In order to increase the profit from sugar production, English planters learned from the Portuguese to take certain sugar by-products-- skimmings and molasses-- and leave them to ferment. After distilling, these by-products became “a hott hellish and terrible liquor” now known as rum₃₁.
(Sugar Boiling House, Havana, Cuba 1851)
Barbados consumed North England’s surplus food and livestock while New England brought back tropical products like sugar, rum and molasses₃₂. By 1700, the total monetary value of sugar reaching England and Wales was double that of tobacco₃₃. This was the famous triangle trade: finished goods were sold from Europe to Africa, slaves from Africa to the Americas, and tropical commodities (especially sugar) to Europe₃₄. After 1660, England’s sugar imports always exceeded its combined imports of all other colonial produce, paralleled by the steady expansion of plantation production, followed by more plantations in old and new colonies.
Prior to the emergence of the mass sugar market, sugar served as a medicine, spice and decorative display. After 1750, “the poorest English farm labourer’s wife took sugar in her tea”₃₅. By 1675, 400 English vessels with average 150 ton cargoes carried sugar to England₃₆. Having cavity-blackened teeth became a power symbol in England₃₇. Britain’s openness to transcontinental trade provided them with tropical products from the Caribbean as well as economic security and colonial allies₃₈.
And even today, a favorite West Indies product in America: