#ubiquinol

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Ubiquinol-10 supplementation improves autonomic nervous function and cognitive function in chronic fatigue syndrome - PubMed

The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefit of oral ubiquinol-10 supplementation in CFS patients using an open-label study and a rando

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Is mitochondrial bioenergetics and coenzyme Q10 the target of a virus causing COVID-19? - PubMed

COVID-19 ‒ a coronavirus disease, affected almost all countries in the world. It is a new virus disease, nobody has prior immunity to it, human population is prone to infections. In March 11 2020, WHO declared the pandemic status. The main symptoms include: fever, dry cough and fatigue. Virus protei …

Is mitochondrial bioenergetics and coenzyme Q10 the target of a virus causing COVID-19?

Abstract

COVID-19 ‒ a coronavirus disease, affected almost all countries in the world. It is a new virus disease, nobody has prior immunity to it, human population is prone to infections. In March 11 2020, WHO declared the pandemic status. The main symptoms include: fever, dry cough and fatigue. Virus proteins need mitochondrial energy for their own survival and replication. Upon viral infections, mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism can be modulated, which can influence the energy production in the host cells. Coenzyme Q10 is an integral component of mitochondrial respiratory chain and the key component of mitochondrial ATP production. The exact pathobiochemical mechanism of the disease is unknown. Modulated mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism with lower CoQ10 levels in viral infections leads us to the hypothesis that one of the main pathobiochemical effects of SARS-Cov-2 virus could be mitochondrial bioenergetics dysfunction with CoQ10 deficit leading to the reduction of its endogenous biosynthesis. The mechanism might be virus induced oxidative stress causing a mutation of one or more of the nine COQ genes, resulting in primary CoQ10 deficiency. New perspective for patients with COVID-19 may be supportive targeting therapy with coenzyme Q10 to increase the energy production, immunity and decrease oxidative stress (Fig. 1, Ref. 51). Keywords: COVID-19, virus, mitochondrial bioenergetics, coenzyme Q10, oxidative stress.

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ABSTRACT 

Background: Selenium and coenzyme Q10 are essential for the cell . Low cardiac contents of selenium and coenzyme Q10 have been shown in patients with cardiomyopathy, but inconsistent results are published on the effect of supplementation of the two components separately. A vital relationship exists between the two substances to obtain optimal function of the cell. However, reports on combined supplements are lacking. 

Methods: A 5-year prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial among Swedish citizens aged 70 to 88 was performed in 443 participants given combined supplementation of selenium and coenzyme Q10 or a placebo. Clinical examinations, echocardiography and biomarker measurements were performed. Participants were monitored every 6th month throughout the intervention. The cardiac biomarker N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) and echocardiographic changes were monitored and mortalities were registered. End-points of mortality were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox proportional hazard ratios were adjusted for potential confounding factors. Intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses were applied. 

Results: During a follow up time of 5.2 years a significant reduction of cardiovascular mortality was found in the active treatment group vs. the placebo group ( 5.9% vs. 12.6%; P=0.015). NT-proBNP levels were significantly lower in the active group compared with the placebo group (mean values: 214 ng/L vs. 302 ng/L at 48 months; P=0.014). In echocardiography a significant better cardiac function score was found in the active supplementation compared to the placebo group (P= 0.03) 4 

Conclusion: Long-term supplementation of selenium/coenzyme Q10 reduces cardiovascular mortality. The positive effects could also be seen in NT-proBNP levels and on echocardiography.

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By Martin Stein

Congestive heart failure is one of the most devastating forms of cardiovascular disease.1

More than 5.8 million people in the US are affected by congestive heart failure. If you’re diagnosed with congestive heart failure today, you have a 50/50 chance of being dead within five years.1

Those aren’t good odds. But researchers have determined that with the help of CoQ10, you can beat these odds.

Mainstream medicine treats congestive heart failure with a barrage of medications including beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, digoxin, nitrates, aldosterone antagonists, anticoagulants, and glucose-lowering drugs. These drug combinations have added considerable years of life to patients with congestive heart failure.2-7

Overlooked by most cardiologists, however, are published clinical studies showing that CoQ10 can dramatically improve treatment outcomes when properly used in conjunction with conventional treatments.

A recent international, multicenter study of patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure demonstrated, by the most conservative analysis, a 50% reduction in major cardiovascular events (strokes, heart attacks, etc.) and a 44% reduction in cardiovascular deaths, in response to CoQ10 supplementation.4

This dramatic outcome validates earlier studies demonstrating the utility of CoQ10 in managing heart disease. It also points to the potential role CoQ10 plays in the prevention, rather than treatment, of heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases.

WHAT IS CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE?

Congestive heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of all organs in the body, and is frequently the result of other, preventable factors such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and coronary heart disease (which causes heart attacks).1

Congestive heart failure results from a progressive weakening of the heart muscle, which is usually a result of insufficient production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy that fuels your heart.34-36 In a healthy heart with ample energy in the form of ATP, the heart muscle is well-developed and thick, and it effortlessly pumps blood out of the left ventricle into the aorta and out into the body.1

But with inadequate ATP, which occurs from impaired energy transport, the robust heart muscle weakens and becomes flabby, resulting in relatively ineffective pumping action, so that blood pools in the heart.1 We refer to this slowed and inefficient movement of blood in the heart as “congestive” heart failure. The major symptoms of congestive heart failure arise from this backup of blood in the weakened left ventricle.

CoQ10 Helps Prevent Heart Failure

CoQ10 has been shown to prevent underlying pathological disorders that produce heart failure. This includes reducing atherosclerosis risk factors, improving endothelial function, and protecting against heart damage.8,9Here is a summary of the encouraging data supporting the role of CoQ10 in heart disease prevention:

CoQ10 Protects Against Arterial Occlusion

Atherosclerosis (“hardening of the arteries”) underlies virtually all heart attacks, strokes, and other blood vessel diseases.10-12 There are numerous risk factors that are associated with the onset of atherosclerosis, including LDL oxidation, chronic inflammation, elevated blood glucose, elevated lipid levels, and disordered growth factor signaling.13-17 Published studies show that CoQ10 combats many of those risks. For example:

Heart attack survivors who took 120 mg a day of CoQ10 for one year reduced the rate of total cardiac events and nonfatal heart attacks by 45 and 46%, respectively, compared to controls, while beneficial HDL cholesterol rose significantly.8

When compared to patients on statins, those taking 60 mg a day of CoQ10 favorably modified numerous atherosclerosis risk factors, including lipid profiles, platelet clumping, and oxidative stress.18

In adults at intermediate risk for atherosclerosis who took a combination of CoQ10 (120 mg a day) and aged garlic extract (1,200 mg a day) for one year, atherosclerosis progression was 4-fold lower compared with control subjects, while markers of atherosclerosis-promoting inflammation were significantly reduced.19

CoQ10 helps prevent low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol from oxidizing and triggering arterial plaque formation.20

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

CoQ10 Treats And Prevents Heart Disease

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading killer of American adults.

In particular, congestive heart failure, which can arise from hypertension, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and heart attacks, prematurely sickens otherwise healthy people.

Some forms of cardiovascular disease involve some degree of energy mismanagement at the cellular level, leaving heart and blood vessel cells weakened and incapable of proper function.

CoQ10 is essential for transferring energy from food into ATP molecules, the universal cellular energy currency.

Studies show that supplementation with CoQ10 augments heart and vascular function, improves clinical status, and prevents further damage from cardiovascular disease.

CoQ10 may represent the single most vital supplement that everyone should take to sustain and support cardiovascular energy management.

