PREMIUM RESEARCH ESSAYS

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Cybercrime Proposal

Introduction The proposed computer crime to investigate is Phishing. Phishing is a type of computer crime falls within the scope of cyber scams, and that is committed by using strategies such as social engineering, which endeavors to acquire private information fraudulently. Such information for use include items such as password or detailed information on cards credit or other banking information (Alsharnouby, Alaca, & Chiasson, 2015). The scammer, known as a phisher, poses as a trusted person or company in an apparent official electronic communication, usually an email, or an instant messaging system1 or even using phone calls. Subtopics Comparing Phishing and Fraud Phishing and fraud are termed as equal computer crimes in the article 248 of the Penal Code. This subtopic aims at providing a detailed analysis of what entails phishing and how it resembles fraud. Case study of Phishing This sector identifies cases of Phishing that have had significant losses on the target victims and massive gains to the culprits. In this case, high profile phishing case studies are identified while the exclusion criterion considered leaving out the infamous Nigerian fraudsters but rather focus on target phishing cases. Theoretical Framework Underpinning Case This section is dedicated to the identification of theoretical framework that motivates the crimes such as the learning, choice, and general strain theory among others that explain the potential motivator for such crime. Criminal Consequences of Phishing CYBERCRIME PROPOSAL 3 This part will focus on the potential consequences that may befall the culprits based on the magnitude of damage caused and the financial gain acquired from the crime. Cost of Phishing to Organizations How much do organizations lose in significant cases of phishing? This is the question to answer based on the prevention of a potential attack and recovery from one. References Alsharnouby, M., Alaca, F., & Chiasson, S. (2015). Why phishing still works: User strategies for combating phishing attacks. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 82, 69- 82.

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Time Bomb Case

The time bomb case study reflects the criminal activity that inside personal can facilitate. According to the case, William Carl was an employee at the Bay Area Credit Services Company located in the San Jose’s area of California. The company offered the same perpetrator administrative privileges to the company’s information system as well as the database server. However, following an event that involved the health of William’s daughter, he was served with a performance appraisal that clarified that he had not been performing according to expectations and was offered with a plan that would let him improve his performance. However, due to lack of attendance to his responsibilities and not showing up at work, William was fired from his position. However, prior to his firing, he had programmed a malicious code to attack the system at the end of the month deleting and changing various credit profiles of the company’s customers. In relation to the theory that applies to this case, the general strain theory developed by Robert Agnew emphasized on the performance strain of members of the society those financial goals cannot be met within the conventional means of production (Broidy, & Santoro, 2018). As a result, they choose to opt for crime to meet the needs as an alternative. According to the condition of William’s daughter who was diagnosed with mental illness, it was observed that William was becoming less motivated to work for the company and at the same time he needed funding to meet his financial obligations to the health of the daughter and other of his needs. Had he not been motivated by personal needs to acquire quicker financial gain, William would not have resorted to crime at best. TIME BOMB CASE 3 References Broidy, L., & Santoro, W. A. (2018). General strain theory and racial insurgency: Assessing the role of legitimate coping. Justice Quarterly, 35(1), 162-189.

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Comparing 'A View from the Bridge' and "What is Poverty”

Introduction Two stories, “A View from the Bridge," and "What is Poverty” are dialogue and narration pieces of literature written by Paul (n.d). and Parker (2018) respectively. The article by Paul describes his experience with a blind kid at the lake while Parker’s story covers own experience and interpretation of poverty. Paul’s story covers two characters, the narrator and a kid while Parker narrates the story from first person perspective. The dialogue approach of Paul is less captivating as compared to Paul’s first-person perspective narrative. Body The characters in the first story by Paul include the author, a kid, and a passive element, the fish. The author meets the kid while fishing and due to the kid’s blindness, the author had to animate the fish by describing it to the kid. The fish in this case, playing a linking effect between the two characters. The second story by Parker involves only one character and a description of four other passive ones. The author narrates the ordeals of being poor and mentions her granny, and her three children. The children in this case to not play any significant role and they are accounted as passive characters. There are different authoring devices used in the two stories. Paul accounts for dialogue approach when addressing other characters in the story. Although this approach lets the reader know who is conversing, it is also confusing to follow through. From the first person perspective employed by Parker, the description of poverty seems to stick more than the narration of the fish or the kid in Paul’s article. Since everything is explained from experience, Parker is able to offer more understandable article as compared to Paul. Overall, the articles are of different quality for different readers. However, in communicating their messages, both are precise and descriptive. They both articulate imagery to COMPARISON ESSAY 3 capture the attention of the reader. In my view, both articles are worth publishing. Based on reader preference, dialogue and narrative approaches to storytelling are preference factors for different readers. In my case, I found the “What is Poverty” narrative easier to understand and also reach in information regarding the subject matter. Conclusion The use of dialogue can be difficult to follow in a story. This has been my personal experience when reading the story by Paul A View from the Bridge. It may not be difficulty to follow for every one by the use of quotation marks every now and then is distracting. Parker, on the other hand, articulates the first-person perspective narration much better in describing what in her experience, is poverty.

