Alex Gardner (Dennis Quaid) is a psychic who has been using his talents solely for personal gain, which mainly consists of gambling and womanizing. When he was 19 years old, Alex had been the prime subject of a scientific research project documenting his psychic ability, but in the midst of the study, he disappeared. After running afoul of a local gangster/extortionist named Snead (Redmond Gleeson), Alex evades two of Sneadâs thugs by allowing himself to be taken by two men: Finch (Peter Jason) and Babcock (Chris Mulkey), who identify themselves as being from an academic institution.
At the institution, Alex is reunited with his former mentor Dr. Paul Novotny (Max von Sydow) who is now involved in government-funded psychic research. Novotny, aided by fellow scientist Dr. Jane DeVries (Kate Capshaw), has developed a technique that allows psychics to voluntarily link with the minds of others by projecting themselves into the subconscious during REM sleep. Novotny equates the original idea for the dreamscape project to the practice of the Senoi natives of Malaysia, who believe the dream world is just as real as reality.
The project was intended for clinical use to diagnose and treat sleep disorders, particularly nightmares, but it has been hijacked by Bob Blair (Christopher Plummer), a powerful government agent. Novotny convinces Alex to join the program in order to investigate Blairâs intentions. Alex gains experience with the technique by helping a man who is worried about his wifeâs infidelity and by treating a young boy named Buddy (Cory Yothers), who is plagued with nightmares so terrible that a previous psychic lost his sanity trying to help him. Buddyâs nightmare involves a large sinister âsnake-man.â
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A subplot involving Alex and Janeâs growing infatuation culminates with him sneaking into Janeâs dream to have sex with her. He does this without technological aidâsomething no one else has been able to achieve. With the help of novelist Charlie Prince (George Wendt), who has been covertly investigating the project for a new book, Alex learns that Blair intends to use the dream-linking technique for assassination.
Blair murders Prince and Novotny to silence them. The president of the United States (Eddie Albert) is admitted as a patient due to recurring nightmares. Blair assigns Tommy Ray Glatman (David Patrick Kelly), a psychopath who murdered his own father, to enter the presidentâs nightmare and assassinate himâpeople who die in their dreams also die in the real world. Blair considers the presidentâs nightmares about nuclear holocaust as a sign of political weakness, which he deems a liability in the upcoming negotiations for nuclear disarmament.
Alex projects himself into the presidentâs dreamâa nightmare of a post nuclear war wastelandâto try and protect him. After a fight in which Tommy rips out a police officerâs heart, attempts to incite a mutant-mob against the president, and battles Alex in the form of the snake-man from Buddyâs dream. Alex assumes the appearance of Tommyâs murdered father (Eric Gold) in order to distract him, allowing the president to impale him with a spear. The president is grateful to Alex but reluctant to confront Blair, who wields considerable political power. To protect himself and Jane, Alex enters Blairâs dream and kills him before Blair can retaliate.
The film ends with Jane and Alex boarding a train to Louisville, Kentucky, intent on making their previous dream encounter a reality. They are surprised to meet the ticket collector from Janeâs dream.
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The Dream Master Roger Zelazny
According to Roger Zelazny, the film developed from an initial outline that he wrote in 1981, based in part upon his novella âHe Who Shapesâ and novel The Dream Master. He was not involved in the project after 20th Century Fox bought his outline. Because he did not write the film treatment or the script, his name does not appear in the credits; assertions that he removed his name from the credits are unfounded.
DREAMSCAPEâs title encapsulates both the film and the mental landscape that its independent filmmakers occupied for almost three years. Its creators hoped that the production would not only prove to be a success, but that it would also give them the clout to go on to bigger, even more ambitious projects. Featuring elaborate special effects by Peter Kuranâs Visual Concept Engineering Company and makeup effects by Craig Reardon, the film was launched as the first outing of newly-formed Zupnik-Curtis Productions.
Producer Bruce Cohn Curtis is one of the few men left in Hollywood who still has ties to its fabled beginnings, the nephew of the legendary Harry Cohn, one of the founders of Columbia Pictures. Looking the producer, from his immaculately clipped hair down to his tailored, sharply creased suits, a chill falls over any set that Curtis walks onto. With a military air of no-nonsense, Curtis keeps a close eye on his productions and is happy only if filming is on schedule.
âIâm tyrannical on a set,â Curtis says with a smile of relaxed authority. âThatâs why I use the people I have as well as I do. Many of the people on DREAMSCAPE have worked with me before and have come back because I am a perfectionist and wonât settle for less. I have a standard of excellence in my films that Iâve always maintained, no matter what the cost, so that even though you might not like the stories Iâve done, the look of the film is always rich.â
Remembering that he had to prove himself publicly in an industry filled with people just waiting for the newest Cohn to fail, for his first effort Curtis made OTLEY, a sharp-edged spy spoof/drama with Tom Courtney as an ersatz spy who finds his make-believe assignment being taken very seriously by the other side. The film died at the box office, but drew good critical notices. The industry sat up and noticed; Harry Cohnâs nephew was off and running.
Curtis partnered with various producers for awhile, including Irwin Yablans on HELL NIGHT, but chafed at being the junior partner without clout. The matter came to a head when he was making THE SEDUCTION with Yablans and grew tired of having his ideas ignored.
Curtis resolved to start his own company and make pictures his way. He found financial backing from businessman Stanley Zupnik, and was looking for scripts to start Zupnik-Curtis Productions when associate producer Chuck Russell brought in director Joe Ruben and the DREAMSCAPE script. Curtis had worked previously with both and gave the green light for Ruben and Russell to begin revising the script, written by David Loughery.
Ruben discovered Loweryâs script in 1981 at the William Morris Agency, which represents both artists. Lowery, a television writer, had come out to Hollywood in 1979 after winning a script writing contest sponsored by Columbia Pictures, while a student at the University of Iowa. Ruben had just finished directing the TV-pilot for BREAKING AWAY, and was looking for a new project.
Once Ruben started reading the DREAMSCAPE script he found he couldnât put it down. The vision Loughery described was breathtaking, with rivers ablaze and boats filled with the undead. Ruben was excited by the property and showed it to Russell, his assistant director on JOY RIDE and GORP (also starring Dennis Quaid), films made with Bruce Cohn Curtis for producer Samuel Z. Arkoff. Russell suggested they take the script to Curtis and his new company.
It took seven months for Ruben and Russell to rewrite DREAMSCAPE; with Curtis providing detailed criticism and ideas throughout. Loughery was brought back in to help write the final draft.
âWe knew some things in Lougheryâs script, like the holocaust dream at the end, were so expansive that it was virtually un-filmable,â said Russell about the changes that were made. âThe original ending was set in New York. We changed that so we could do the movie out here in Los Angeles. In Lougheryâs script you saw all of New York on fire after the bomb had hit. You saw the Statue of Liberty, ferry boats filled with the undead, and flames across the harbor. It was really great, but I knew we couldnât afford to do it like that.â
Putting a screenplay into production inevitably means rewrites and not always by the original writer. In the final billing, Loughery receives story credit, while sharing screenwriting credit with director Joe Ruben and associate producer Chuck Russell. When I started writing with Joe and Chuck,â he says, âthe original screenplay was pretty ferme, about 108 pages. They wanted to work some more on the characters, and their relationships. That was a good thing the development of the characters gave the audience more reason to care for the people and what happened to them.â
One of the things that really worried us about the character of Alex Gardner is that heâs something of a smart ass. So, we were afraid the audience wouldnât like him. As soon as Dennis went to work, it was obvious we werenât going to have any problem.
âMy favorite character is Tommy Ray, the psychotic psychic, played by David Patrick Kelly. He doesnât have many scenes, but when heâs on, he does a great job. The âhave a heart scene is going to be seen by the audience as a rip off of Temple of Doom, but the fact is we shot it months before Temple of Doom even went into production. That is Chuckâs idea; he has a grisly and macabre sense of humor.â
Russell and Ruben beefed-up the character of Buddy (Cory âBumperâ Yothers), the little boy whose nightmares are cured by the filmâs dream research project. In Lougheryâs script Buddy wasnât a running character. The idea for Buddyâs character arose from concepts the writers picked up from the study of dream research.
âWe found the case of a little boy who was having such terrible nightmares that he couldnât sleep,â said Russell. âIt was affecting him physically; we used that case as our model for Buddy. The first time in the film when Alex (Dennis Quaid) acts unselfishly is when he enters Buddyâs dream to try and help him. He rises to the occasion and fulfills the role of hero.â
On an adjacent stage the set for the Dream Chamber was built. Outside, the set looked like a plywood igloo circled with florescent lights. Inside however, a small, padded chamber led to a main control room by a door and a large window. The set was a quiet haven, even when the normal racket of production was going on outside.
âThe initial sketches of the set design for the Dream Chamber were some wild approaches that we felt were interesting, but not what we wanted,â Russell said. âSome of them made us feel too much like we were on a spaceship, while others were more like a classic, BRAINSTORM-type, wire-strewn lab. We decided we didnât want a lot of whirling lights and buzzers, but something quiet and womb-like. It was a very difficult set to design because we were trying to make something that looked authentic, but we didnât have any precedent for it.â
From an aesthetic standpoint, the design worked wonderfully. From a practical standpoint however, problems cropped up immediately that led to several delays in shooting. The set itself had been designed by Alan Jones without consulting with director of photography Brian Tufano. Jones then abruptly left the production for personal reasons so that when the set was built, Tufano had still not been consulted during the shuffle to find a new set designer. Tufano had great difficulty in setting up his lights and camera within the small confines of the set. An outside computer graphics firm had been brought in to supply authentic looking medical displays for the many small monitors built into the set. Unfortunately, the computer wouldnât work right and left a full crew standing around collecting pay while technicians tried to figure out what had gone wrong with their expensive battery of equipment. Later, one of the technicians would quietly tell Russell that an Apple home computer would have been sufficient to give them the displays they wanted.
 BEHIND THE SCENES / SPECIAL EFFECTS
 âSome of the rough figures from effects companies were just staggering in the amount of money, research and development time they would need.â â Chuck Russell
Chuck Russell was told to shop around for people who could create the filmâs extensive special effects and draw up a budget.
âIt was very exciting to shop the script around and find out what could and couldnât be done,â said Russell. âSome of the rough figures I got from effects companies were staggering in the amount of money, research and development time they would need. We just didnât have the preparation time or budget of something like ALTERED STATES.
âWhen we found Peter Kuranâs VCE and Craig Reardon, and they got excited about the project, we knew they were perfect for it. They even helped sell the project because of their reputations, Reardonâs for working on Steven Spielbergâs POLTERGEIST and Kuran from his work with George Lucas.â
Russell assigned the live action makeup effects to Reardon, and the miniature and optical work to Kuranâs VCE company. Richard Taylorâs MAGI company was also asked to contribute computer animated imagery for the filmâs âDream Tunnelâ effects. For the Dream Tunnel, Russell and Ruben wanted a semi-abstract look different from the other effects work in the picture, a âhazy.â dreamlike look, with an object or two from the upcoming scene to form and float towards the viewer to act as a visual cue for what was about to happen.
The effects sequences were storyboarded by Len Morganti; the budget was finalized on the basis of those storyboards. Because director Joe Ruben had not worked with special effects before, he carefully went through each scene with the storyboard artist.
âI knew that I had to be totally committed to my boards,â said Ruben. âI spent a lot of time thinking through the sequences and how I wanted to shoot them because I knew if I didnât, the film would go out of control because the special effects people wouldnât know what they were responsible for and what had to be done with each shot. I was able to get just what I was looking for. Morganti would sketch out something and if I asked him to move it a little lower and more to the right, heâd be able to do it with just a few strokes of his pencil. It was almost like working with a camera.â
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To try and save money while providing a sense of heightened realism, Russell and Ruben had wanted to shoot the âBuddyâ dream, the little boyâs nightmare, on location.
âWe found an old Victorian house and were actually shooting,â said Russell. âWe realized that by the time you put in the lightning and thunder, it was going to look like Vincent Price was going to come around the corner. It was too on the nose, too traditional. We asked Jeff Stags, our art director, to do something different. He came up at the last minute with the idea of a forced perspective set, sort of Dr. Caligari style. It was a small set, but much more effective, as well as inexpensive. Buddyâs dream is really my favorite because it has much more impact, even though itâs not as spectacular as the last dream.â
Another problem that cropped up involved Reardonâs Snake man suit. Although an impressive work up close, Ruben felt that at even minor distances, it would seem as just a man in a rubber suit. Ruben and Russell still hoped that flickering low-level lighting would help. but Ruben began to realize that even with the extensive work he had put into planning the storyboard angles, the lighting was not going to be enough to sell the suit to an audience. Reardon firmly disagreed, âContrary to negative thinking about rubber suits, youâve got to see them as something delightful, and full of potential for doing something wonderful,â said Reardon. âYou have to think of them almost as toys. Right when we were about to shoot the basement struggle scene, I went aside with Ruben and said there are two ways of looking at this; you can think of this as a rubber suit which will look bad, or as something which, with the proper angles and lighting, will convince people that theyâre looking at a living, breathing, snarling Snake man. Now when Ruben first saw it, he said âOh boy, Reardon, I donât knowâŠitâs a rubber suit. I thought that had a dangerous ring to it if he really believed it, which was hard to tell because he, Russell, and Loughery had this camaraderie among the three of them based on this constant derogatory kidding. Thatâs well and good and worth a few chuckles, but where it begins to become pernicious is when it begins to condition thinking to be truly negative.â
Reardon also objected to the low-level lighting strategy that Ruben and cinematographer Brian Tufano used to film the suit. âTufano seemed to have a fine contempt for any kind of supplementary light which would be, in logical terms arbitrary, but in dramatic terms exciting and interesting ⊠something that would catch the eye, something that would fill in a face or create a little cross light to show textures,â said Reardon. âThe naturalistic photography Tufano used can be very detrimental, I think, to SF and fantasy stories. You contrast this with the work of John Hora, who shot THE HOWLING and GREMLINS, and you see that special effects profit enormously from using special tiny spots and direct lighting. But I didnât feel it was my place to raise the issue.â
Reardon did try to get his viewpoint across to the filmmakers by preparing a lighting test on video. The test was crude but illustrated the alternative Reardon was suggesting. âThey ignored it,â said Reardon of the test. âYet, when they got on the set, they were completely vapor locked on the suit. They didnât know what to do with it, and they didnât have any ideas. All the storyboards that had been prepared in advance were completely ignored. Not once did I see anybody bring up a storyboard and crack it open and say that for this frame here we need to set up this angle. All the audacious plans evaporated. Ruben was at a loss to shoot special effects or rubber suits.â
Aupperle s first job was to coordinate the sculpture of the stop-motion Snake man, which was being done by Steve Czerkas, with the suit being built by Craig Reardon.
âThey told me that they wanted to feature Craigâs suit prominently, so I was going to try and make the miniature as close as possible to Craigâs suit,â said Aupperle. âWe started with a manâs armature and sculpted Craigâs design over it. I knew we were going to have to make some changes, like making the tail longer so it could whip around, but I wanted to avoid one of those instances where the suit never matches the miniature. Iâd run back and forth to Craig and measure his design with calipers just to make sure we were dead on.
âSince Craigâs suit was being done in pieces our model was the first time the producers saw the way the design was going to come together. They wanted more changes than I ever expected. They actually had Steve Czerkas re-sculpt the model. It got away from the manlike design and no longer really matched the suit. I was a little concerned that the two would intercut, but thatâs what they insisted upon.â
Causing Aupperle the most concern was the productionâs seeming lack of respect for the story boards. *They wanted to be able to use Craigâs suit any way they wanted,â said Aupperle. âThey didnât want to be tied down by storyboards. At one time they asked me to revise the storyboards. They said theyâd just have to wing it on the set. That attitude left me little to do until they were done with the live action. I found the situation very distressing.â
 Perhaps the greatest disappointment for Reardon was the scant use made of a full snake-man costume. The suit appears in the film for just a few frames, as the man-snake breaks through a door; most of the action originally planned for Cedar was replaced by Jim Aupperleâs animation using models built, following Reardonâs design, by Steve Czerkas.
Most changes made in the script did not alter Lougheryâs story significantly. In Lougheryâs original draft, the creature that menaces Buddy in the boyâs dream and later reappears as the creature stalking the President and Alex was to be a rat-man. âWe changed that because so much had been done with werewolves,â said Russell. âThis was right after THE HOWLING and AMERICAN WEREWOLF IN LONDON and we felt the difference between a man with a ratâs face and a man with a wolfâs face would be minimal.
âWe wanted to take a different approach,â Russell continued. âNot the direction of John Carpenterâs Thing but something identifiable, so that when Tommy Ray changed into something to scare Alex, you would be able to see that it was Tommy Rayâs version of the same creature. Joe Ruben wanted to go with something that scared him, and since heâs scared of snakes, we went in that direction. I did some sketches of a snake creature and came up with something that really excited us because it was a departure from anything either of us had seen before. I think part of it came to me from my memories of seeing THE SEVEN FACES OF DR. LAO. When we showed it later to our effects people, Peter Kuran and Craig Reardon, they were really sparked by it too.
A stop-motion animator was the last member of the effects team to be hired, done through VCE. Both Russell and Ruben had agreed early on that the best and cheapest way to get what they wanted from the Snake man sequences would be with a mixture of live-action and stop-motion effects, but they were unsure just how they would mix the combination.
âI knew we would need a good animator,â said Russell. âI knew a live-action Snake man with its long neck and swishing tail would never work in a master shot. We didnât have umpteen million dollars for physical effects.â Russell and Ruben planned to use low-key, flickering lighting for the sequences in order to seamlessly blend the two effects techniques.
Said Russell, â Joe and I sat down with the special effects people on the Buddy sequence storyboards, which is the first appearance of the Snake man, and asked which way it made more sense to do it? It made sense to do the wide shots in stop motion and the close-ups in live action, and in the cases where we werenât sure, we would have both of them overlap and whichever worked better, then thatâs what we would go with.â
Although this arrangement was made in good faith and with the best intentions, the decision to let the two techniques overlap and not make a clear distinction between which shots would be assigned to each ultimately proved to be a decision that led to tensions and feelings of betrayal between makeup expert Craig Reardon and the production company.
 Opticals were also used to create the clouds and background sky for the first dream that Quaid enters, the vertigo dream where he goes into the mind of a steelworker and falls. âThereâs one shot where Dennis Quaid is supposed to be falling. said Kuran. âI spent some time trying to figure out how a person should fall so it will look right on film. We had a good plate of a falling background, and they rigged an elaborate harness at Raleigh to hold Dennis. When we were on the set. Ruben asked me how a person should fall, and I went through the motions of what Dennis should do, but Joe didnât do that. He told Dennis to do something else that looks really corny. He ruined the shot. There was no way that I could think of to fix it and I think it looks really cheesy right now.
THE PRESIDENTS NIGHTMARES
At a budget of over $300,000 for some 90-odd cuts, DREAMSCAPE was one of the largest jobs VCE had taken on, as well as one of the most difficult. As the producers were continually asking VCE to create more or make changes with what they had done, Kuran wasnât under pressure to have all the special effects done by the original deadline. Kuran pretty much improvises his effects as he goes along. The more they wanted him to do, the less certain he was about how much longer it would actually take to finish the effects. One thing was certain. There was no way theyâd be able to get the movie out in the fall as Russell had originally hoped.
In a way though, the delays had been a good thing; something everyone was almost afraid to acknowledge because of all the tribulations the film had gone through. Kuran was creating the effects layer by layer, and even with only early tests to show, the effects still looked very good. It helped convince Curtis that even though the schedule and budget had gone to hell, it was still within limits he could work withâhe was getting a better product for his money than he ever dreamed possible. The more Kuran tinkered with the visuals, the better they got. The live action footage of the actors had come out better than expected, too. Quaid and Von Sydow were marvelous in their roles, and if they could just get the effects to come out anywhere near what had been described in the script, they all began to feel they might have a movie yet, even if they did have to grimace a bit when they realized that the work on the film was still far from over.
Working with Zupnik-Curtis productions was not without its problems for Kuran in the beginning. Because Curtis had never worked with special effects before, he wasnât sure what to expect.
âWe started getting pressure from them early on,â said Kuran. âThey had a rough cut of some of the sequences for us to work from, and they wanted to see something. But they kept changing the cutting without realizing that it meant weâd have to go back and redo the whole scene. There was a trolley shot that they wanted to make longer by one foot of film. At that point, all the backgrounds had been shot to length. All the miniatures had been broken down. I managed to talk them out of that one.â
Another problem is the very nature of post-production work. âWhen somebody does a movie, they make a little mistake here and a little mistake there, and if it doesnât work, they just kind of throw the shit over their shoulders and it lands on them in post-production,â said Kuran. âUnfortunately, this is where we do most of our work. People are at their worst to deal with in post-production. Theyâre under deadlines, and if the movie doesnât work theyâre in even worse shit. The people who shot the movie are gone and they usually refuse to accept the fact that the movie is crummy because of them. Lots of people can go onto a production and create a lot of shit and come off smelling like a rose because the movieâs not finished when they leave it.â
Although VCE was contributing some 90 cuts to the film, the majority of the effects were going to be clustered around the holocaust dream near the end, and at the start, including the terrific A-Bomb teaser which opens the film. âI thought the bombs in THE DAY AFTER just didnât look right,â said Kuran. âThey looked so dark and cold. You look at a nuclear test and you can see itâs a very bright fireball, so we wanted a very hot look to our bomb.â
 Reardonâs and Kuranâs most elaborate work is seen in the climactic sequence, a surreal view of the day after Nuclear Armageddon. Dennis Quaid enters a dream which represents the Presidentâs worst fears of nuclear war, the setting is an old trolley car that travels among the bombed-out ruins of Washington, D.C., past several surrealistic tableaux-travelling mattes and miniatures courtesy of Peter Kuranâs V.C.E. David Kelley, Plummerâs henchman, enters the dream as well, for a climactic confrontation with Quaid.