CoQ10 Improves Endothelial Function

Dysfunction of the ultrathin cell layer lining arteries, the endothelium, is a major early risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.21,22 This endothelial dysfunction is especially prevalent in those with diabetes and/or lipid abnormalities.23 Numerous studies have demonstrated that CoQ10 directly addresses multiple causes of endothelial dysfunction:

In patients with diabetes, 12 weeks of supplementation with 200 mg a day of CoQ10 significantly increased endothelial function in a major artery.23

In a group of men with known endothelial dysfunction, CoQ10 supplementation improved endothelial function significantly compared with baseline.21

In patients with mild-to-moderate heart failure, 300 mg a day of CoQ10 improved endothelial function 38%, an effect comparable with that of exercise training.24

Blood vessel relaxation, a measure of endothelial function and blood flow, improved significantly in patients with known coronary artery disease at risk for heart attack who need optimal cardiac blood flow.25

NEW YORK HEART ASSOCIATION (NYHA) FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

81

ClassPatient Symptoms

Class I (Mild)

No limitation of physical activity. Ordinary physical activity does not cause undue fatigue, palpitation, or dyspnea (shortness of breath).

Class II (Mild)

Slight limitation of physical activity. Comfortable at rest, but ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitation, or dyspnea.

Class III (Moderate)

Marked limitation of physical activity. Comfortable at rest, but less than ordinary activity causes fatigue, palpitation, or dyspnea.

Class IV (Severe)

Unable to carry out any physical activity without discomfort. Symptoms of cardiac insufficiency at rest. If any physical activity is undertaken, discomfort is increased.

The New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification system has become the standard for measuring symptoms that affect functioning related to heart failure.81

CoQ10 Protects Against Heart Damage

Coronary artery disease typically refers to the consequences of atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, which are the arteries that supply blood and nutrients to the heart muscle itself. Early disease may appear as painful and ominous angina (chest pain), while more advanced disease produces ischemia (lack of blood flow), and eventually infarction (death of heart muscle) in a classical heart attack.26 Numerous studies have shown that in the event of a heart attack, ample levels of CoQ10 may mitigate the amount of damage:

During open-heart surgery, when the heart is briefly stopped and ischemia is a major risk, CoQ10 protected heart muscle pumping and cardiac output.27

In functioning hearts from old rats, pretreatment with CoQ10 improved recovery of heart function following stress.28

In human atrial heart muscle tissue, CoQ10 treatment abolished the decreased ability to recover from ischemia seen in older hearts, producing a recovery pattern similar to that in younger hearts; this effect was shown to be related to improved mitochondrial energy efficiency in the treated tissue.28,29

In humans undergoing elective heart surgery, patients treated with CoQ10 had lower levels of markers of heart damage, improved pumping action, and shorter hospital stays, compared with untreated controls.28

SYMPTOMS OF CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

When blood flow through the heart becomes congested, blood backs up throughout the body. The result is an accumulation of fluid that is squeezed out of the capillaries,82 the tiniest of blood vessels found in all tissues.

The most evident symptoms of congestive heart failure reflect this process: As the lungs become heavy and fluid-filled, patients experience shortness of breath during normal, non-strenuous activities, and have trouble breathing when lying down; as fluid builds up in the abdomen and extremities, patients experience weight gain, with swelling of the feet, legs, ankles, or stomach.1

Most patients also report feeling generally tired or weak, as the heart becomes less and less able to meet the body’s demand for oxygen and nutrients.

CoQ10 supplementation helps restore the heart’s normal energy economy, allowing heart muscle to regain its youthful strength, to resume its robust pumping action, and to reduce symptoms and disability induced by congestive heart failure.

CoQ10 And Cellular Energy

Some forms of cardiovascular disease involve energy mismanagement at the cellular level, weakening heart and blood vessel cells and leaving them incapable of proper function.30-33 This is especially true of congestive heart failure.

Despite its name, congestive heart failure is not a situation in which the heart stops beating. Rather, it results from a progressive weakening of the heart muscle, which is characterized by insufficient ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production.34-36

CoQ10 supplementation has repeatedly been shown to improve heart muscle function in patients with heart failure, supporting the scientific observation that heart failure is caused by a deficit in cellular energy.37,38 This includes improvement of heart muscle movement, increased cardiac output (the amount of blood pumped per minute), ejection fraction (proportion of blood pumped out with each stroke), and other technical measures.39-43

But are you taking the right amount—and the right type—of CoQ10 to extend your life span? Chances are, the answer is no.