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Coal Mining

1. What are the important economic factors that you believe need consideration? To many, health care is an importance economic and social factor that must be observed in all industries. Based on the video report on the black lung disease, the cost of health care to sustain the lives of the affected coal miners is significant. Additionally, corporate social responsibility also features as an economic concern in that the revenue goals of the company exceeded the safety of the miners. 2. What would you recommend the mine owners do to alleviate or prevent the issue of black lung? The mine owners have a variety of options for alleviating or preventing the issue of black lung. Firstly, the issue should be investigated scientifically to identify the full-scale consequences of the disease. Upon doing this, the owners would then issue a directive for all employees to be provided with safety gear from the coal dust. Alternatively, the miners should also provide the employees with a report on the expected health issues related to exposure to coal dust. 3. Is your recommendation economically feasible? Does it matter? Why or why not? By providing the miners with a report on what their involvement in the mining process may lead to in terms of their health, most would take precautions such as purchasing specialized gear for the prevention of inhaling coal dust. The approach is economically feasible in that public health would have few people funding the management and treatment of black lung disease. 4. What duty do the miners owe the miners? Please use examples from the text Responsibility of care is among the duties the mine owners owe to the miners. Tort law provides that any contractor or subcontractor is liable to the effects sustained by employees at the workplace. This responsibility also entails the inspection of working conditions and their relative Coal Mining 3 effects to the employees. As a result, it is the duty of the owners to investigate and inform the employees of the associate health issues of their mining involvement. 5. Do you feel the mine owners breached that duty? The mine owners breaches the responsibility or care by allowing the employees to work in an environment that was harmful to their health. Had the miners been warned of the potential of health risks, some would have declined the employment offer while others would have requested for special gears tweaked to the purpose of preventing black lung disease. 6. What ethical standard from the reading applies to this issue? The ethical standard that applies to this issue is responsibility of care. For a company that deals with risky activities such as mining, responsibility is not only placed on the safety of the working environment but also on the effect of the environment on the long term health of the workers. Besides the reliance on the benefits of selling coal as an energy source, the fundamental factor of public health should have been the first priority of the mine owners. 7. What are your personal feeling about the issues raised in the video? Be honest. To be honest, every opportunity has few downturns that may lead to adverse social, economic, and even political challenges. For the workers suffering from the black lung disease, it is unfortunate that their responsibilities led to life threatening challenges. However, as the leading polluter of the environment, coal is unsafe for energy production and its mining is a factor that required a lot more research than accepting the mining contact at face value. There is more responsibility owed to the employees own decisions of placing economic gains over their health. More workers around the mining industry should be aware of the risks they face by participating in the associate activities of mining, transportation of mined products, and their processing.

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Bombadier Case

Part 1 The fundamental purpose of an ERP is to provide support to business customers, quick response times to your problems as well as an efficient handling of information that allows timely decision making and lower costs totals of operation. The characteristics that distinguish an ERP from any other business software, is that it must be integral systems which are modularity and adaptable. Integrals allow to control the different processes of the company understanding that all the departments of a company are related between, that is, the result of one process is the starting point of the next. For example, in Bombadier, a customer places an order that triggers the production process, control of inventories, planning of product distribution, collection, and their respective accounting movements. If the company does not use an ERP, it will need to have several programs that control all processes mentioned, with the disadvantage that by not being integrated, the information doubles, the margin of erring in the information grows and a favorable scenario is created for misappropriation. With an ERP, the operator simply captures the order and the system takes care of everything else, so the information is not manipulated and is protected. Modular ERPs understand that a company is a set of departments that are interrelated by the information that they share and what it is generated from their processes. An advantage of ERP, both economically and technically is that the functionality is divided into modules, which can be installed in accordance with the requirements of the client such as sales, materials, finance, control, inventory and warehouse operations among others. Adaptable ERPs are created to adapt to the idiosyncrasies of the company. This is achieved through the configuration or parameterization of the processes according to the outputs that are needed from each one. For BOMBADIER CASE 3 example, to control inventories, it is possible that the company needs to manage the partition of lots. The most advanced ERPs usually incorporate information technology strategies in accordance with the 4th generation programming tools for fast development of new processes. Parameterization is the fundamental added value of what should be done with any ERP to adapt it to the needs the company. Based on these findings, Bombardier’s business transformation best chance lies with information technology Part 2 Process BOMBADIER CASE 4 References Aubert, B. A., Bourdeau, S., & Walker, B. (2012). Successfully Navigating the Turbulent Skies of a Large-Scale ERP Implementation1. International Journal of Case Studies in Management (10: 1), 1-29.