 For the holocaust dream at the end, Kuranâs basic effects strategy was to have a live-action foreground element, an intermediate miniature behind that, and then have a matte or tinted water tank shot as the background. The scenes were difficult because Kuran needed something that would convey a sense of extremely large scale while still having realistic detail, a tall order on the showâs tight budget.
Russell had originally wanted to do the holocaust effects scenes first and rear-project them as they were shooting the live action. Kuran pointed out that it would take thousands and thousands of feet of film to try and generate the footage they would need, and that they would have a better chance of making sure the background footage matched with the live-action trolley car if they shot the trolley first and then had it to play the backgrounds against.
âJim Belohovek and Sue Turner built the miniatures for the scenes, and we photographed them in different layers,â said Kuran. âTo get good depth of field, we shot them at one frame per second. Then we started adding the fires. Because those had to be slowed down, we shot them at 72 frames a second. We donât have any motion control equipment. I set up a dolly for the camera, filled the room with smoke, then lit the fires. It takes a couple of seconds to get the camera up to speed. Then we pushed the dolly down the tracks until eventually timed the push right and got it to look the same speed that we thought the trolley would be moving at. The background is a water tank shot that we used to make it look moody by adding some glows and fires. Counting everything Iâd say thereâs about 20 elements in that shot.â
While Kuran labored in the bowels of VCE, director Ruben and Academy Award winning editor Richard Halsey were slowly cutting the film together using unfinished optical tests that were the right length and Jim Aupperleâs Snake man animation. Kuran had been able to find them an east coast underground filmmaker named Dennis Pies (pronounced âpeesâ) to do the Dream Tunnel effects and the stuff looked wonderful. It was exactly what they wanted. But now it was time to decide how they were going to mix the live action Snake man and the animation, and to a great degree, they were coming down against the live action footage.
With the will to manipulate the dream to his own ends, Kelly at one point extends his fingernails into stilletos, which he uses to rip the heart from the carâs conductor, with the logic of dreams, the trolley then becomes a subway car, populated with a dozen grisly war victims, looking more dead than alive, Shortly after, Kelley transforms into a snake monster.
Reardon details the other effects he did for Dreamscape. âTommy Ray Kelly transforms with knives springing from his fingers. He uses these to tear out someoneâs heart which sits beating in his fingers,â the effects Technician says. âWe made a prosthetic hand and an artificial heart for this scene.Â
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âWe made 12 mutants up for them, Reardon says of the subway denizens, âall extremely exaggerated in their ugliness, so that, in the heavy shadows and flickering light that was planned for the shot, they would still prove effective. The design is heavy-handed, but suitably macabre for the scene.
âI hogged all the major sculpture on the picture for myself, but there were a number of other people working with me on this that also deserve mention. My greatest praise must go to Bruce Kasson, who took the weight off my shoulders where mechanical work is concerned. He worked out the mechanical effect used for the death of one of the characters at the end, as well as the stilleto fingernails. David Miller was our acrylic man, doing all the hard plastic pieces, and certainly one of my right hand men in doing the sculpture, along with David Cellitti.
Snake Man Transformation Effect
Following the completion of principal photography, there was a brief hiatus, during which Reardon re-stirred his somewhat-dampened enthusiasm, before tackling the transformation sequence.
Replacement animation is a variety of stop motion that uses separate, slightly differing sculptures, rather than the movable models most frequently associated with the form. Pioneered by George Pal, replacement animation is nowadays seen mostly in David Allenâs television commercials featuring such animated characters as Mrs. Butterworth and the Pillsbury Doughboy. Reardonâs suggestion to try this technique for an unusual transformation. Because of the frame-by-frame nature of the animation process, the sequence would be a short one-less than two seconds in sculpting work than Reardon (or, most likely, anyone else) had ever expended on a transformation effect of such short duration; 32 heads, each altered slightly from the previous head in sequence, each making a barely more than subliminal appearance in the film. It was this rapidity, and the violence of the change, that Reardon felt would make it entirely unique.
âThe major problem was one of time,â Reardon says. âHow was I to produce 32 different heads for this sequence within a reasonable schedule? The first thing you want to consider in a situation like this is, can you do it full-size? It took me about 15 seconds of heavy thought to realize that would be a killer, because of the molds that would be involved, and the sheer awkwardness of doing such an extensive sequence in full scale. From the beginning, they wanted David Kelleyâs features discernible in the snake headâs face, so l also briefly considered taking a cast of Kelleyâs face and using reduction techniques, like special shrinking molds, to bring it down to scale-but there is enough distortion in the reduction process that it wouldnât likely be worth the effort. So I finally decided on doing a miniature portrait sculpture based on his features.
