and the detail. 4:3 uses anamorphic pixels and the frame size as 720x576 and 16:9 uses 1280x720 which is 720p HD standard but you can also have 1080p which the frame size is 1920x1080 which most of the films used before higher format came out than HD.
The only Audio cables that I personally know about and have used is 3.5 jack cable which mainly comes on all devices that are on the market right now and also XLR cable which is mainly used in the filming and studio recording industry is 3 times thicker than 3.5 jack and is more heavy duty and professional standard they also can be used to control stage lights to set the right voltage and dim the lights. With XLR cable you can have from 3 pins even up to 7 but I only used 3 pins which connect to the Zoom4 which records the sound onto a SD card which then can be transferred onto a Mac or Pc and added to your editing software to create a film or whatever you are making. But before you can record anything you need a microphone and not a cheap 20 pound microphone it needs to be professional so the audio is clear without any distortions so once you have connected the microphone Rode NTG2 or you could use Radio Microphones such as Sennheiser that clip on to the person that is been interviewed but they are really sensitive and can be only used in indoor because if there is wind near the microphone it will ruin the interview or whatever you are recording. Once you have the microphone ready you can clip on the XLR cable but with the Radio microphone you will have an adapter that will go into the XLR and you will have two little boxes one is a Transformer and one is a Receiver but once everything is turned on a connected in to the Zoom4 you’re ready to go.
Zoom 4 is more newer and records Stereo channel but I did use the Zoom2 I think and it did record Mono Which is just one channel rather than two but is alright because you can sort that out in the editing software by duplicating the channel and then you will have Stereo which means Stereo in on two speakers and Mono is only one speaker on its own. Once you record the Sound on the Zoom you need to watch out that the audio doesn’t go over -6 just stays at this level because if it does then is too loud for the Microphone and the sound will be distorted and if it is too low under the -6 it will be to quiet you can adjust it on the editing software is well but you prefer to record the Sound properly on the Zoom and save some time in the Editing software.
There are different video formats the two common ones that I used are QuickTime and MP4/H.264, QuickTime is mainly the format that the Canon and Nikon Cameras use if you were filming then you convert the file format once you want to edit into the format that they software uses. Hard drives are very useful if you are moving or backing up files from one computer to the another also one thing you need to remember is if you have a Mac and you would like to use the same drive on a PC then it will not work same if you would have a PC hard drive but if you have a memory stick then you can move the files between the two computers without any trouble just make sure you have the right amount of memory to move a big size file.
Camera for a specific location
Well depends what camera you are using but most of them have the same principle when you adjust them so what you want to do is set the white balance so for example you are filming on a sunny day around 2 o’clock but there is shade under a tree and the shot is little bit dark so first thing I would do is go on white balance and chose either outdoor light blue or indoor light-green but if the light is fluorescent then is white scene, basically sets all the colours in the room temperature .Then look at exposure which make the image lighter or darker if the shot is too dark go up try not to go too bright, Iso is the sensor applying the light that is going into the camera and it should be always left on 400 you can go more if it’s dark but the recommended is 400. Shutter speed should be set at 30 which how much light is hitting the film. Overall make sure you set the right frame size for the camera which would be 1920x1080 and 25 frames per second.
Lenses is one of the major parts that you need on the camera the stock lens is mainly 18-55mm which has a shallow close of field, there are many out the such as 50mm which is a wide, 100 mm Macro lens these are the 3 that I have worked with and my favourite one is the 50mm the image quality on it is perfect. Depth of focus is what’s in focus and what’s not in focus, Wide depth of field is basically everything in focus, Bokeh is everything that is out of focus but the subject is in focus. Focal Length of your lenses, the furtherer the Iris the shallow depth of field will be. The higher mm lenses the wider shallow depth of field.
Vision mixing is a board with buttons layered out 1,2,3,4 each button is for different camera you see when you are watching the live News and the cameras of the presenters are in different angles well vision mixing is basically that changing between the multiple cameras with one button you can fade the cameras if you want them to go on next but keep in mind vision mixing is basically for live streaming like news, Festivals with a Projectors around the stage and multiple cameras this is only for Live streaming cameras mostly News and this is used daily around the world.
Digital Editing
What normally happens is after a filming shoot once we or I filmed we take the SD card from the camera and the Zoom that’s if we have any sound we could just have music for the footage let’s say we don’t have sound so we put in the SD card into the Mac if there is a port if not grab the Card ready and put in the USB once you have done that create a folder named with the project and your name then copy all the files from the SD card into that folder might take some time if the card is full. After this open up ’MPEG Stream clip’ then click on bath list and add files all the ones that you copied then select quality for 100% Coded for : Apple ProRess 422 because I will be using Final Cut Pro and that’s the codec that the software requires the put 25 frames per second and click done after it will tell you where to place the files so create a folder named transcoded once is done you can delete the QuickTime files that came from the SD card and leave the transcoded ones then you can import everything into Final Cut and Start Editing once your done the edit you will be left with QuickTime file then open Adobe Media Encoder and add the file that you have exported from the Final Cut Pro then select YouTube 1080p and click start then you will have a final product that you can Share online with your friends.