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Information Warfare

1. What are the six components of information warfare? The six components of information warfare include operational security, electronic warfare, psychological operations, deception, physical attack on information processes, and information attack on information processes (Green, 2016). Combined, all the components can be exploited by enemy intelligence leading to a potential threat on information security. 2. Define critical infrastructure and give specific examples of these types of system vulnerabilities as they relate to cyberterrorism and information warfare within the U.S. Critical infrastructure in information systems is the set of physical and virtual resources that ensure that an information system runs according to the objectives of the organization or entity. In this case, critical infrastructure entails the components, such as servers & memory devices, that facilitate the functioning of the information system and that secure it from external and internal threats Eling, M., & Schnell, W. (2016). . By referring to the US cyber terrorism and information warfare, some of the specific vulnerabilities associated with critical infrastructure include targeted attacks to disrupt the function of the system of pulling it offline. Additionally, infrastructure such as satellites can be used to keep track of target movements from images captured by the satellites. These vulnerabilities are, to some extent, preventable, but others can be much difficult to track such as the use of public satellites to target physical infrastructure in various military or organizational bases. 3. Looking at the different theories mentioned in Chapter 3, why do individuals commit digital crime? According to the learning theory, the reason why individuals carryout cyber-attacks is because they are endowed with the right capacity of skills they have acquired by learning. Although attacks may not be intended by the individual with the skills, they can be traded to anyone in need of launching attacks. Hired hackers are among the group of people with the right skills and at the disposal of those seeking such service.

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Hacktivist v. Hacker

As a hacktivist, a variety of reasons might play a role in the selection of the target I would wish to target. Among the candidate targets include foreign government servers or organizational information systems. For the current case, hacking an organizational information system would be more profitable if my target is financial gain. In terms of attacks, I would use a DoS (denial of service) approach to acquire as much attention from the management of the organization as possible. This approach would entail hijacking the systems of the said organization and offering to resolve the matter with the right amount of funds. The target nation’s technology and level of innovation is a factor to consider. For organizations in poorly advanced technological environments, such a variable would affect the way in which the organization’s information system is secured. Poorly advanced nations have little to no significant regard for security concerns. Additionally, with poor technological advancement comes the challenge of organizational consideration of security issues. Organizations in such an environment are likely to neglect advanced security protocols because they consider themselves low priority targets. A poor level of security solutions is associated with easier targeting and launching of attacks. Although the attack may be detected by the target entity, the effectiveness of the attack would be facilitated by the expected slow technical strategies. For instance, launching an attack to a supposedly slow network speeds is likely to capture large amounts of data in a short duration with respect to the slow response/refresh rate of the target’s security protocols. Based on the motives of launching the attack, I would be careful not to publicly claim responsibility to ensure that I do not raise concerns of more advanced technical experts that can fix the issue without paying the ransom for the ransom ware.

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The term computer crime encompasses a very broad range of criminal acts. Explain in detail the four categories of computer crime. Use examples to support your explanations.

Computer fraud The attackers conduct consists in carrying out a deceptive activity producing a patrimonial displacement to the detriment of the victim and thereby obtaining a profit motive. The computer scam differs from the normal scam in that is facilitates acts of deception directed to computer systems that also produce the consequent deception to the victim. This computer crime could be considered one of the most committed in the world, and can be done through a multitude of strategies (Hewitt & Marcum 2015). Among the most common are the Nigerian scams where an email author sends a potential victim a message promising a large amount of money in exchange for an advance cash fund. Internal Computer Crimes They are computer crimes that consists of erasing, damaging, making inaccessible, altering or suppressing computer data without authorization (Stratton, Powell & Cameron 2017). An example of this crime is the loading of other computers with ransom ware and demanding for money to release the system from digital hijacking. The resolution to this crime can be costly where ransom ware has been used. Telecommunications frauds We have all met some individual who believed himself to be very clever when he unlawfully took advantage of the neighbor's Wi-Fi without consent. This type of crime requires economic damage to the victim, and will be punished with a fine of three to twelve months if the damage exceeds € 400. Cyberbullying There are also cases in which a person installs software in a particular device accessing personal information without authorization from the owner. The perpetrator could be accused in this case of a crime of spying and disclosure of secrets with major penalties. References Hewitt, C., & Marcum, C. D. (2015). Digital Crime. The Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, 1-8. Stratton, G., Powell, A., & Cameron, R. (2017). Crime and justice in digital society: towards a ‘Digital Criminology’?. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 6(2), 17-33.