Even fairly low doses of CoQ10 have been shown to reduce the symptoms associated with congestive heart failure. For example, in a three-month open study, an average daily dose of 100 mg a day of CoQ10 improved symptoms in a large majority of patients, including swelling, blueness (cyanosis), difficulty breathing, heart palpitations, sweating, insomnia, vertigo, and nighttime urination. In fact, 54% of patients experienced improvement in at least three such symptoms.44

But those low doses can be deceiving because even though they improve symptoms, ultimately few meaningful benefits in terms of survival or improved functioning were shown at CoQ10 doses of 100 mg a day.44 This is especially true for people who already have advanced congestive heart failure (Class IV) because fluid build-up in the walls of their intestines reduces the amount of a given dose that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.45

A study published in The Clinical Investigator shows us the difference that even modest increases in dosing makes: It demonstrated that an increased dose of CoQ10 produced more than just symptom reduction—it kept patients out of the hospital.

For this study, when patients with moderate-to-severe (class III and IV) heart failure took 2 mg/kg a day (about190 mg a day in an average-sized man, and about 150 mg a day for an average woman) of CoQ10 for one year, it significantly reduced hospitalization rates by 38%.38 In the same study, symptoms caused by fluid backing up into the lungs (pulmonary edema, “cardiac asthma”) were reduced by 61 and 51%, respectively.

But even with those increased doses and beneficial results, we’re still falling short of CoQ10’s full life-extending potential. Changing long-term outcomes (like reducing mortality) clearly requires higher doses for longer periods.

FIGHT BACK AGAINST STATIN-INDUCED COQ10 DEFICIENCY

Mainstream medicine relies on drugs called statins to help lower cholesterol in an effort to prevent atherosclerotic heart disease. But a looming side effect of statins is that they deplete your heart muscle of CoQ10, in fact leaving you more vulnerable to congestive heart failure.83, 84

Fortunately, as shown by recent studies, people taking statins can benefit from supplemental CoQ10 at 200 to 300 mg a day.84,85 Patients not only had improvements in CoQ10 levels and in natural free radical defense systems, but also had objective improvements in ejection fraction and in their NYHA functional classification as well.84, 85

CoQ10 And Longevity

To achieve benefits measured by longer life spans, you need to increase the dose and amount of CoQ10 absorbed into the bloodstream.

Surprisingly few studies have bothered to measure blood levels of CoQ10 in patients, a basic step in gauging the effectiveness of a dosing program. What we do know is that leaders in the field have demonstrated that blood levels of more than 3.5 micrograms/mL are required to reliably produce improvements in cardiac function.24,46,47 Doses of standard CoQ10 (also called ubiquinone) of at least 240 mg a day may produce such elevations in blood levels, while lower doses rarely do so.47,48

A better way to achieve optimal blood levels of CoQ10 is to use a superior form of CoQ10 called ubiquinol. In one particularly impressive study, patients with severe heart failure (average of class IV) had mean CoQ10 levels of just 1.6 micrograms/mL even though they were taking 450 mg a day of standard CoQ10. Once they changed to an average of 580 mg a day of ubiquinol, their blood CoQ10 levels shot up to 6.5 micrograms/mL and their mean ejection fraction improved 77.3% from baseline. In addition, their NYHA class improved from a mean of class IV to a mean of class II, demonstrating substantial improvement in their ability to carry out tasks of daily living.45

Dramatic proof of the effectiveness of higher doses of standard CoQ10 for longer periods comes from the most recent large clinical trial, conducted by an international group of cardiologists.49 In this study, patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure took either a placebo or 300 mg a day of CoQ10 (in the lesser absorbable form called ubiquinone) for two years. Patient data was examined at 16 weeks (short term) and at the end of the study (long term). No meaningful changes were seen in any patients at the short-term data point (16 weeks) using the ubiquinone form of CoQ10.

In the same study, by the two-year mark, however, supplemented patients were half as likely to experience a major adverse cardiovascular event, compared with placebo recipients.49 In addition, significantly more placebo patients died a cardiovascular death compared with supplemented subjects (16 versus 9%), while deaths from all causes were 18% in placebo patients, and just 10% in supplemented ones. The rate of heart failure-related hospital stays was also significantly lower in patients taking CoQ10 than in controls.