âOne way to have gone would have been to produce molds of each and every stage cast one head, alter it a little further, make a mold from that and cast another stage. I ruled that out; it takes about a day to make one mold, so it would have taken a full month to prepare for the sequence.
âInstead, I took a master mold of the first stage turned out a dozen or so duplicates of that, and altered each of them to cover the first third of the total transformation. I then made another mold from the last of these, and changed those progressively. That way, I had to make no more than three molds. As the work progressed, I did some rough tests on video, which helped to show up a number of small glitches. Some of these proved very difficult to correct-seen side by side, two heads might appear to match perfectly, but tiny variances would show immediately on video.â
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A chief problem with all stop motion effects is that of temporal aliasing,â a term used to describe the unnatural look of objects seen to be in motion, but not blurred as they would be if actually filmed in real-time. All along, Chuck kept saying, âI hope this wonât look like animation,â says Reardon, âand of course all I could say was, I hope so, too.â
âJim Aupperle, who did the stop motion animation on the snake monster, and my friend Randy Cook, made some suggestions to counter that problem. Both suggested that if each stage would be slightly dissolved into the next stage, that would soften the edges, and disguise whatever anomalies there were from one head to the next. So Peter took the negative and a dupe negative, printing them to a single positive with overlapping frames, so that no single frame gives a really razor sharp image of one sculpture.
Another kind of problem arose in shooting the climax of the Presidentâs holocaust dream, set in a cave-like underground grotto decorated with fires, twisted girders and a glowing pool of green water. Originally it was planned to shoot the scene on a section of the ruinsâ set at Raleigh Studios. But Russell found out that he could get a few days shooting time at Bronson Canyon. The site, long a favorite locale for low-budget productions, is actually a short âYâ shaped tunnel through a jutting canyon wall in the nearby Hollywood hills. Open at all three ends and with a high ceiling, Ruben and Russell felt they could put up a more effective set inside the cave at relatively little cost to the production.
The art department scrambled on something like 48 hours notice to come up with a revised set for the cave. They did well, but lighting the set so that the lights themselves wouldnât show was a difficult task made harder by the fact that creating the pool of water just past the junction of the âYâ in the cave had turned the rest of its sandy floor into gritty muck that forced the crew to support the lights and camera on wooden planks and sandbags the best they could. Working in the enclosed confines quickly turned miserable too. Brian Tufano, who had been hired because of his work on QUADROPHENIA and THE LORDS OF DISCIPLINE, is yet another British cinematographer who likes to use smoke to diffuse his lighting to give the set greater visual depth. Every time Ruben went for a take, Tufanoâs assistants would pump the small, sealed cave full of hot, oily smoke and wait to see if the density was right. While the crew and stars quietly gasped behind their respirators, either more smoke would be pumped in if it wasnât enough.
According to Craig Reardon, the first scenes that were supposed to be shot in the caves were thought to be relatively straightforward. Quaid, followed by Albert, is moving through the cave when they are attacked by a mutant dog. For the dogâs costume, Reardonâs assistant, Michiko Tagawa, had made some wonderfully revolting costumes.
âThey were beautiful.â Reardon said. âThey had entrails bulging out of the body and exposed rib cages and boils and french fried skin. Now we were told that a Doberman would wear the costume, and in fact, the trainer had auditioned the dogs in a costume they worked in on the BUCK ROGERS television show. So Michiko went to a great deal of trouble to measure the Dobermans and I contributed sculptures for the heads while she built the body parts up from reject castings for the subway zombies.â Once we got them suited up at the Bronson location however, the Dobermans refused to perform.
âThe dogs trouped around in the mud and the zippers and their fur got packed with it,â said Reardon. âIt was a disaster. They took one of the suits and tried to put it on a German Shepherd, a dog which is considerably different in body build.â
In his big scene the dog was supposed to run a short distance and jump at Quaid. In take after take however, the dog merely trotted up to Quaid and stopped at his feet to try and shake the costume off. Eyes turned on the dogâs embarrassed handlers who quickly explained that the dog usually didnât act like that; it was probably because he felt uncomfortable with the costume.
Reardon snipped parts of the costumeâs legs away, hoping to make it more comfortable, but this produced no better reaction. Next, the dogâs owners took to furiously waving a little furry target at the dog. then quickly sticking it just inside Quaidâs shirt while everyone enthusiastically urged the dog to attack. This made the dog think everyone just wanted to play. It would run up to Quaid, half-hop once, then bark excitedly while waiting for his trainers to get the toy again.
Quipped Reardon, Bruce Cohn Curtis said the mutant dog looked like someoneâs dirty laundry running across the floor.â Finally the dog made one decent leap past Quaid and Ruben called it a take. The shot is still in the film, although the rest of the mutant dogs were replaced with German Shepherd with their fur shaved in patches and dabbled with red goo.