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Changes in Boston and the people living there between 1850 and 1900

The city of Boston is marked with a large array of monuments that market the city’s history. Between 1850 and 1900, the city experienced major changes in terms of settlements, population, and economic factors. Nonetheless, with a growing population and stabilizing economic factors, the city embarked on gradual and non-managed growth. This growth resulted from the development of transportation routes such as railways and migration of city dwellers to outskirts of the growing metropolitan area. As the growth of the population increased and more commercial activities continued to take place, the above-indicated period facilitated the overhaul of settlement schemes pushing low-income earners to old buildings (Warner, p. 1). However, for individuals seeking better housing and comfortable living, an outward movement to the suburbs was observed from the 1870s taking advantage of specialized homes, environments, communication systems, and logistic means. Back in the 1850s, the city of Boston was comparable to various European cities that had taken a substantial period of time to develop management and administrative attitudes. From the late 1860s, three groups of stakeholders had the most significant influence on the development of the city. These groups included homeowners, large commercial institutions, and investment enthusiasts. Combined, these groups administered the development of suburban and industrial metropolis. At the same time, changes in the attitudes of the city dwellers were influenced by past experiences and how they related to the emerging conditions. Major adjustments of people’s attitudes were observed in industries were majority worked and found opportunities to invest in. The industries and earned income influenced romantic capitalism or investment in families & family related businesses. Due to its strategic location, Boston also attracted a massive scale of immigrants such as the Irish who fled Ireland following a famine that affected their crops, mostly potatoes. By 1875, over 60,000 Irish immigrants had settled in Boston (p. 2). The immigrants were also skilled in a variety of areas including commercial farming, artisanship, and milling. Additionally, the immigration of significant German and English men fleeing Central Europe poverty at the time increased the capacity of the Boston population (p. 3). However, while investors grew in number, so did the workforce which led to a sustainable set of means of production. From the above scenario, the economy of Boston was booming and the investors, workers, and associated stakeholders were able to purchase expensive real estate properties outside of the metropolitan area. In terms of infrastructure, from 1850 to 1876, Boston was labeled the working city. The reference to the walking city was influenced by the closeness of businesses and the lack of relatively affordable means of transportation (p. 11). Since most businesses during this period, 1850-76, depended on each other, they were also established close to each other so that they could facilitate reliable communication and supply chains. These small distances meant that the expensive logistic options such as horses, carriages, and railroad were only used occasionally. Upon the invention of the telephone in 1876, the city embarked on outward expansion. This expansion meant that businesses at the central business districts could venture outwards without necessarily compromising on communication with each other for supplies (pp. 12-14). Consequently, the increased reliability of transportation routes also meant that people could live farther distances from where they worked. During the era between 1876 and 1900, especially in 1888, the wealth and the structuring of the city made it possible for workers and dwellers to use streetcars to and from the city center (p. 19). All these factors merged, the City of Boston endured a half-century-long economic, social, and administrative changes that influence its significance. Works Cited Warner, Sam Bass. Streetcar suburbs. Vol. 133. Harvard University Press, 1978.

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United States Government Change From Articles of Confederation to the Constitutional Government

The constitution of the US is a document that was drafted to amend various clauses posed by the confederate articles. In their motive, the confederate articles were put together to play a constitutional role in governing the 13 colonies. However, while the Articles served the interests of the British Empire, one of the overarching issues on the background was the problem of slavery, its effect on the society and its overall representation of a tyrant governing entity. As a result, the constitution was drafted to amend various clauses of the Confederate Articles on the dignity of humans, the inconceivable social problem of slavery, and the overall lack of human rights (LaCroix, 15). Additionally, the Civil War and the associate concerns of the nation were directed towards regaining human rights. Therefore, the shift from Confederate Articles to Constitutional Governance is a reflection of American’s struggle to win the Civil War, to end slavery, and to separate from the British rule.