These studies indicate that making energy safely and abundantly available to heart muscle through CoQ10 supplementation at reasonable doses for a prolonged period is a powerful way to reduce the impact of congestive heart failure.

It is important to note here that in all studies, patients remained on their regular medications. This is important to emphasize as people with existing heart failure should use CoQ10 as a long-term heart-strengthener and not as a replacement for prescription medications.

UBIQUINOL: THE OPTIMAL FORM OF COQ10

Whenever tissues are deficient in CoQ10, their energy-providing mitochondria throughout the body suffer.87 That’s because CoQ10 is an essential component in the transfer of electrons, nature’s tiniest unit of energy, from chemical bonds in food molecules to chemical bonds in the ATP molecules all tissues use as an immediate energy supply.88,89 CoQ10 deficiency has been found in a number of age-related disorders, prominently including heart failure.88,89

Supplementing with CoQ10 has been found to be a highly effective means of increasing tissue CoQ10 activity, with improvements in function of heart muscle, brain cells, and other energy-intensive tissues. Increasingly, research is proving that not all forms of CoQ10 are the same; some are better absorbed than others. Better absorption means more benefit for you.87

There’s evidence indicating that CoQ10 in the form of ubiquinol may be a better-absorbed, more readily available form of the coenzyme, compared with the more common ubiquinone.87 Ubiquinol is also the form of CoQ10 found naturally in the body, where it protects mitochondria and cell membranes.90,91

Research supports the idea that ubiquinol has a faster and more powerful effect—that it is more bioavailable.92 Animal studies have found higher tissue levels of CoQ10 when ubiquinol is the supplement used, and in one study ubiquinol was the only form that could increase CoQ10 in brain mitochondria.87When CoQ10 was combined with the adaptogen shilajit, there was a 56% increase in energy production in the brain.93 The compounds in shilajit have been shown to stabilize CoQ10 in its ubiquinol form and help facilitate more efficient delivery of CoQ10 to the mitochondria.93-96 And a human study showed that both a single oral dose of 150 or 300 mg of ubiquinol and long-term administration of ubiquinol were rapidly absorbed, and no safety concerns or laboratory abnormalities were seen.97

Laboratory studies show that ubiquinol is highly effective in reducing the disastrous effects of shock induced by blood loss, a leading killer following major trauma.98 The effect was attributed to ubiquinol’s powerful ability to clean up products of oxidation and thereby decrease inflammatory changes.99 Similarly, ubiquinol is the preferred supplement for use in certain forms of congestive heart failure.88 And ubiquinol is showing great promise in a host of other conditions and health concerns for which oxidant damage is a major predisposing factor, such as male infertility due to weakened sperm,100 blood markers of cardiovascular disease,90 and autism in children.101 There is also animal evidence supporting ubiquinol supplementation to prevent trauma-associated kidney damage.102

The beneficial effects of ubiquinol are so universal throughout the body that the compound is being explored for its effects on overall longevity. When age-accelerated mice (a model of human old age) were supplemented with high-dose ubiquinol (equivalent to about 1,680 mg in humans), their performance on a treadmill was improved by more than 15%, and they had a significant increase in their natural free radical defense systems, further adding to their protection against aging.103 Revolutionary data published in mid-2014 showed that ubiquinol has a direct antiaging effect by supporting actions of the SIRT family of proteins that slow senescence through multiple biochemical activities.104

All of us face the age-accelerating effects of poor mitochondrial function, oxidant damage, and inflammation that arise from deficient CoQ10 levels. For those who seek the extra added benefits of greater bioavailability and enhanced expression of anti-aging genes, reduced CoQ10 in the form of ubiquinol may be the answer.