âThe script also called for these two raggedy dogs to chase after Quaid and Albert in the dream. It seemed that the easiest way to achieve a really striking appearance for the dogs would be to suit them in a costume covered with foam latex. I consulted with the trainers on the feasibility of it, and they said
âYeah, sure.â So l sculpted two mutated dog heads, and Michiko Tagawa, a very good craftsperson whoâs done work with Winston and Burman, did a beautiful job on the body suits-really hideous and nasty. She took some reject castings from the subway mutants, and reworked them into twisted body shapes, warped, burned and decked with growths. But the dogs wouldnât wear them, and the trainers sort of shrugged, and said âWhat do you expect?â
âThose trainers were let go, and replaced by Karl Miller, who allowed them to shave his dogs in erratic patches, and we gobbed all kinds of blood, goo and crap on them. Good enough, but itâs unfortunate that Michikoâs suits will never be seen.â
VCE generated the bits and pieces that would help add life and highlights to the live action effects. A red glow was added to the mutant dogâs eyes, as well as crawling purple electrical effects when the dogs vanish. Opticals materialized David Patrick Kellyâs nunchaku weapons smoothly into his hands as well as allowed Dennis Quaid to heal his wounds and transform himself into Kellyâs father.
The next scene planned for the cave involved Quaid and Albert, discovering it is a dead end and that the Snakeman is right behind them. It comes out of a side tunnel, snarls, and attacks Quaid. Ruben decided he wanted to use the full-sized Snakeman suit for the shot, and Reardon was given short notice to get it ready. At the time, Reardon was working full tilt to prepare the suit needed for the basement struggle in the boyâs nightmare. A different head would be needed for the cave sequence.
âRussell got a hold of Bronson Canyon and said weâve got to do the Kelly head to look like David Patrick Kelly, playing the Presidentâs assassin) right away. You canât change things around like that. I said Iâd try when I should have told him no.â
Ruben shot Reardonâs live Snakeman suit in the cave, although eventually discarded most of it and replaced the scene with a stop-motion cut. Also discarded was a small but important effect Reardon had worked very hard on getting right, a brief shot where Dennis Quaid âhealsâ a wound in his shoulder.
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âWe created a sort of bite effect, then put a plastic membrane over it and melted it with a plastic solvent so that when they ran the film backwards, the wound would heal,â explained Reardon. âIt didnât work as well as it did on the bench, which is frequently the case, but you did get a feeling of the actual fleshy material knitting itself. They opted to have Peter Kuran redo it with animation.â
More successful was a Reardon designed effect where Kelly, now distracted by an ingenious ploy of Quaidâs, reverts to a half-human, half-snake form. While diverted, Albert sneaks up behind him and drives a length of pipe through Kellyâs chest. For this shot, Reardon made a false chest with a mechanical rubber pole section inside that was connected to a spring and operated by cable. Albert would sneak up holding the pipe, then drop it out of camera sight as he lunged for Kelly, and the rubber pipe would burst through a section of painted tissue paper. Although the complex mechanical effect took some time to rig, it was accomplished in only three takes and is gruesomely realistic. It made for a happy interlude before the crew was to run into yet more problems once they left Bronson Canyon and returned to Raleigh Studios.
                   Dave Millers Unused Snake Man
âI also worked on a snake man head, the one that was originally going to be in the elevator sequence, emerging from the head of Dennis Quaid. But then, they had some kind of quibble over Craigâs head of Quaidâthey said it didnât look like him, or some such garbage-and they hired Greg Cannom to do that sequence over. Greg did another head of Quaid, which they wound up not even showing, though it looked perfect, and another snakeman, which-sorry, Greg I didnât care for too much. It didnât seem to have much definition; it was hard to tell what it was. Plus, it was pretty badly edited.â â David Miller
 BOB BLAIRâS DREAM DEMISE
The âBuddyâ dream completed the bulk of the main shooting. DREAMSCAPE moved from the largest soundstage at Raleigh into one small stage for what was hoped would be the final shot of the would grasp what was happening. Because Quaidâs strike against Plummer was to be a surprise, Ruben and Russell felt it was absolutely necessary to make sure that the lighting look realistic right up to the moment of the attack. This meant shooting the effect not with lighting that would highlight the makeup, but with ordinary florescent lighting. Reardon hated the lighting, but went along with Rubenâs insistence that changing the lighting would tip-off people that something was about to happen.
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About a month earlier, in late June, Reardon had supplied a transformation head, known as a âchange-0â head in the business, for a scene late in the film in which Dennis Quaid confronts political schemer Christopher Plummer in the one place where Plummer is vulnerable, inside Plummerâs own dream. Quaid borrows a trick from dream assassin David Patrick Kelly and changes into his own version of the Snakeman before killing Plummer. The effect was planned to first show Quaidâs head beginning to change, cut back to Plummer as the Snakemanâs hands shoot out for his throat (a very brief scene which was shot earlier) then a quick cut back to Dennis Quaidâs Snakeman head coming for the camera.
âWe prepared a head, which I felt was better than a lot of THE HOWLING heads,â said Reardon. âWe didnât content ourselves with just having the face bulge out. We had the eyes blink, and when they opened they were snake eyes. At the same time the neck elongated and the cheeks distended, and the eyes began to pop out of their sockets. The mouth opens unnaturally wide and the teeth elongate. But nobody liked it. Ruben said to me, âGeez Reardon, I expected something like AMERICAN WEREWOLF IN LONDON.â Thatâs great. You give me six months and six hundred thousand dollars and maybe you could get that. Besides, that effect was five different heads. I told them all along that I was only going to come up with one head and do as much with it as I could.â
Neither Russell nor Ruben had been happy with the head when Reardon had brought it in. Under the flat lighting of the elevator mockup, the hair looked too bushy and still, the face too lifeless, and the neck far thicker than Quaidâs. The head didnât work well either. with eyes that frequently jammed as they started to roll up. It took several takes to get the mechanism to work right. But beyond that, when Ruben and Russell saw footage of the effect, they realized that what they thought would be a good visual just wasnât that exciting.