Reviewing Civil War leads almost unconsciously to think of slavery, an incomprehensible institution in our society, condemnable, detestable and uncomfortable. The slave was neither more nor less than a human being owned by another, had no legal or political representation, had no rights and only one duty: to obey (LaCroix, 20). At the beginning of the civil war about four million black slaves lived in the slave states of the United States. Their main work was agrarian work; men, women and children were engaged in the cultivation of cotton that the South exported, and this constituted the central base of the economy. Meanwhile, to the north, free blacks were a minority that did not enjoy the freedoms that one might suppose.

During the war hundreds of thousands of former black slaves served in the armies of the Union, while, faced with the gradual defeat of the Confederation, it was asked whether to arm the slaves or not. In the end, the South surrendered before this happened since it would have been to betray the very foundations of slavery, that black is not equal in nature to white, so it could not be a better soldier (Wilson p. 848).

In addition, when the existence of slavery was questioned for the first time, Thomas Jefferson wrote that he considered it the death knell of the Union. In effect, the premises of the founding fathers were obscure and augured an uncertain future. That they would have preferred a dissolution of the Union before a civil war was clear, which their successors did not share. On the one hand the South felt attacked by an enemy invader who wanted to dominate them (Chet p. 1000). As a result, slavery was not the cause of secession, but the reason for its failure, since in many other countries slavery had been abolished with a plan and a higher objective, trying not to overly alter the structure of the society.

Based on the observed weight of slavery and the overall negative effects on social lives, the Confederate Articles could not meet the needs of the Americans since it only served the interests of the tyrant over those of the subjects. The constitution, as a result, was founded on the premise that it would generally protect the social interests of the population. Additionally, the oppressive nature of the British Empire had also deprived the people of their natural human rights and led to significant negative effects such as the Civil War.

  References

Chet, Guy. "We Have Not a Government: The Articles of Confederation and the Road to the Constitution." (2019): 1000-1001.

LaCroix, Alison L. "Continuity in Secession: The Case of the Confederate Constitution." U of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper 512 (2015).

Wilson, Harold S. "Michael Brem Bonner. Confederate Political Economy: Creating and Managing a Southern Corporatist Nation." (2017): 848-849.

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Topic Proposals and Data Collection

Topic 1: Investigation on the effectiveness of targeted marketing using big data The reason for selecting this research topic is because individuals notice advertisements generated automatically based on their preferences. However, these ads are not always accurate and therefore, it is a subject of investigation to weigh in on whether other factors, besides personal browsing interests play a role in manipulating the targeted marketing ads. For this topic, the guiding question is ‘on what ways is big data useful in influencing personal marketing and target advertising?’ Topic 2: Effect of big data on the relevance of social media use among minority ethnic groups This topic is selected because organizations and government as well rely on big data to measure various social aspects of a target community. Due to this use of data, the topic investigates how big data can be utilized with respect to social media behavior to analyze the potential behaviors, effects on social life, and lifestyles of minority ethnic groups from a regional, national, and global perspectives. The research question to guide the topic is how does the application of big data influence minority ethnic groups recognition in public resource distribution? Topic 3: Differences of big data application in large and small scale manufacturing companies This topic simply wishes to report on findings related to the usefulness of big data in big and small manufacturing companies. The question of interest is what role does information analysis play in the manufacturing industry? Are there specific advantages of using big data in large scale industries unlike it is in small industries? Topic 4: Tracking the effectiveness of medical interventions on emerging pandemic diseases using big data Major industries and information technology companies praise big data analytics for boosting their production and performance in general. However, the topic is selected to investigate whether short periods of data collection can be meaningful to the health care sector in identifying high risk populations and forecasting the extent to which emerging pandemic diseases can be mapped before escalating out of proportion. Topic 5: Investigating the accuracy limitations of big data dependency in real life decision-making requirements How accurate is big data? In answering this question, the topic seeks to investigate the negative effects of big data inaccuracies in predicting outcomes effectively. In the contemporary business sector, decisions made in response to challenges, opportunities, or changes within the organizations are made with respect to information analysis. However, when the accuracy of predictions is questionable, limitations on the sustainability of such decisions are imposed. Data collection for (Healthcare Products’ Company Type of Data to be collected When data is collected Data collection method Who will contribute to the data collection Reason for data collection 1 Quantitative Monthly Archive retrieval Data databases Comparative Analysis 2 Qualitative Semi Annually & Annually Interviews Minority ethnic groups Analysis 3 Quantitative Monthly and quarterly Questionnaires Organizational management Comparison 4 Qualitative Quarterly and Semi Annually Case Studies Health care practitioners Descriptive analysis 5 Quantitative Weekly and Monthly Questionnaires Data analysts Empirical Analysis

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