Potential Of CoQ10 In Noncardiac Disorders

Heart muscle and blood vessel cells are of course not the only tissues that require ample CoQ10 for efficient energy utilization. In reality, every cell in your body runs better when ample CoQ10 is available. This is especially true for the eyes, kidneys, and brain, which is why CoQ10 has shown such tremendous benefits for each of these organs.50-53

Promising studies have demonstrated that CoQ10 protects cells in the eye—specifically the energy-intense retina and the oxygen-exposed cornea.54-63 These effects may prevent common causes of blindness in old age, such as macular degeneration, glaucoma, and cataracts.

The kidney, like the eye, heart, and blood vessels, is an organ with tremendous blood flow, high oxygen exposure, and a crucial need for maximum energy efficiency. Studies in humans and animals reveal powerful protective effects of CoQ10 on kidney tissue structure and function, potentially adding years to the lives of people who might otherwise succumb to kidney failure.64-71

The human brain is the body’s largest consumer of oxygen and utilizer of energy. The major neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, ALS, and Huntington’s, and many of their associated cognitive deficits, are beginning to show small signs of yielding to CoQ10 supplementation, at least in their earliest stages.72-80

THE HIGH COST OF HEART DISEASE

$818 billion … That’s the estimated annual cost, in the United States alone, for total direct medical costs of cardiovascular disease by 2030.86

That represents a tripling, from about $273 billion, over a 20-year period, and a failure of the American health system to accomplish a major goal, which is the reduction of heart attacks and strokes by a million patients by 2017.1

During that time, real indirect costs from lost productivity will increase by 61%, from $172 billion to $276 billion.86 That’s more than a trillion dollars a year in total.

With those kinds of figures, we can’t afford to NOT get heart disease under control.

Studies show that supplementation with CoQ10 augments heart and vascular function, improves clinical status, and prevents further damage from cardiovascular disease.

CoQ10 may represent the single most vital supplement that everyone should take to sustain and support the cardiovascular energy management essential for a healthy heart.

Summary

Cardiovascular disease has many faces, but a central mechanism is loss of energy efficiency at the level of heart muscle and the coronary arteries that feed it.

CoQ10 is essential for transferring energy from food into ATP molecules, the universal cellular energy currency.

Studies show that CoQ10 levels are diminished in heart disease, particularly congestive heart failure. Supplementing with CoQ10 improves heart and vessel function in lab experiments, animal studies, and clinical trials.

If you suffer from existing heart disease, add a daily supplement of CoQ10, preferably the ubiquinol form, to your medication regimen after discussion with your doctor. If you are not yet a victim of overt cardiovascular disease, you are even better positioned to take advantage of CoQ10’s preventive effects.

It is impossible to overstate the importance of CoQ10 supplementation in maintaining healthy bioenergetics in the heart, brain, kidney, eye, and other energy-intensive tissues. There is every reason to believe that regular CoQ10 supplementation will add to both your life span and your health span.

If you have any questions on the scientific content of this article, please call a Life Extension® Health Advisor at 1-866-864-3027.

USE OF UBIQUINOL IN CLINICAL STUDIES

Ubiquinol has now been shown to be important and effective in management of a number of chronic, age-related, oxidation-driven diseases, due to its potent effects in smoothing mitochondrial energy transfer and reducing the collateral damage to cells and tissues. For example:

In diabetic retinopathy, a higher ratio of ubiquinol to ubiquinone was shown to be protective.105

In diastolic heart failure, or heart failure with relatively normal pumping ability in the heart, ubiquinol is in growing use to improve patient outcomes and improve the function of the heart’s left ventricle during its relaxation phase, when it recovers from energy-intensive contractions.106

In men with impaired fertility due to weak or defective sperm, ubiquinol exerted favorable changes on sperm structure and motility, changes that favor fertility.100

In cardiovascular diseases, an early marker of dangerous oxidative damage to heart cells is a rise in levels of a normally intracellular enzyme called GGT; ubiquinol was shown in a human study to reduce GGT activity, probably through complex effects on gene expression.90

In autism, a childhood disorder thought to have roots in oxidative damage to brain tissue, ubiquinol supplementation improved communication with parents, verbal communication, game playing with other children, sleep, and food rejection, all common findings in autistic children.101

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Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) promotes wound healing in vitro and in vivo. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the promoting effects of CoQ1