âForget that it wasnât convincing on film,â Ruben said. âWhen I saw it, I just realized that we needed a more shocking effect.â
âIt wasnât exciting enough,â added Russell. âWe didnât realize that until we saw it. It was a subtle effect that just wasnât explosive enough. Craigâs head didnât show anything either that would connect it with the Snakeman, and we decided we needed that, so we racked our brains and decided on something simple, like a guyâs head ripping apart with the Snakemanâs head coming out of the pieces.â
Russell contacted Reardon, but by this time, Reardon was both fed up with the production and busy trying to finish the replacement animation for David Patrick Kellyâs Snakeman transformation so he could be done with the film. Since Reardon was busy, Russell had to find someone who could do the effect and do it quickly. He decided on Greg Cannom, a former assistant to Rick Baker and Rob Bottin. Cannomâs first solo assignment was THE SWORD AND THE SORCERER, and more recently he assisted Baker with the apes for GREYSTOKE.
Cannom had talked with Russell about a year before DREAMSCAPE about another film project that never went through. Cannom was interested in the assignment, but checked with Craig Reardon first, before committing himself. Reardon gave his blessing. Cannom went into his workshop and tried an effect which would combine the two concepts that Russell discussed, creating a skull that would not only split apart, but split apart and turn into a monster at the same time. âI could see the use of the Snakeman with the kidâs nightmare, but going into an adultâs nightmare, I thought it should be a lot more horrendous and scary,â said Cannom.
Cannomâs first prototype makeup was deemed unacceptable by producer Bruce Cohn Curtis. It was a bitter decision because of the amount of effort Cannom had put into it. Cannom took a fiberglass skull which he cut and hinged so it could be pulled apart. Inside the skull, Cannom used a soft foam and sculpted a hideous face so that when the skull was pulled apart, the jaw would drop down and the foam face would come out to form the monster.
âI loved Cannomâs first approach,â said associate producer Chuck Russell. âI think it was terrific. The dangerous thing about the makeup was that in a very quick cut, with a man splitting his head open and something gooey, dark, and spongy coming out, it might look like brains. It was hard to argue for it because of that.â
Curtis told Cannom that they wanted something closer to Reardonâs Snakeman concept. Cannom tried to figure out how to fit Reardonâs Snakeman design into a reworked version of the splitting skull but finally gave up and settled for a two-piece approach. Cannom first built a small, embryonic Snakeman head which would be moved like a hand puppet inside the skull after it split apart. Cannom wanted to stop the camera and replace the small head with a fullsized but slimmer Snakeman head that would rise out of the neck and lunge for the camera dripping goo and skin. As with Reardon before him, Cannom was less than happy with the treatment he felt his makeup got from Ruben and Curtis. Assisted by Jill Rocklow, Kevin Yagher and Brian Wade, Cannom did the effect, but felt little enthusiasm for the final product.
âBruce Cohn Curtis and the other producer, Jerry Tokofsky, were so insulting and rude to me it was incredible,â said Cannom. âIt was like they already had something against me and wanted to find fault. I never want to see Bruce Cohn Curtis again.
âI donât really think my effect works either,â added Cannom. âItâs not done the way we wanted to set it up. We were very careful about it. First, the skull would split apart, then we would cut away, put the snake creature back into the neck and put skin all around it, and then have it come at the camera. I spent hours getting the chicken skins for the makeup and preparing them, then setting-up the effect. Ruben looked at it and said, âThatâs not what I want. No neck and no skin. I just want the head coming at the camera.â I told him that didnât make any sense! But thatâs what he wanted, so we did it his way.â
Because Ruben and Halsey had been able to do much of the editing work while the final opticals were being generated, the final scoring and assembly of the footage was completed quickly. Curtis had a finished film only a month later and premiered it to his friends in mid-January at a small mixing theater in Hollywood. Although there were some clunky spots that hadnât been fixed because of time and budgetary problems, the final cut was deftly edited around most of them and they were visible only if you knew what to look for. The audience gave the film a big hand and Curtis was very happy, as well as Kuran. Russell, Ruben and Loughery, who now looked forward to having a potential hit associated with their names. Although Craig Reardon liked the film, he was still unhappy with director Ruben.
Ruben defended his decision to replace Reardonâs work. âCraig was under tremendous pressure to deliver an awful lot of complicated physical effects,â said Ruben. âI wouldnât be able to see a finished physical effect practically until the day we were ready to shoot it. That was a rough way for both of us to work. I was disappointed some times, and Iâm sure he was disappointed in the way I was shooting things, although at no time can I remember him making specific suggestions. I think that the main thing I would change if I were to do it again, and I wouldnât mind working with Craig again.
 Dreamscape (1984) Music by Maurice Jarre
01.DREAMSCAPE 2:58
02.THE JOURNEY 4:22
03.FIRST EXPERIMENT 1:55
04.SUSPENSE 2:09
05.JEALOUSY MERRY-GO ROUND 2:56
06.THE SNAKEMAN 1:08
07.ENTERING THE NIGHTMARE 4:17
08.LOVE DREAMS 4:10
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 Dreamscape (1984) Retrospective SUMMARY Alex Gardner (Dennis Quaid) is a psychic who has been using his talents solely for personal gain, which mainly consists of gambling and womanizing.
