lavash

وأنا إنتمائي للصباح ، وللضياء ، وللزهر ❀ ... :$ )

[culturadellastrada]

[almzyd]

[themafucage2-blog]

[fumblebeefae]

are there any studies about whether any animals experience feelings of fairness or justice?

“Fairness” and “Justice” are hard to measure and test for but there are plenty of tests on empathy in animals that you could define as “fairness / justice.” 

A popular one is the drowning rat experiment (no rats actually drowned)  done by researchers at the Kwansei Gakuin University in Japan. They place one rat on one side of a box that was dry container and another in the side of the box with water (which rats strongly dislike) forcing it to trend water. The rat on the dry side of the box could push open a door and let the rat climb through to the dry side.

Showing that the dry rat responding to the distress of the wet rat and helped! Further confirming the results, the rats would not open the door if both sides of the box were dry. In fact rats were more likely to open the door if they were cage mates.

Bartal I, Decety J, Mason P. Empathy and Pro-Social Behavior in Rats.  Science 09 Dec 2011; 334 (6061): 1427-1430. DOI: 10.1126/science.1210789

Another good example of research on empathy and “fairness” was a study on crows and ravens. Scientists at University of Vienna trained the birds to trade tokens for food. Once trained, one bird would then have to trade a token for food, while another would get the food for free.

Washcer C & Bugnyar T. Behavioral Responses to Inequity in Reward Distribution and Working Effort in Crows and Ravens. PLOS One. 20 February 2013. DOI: doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056885 

Similar studies have been done with mammals such as monkeys and dogs.

[pastel-plague-doctor]

people say “if you don’t lower your standards, you’re gonna end up spending your whole life alone!” like being a healthy, happy, financially independent single adult is actually worse than being stuck in an abusive and/or emotionally unfulfilling relationship with someone who isn’t willing/able to meet your needs. like no offense, but I think I’m gonna choose to be happy rather than throwing myself into a relationship just for the sake of being in a relationship. 

[tackled]

[someclumsysister-deactivated201]

Roughly;

If the secret of your heart is not understood, then the tears surely are a clear informer [of what your heart keeps].

[explore-the-earth]

[eba-hoodlum75]

[disc80s]

me: okay this summer I will study the languages I want, I will download online grammar and vocabulary books, I will look for online sources and actually open the duolingo app

[basmaadl]

[suffocative]

[judy-classic]

“‏أن تبتر بعضك لتنقذ بعضك الآخر ; هل تعرف هذا النوع من الخيارات ؟!”

— (via mostafa-hamza)

[god-boy7]

[coral]

[mostafa-hamza]

“– نحن نشيخ كل يوم. يُمكن أن نعيش عشر سنوات، عشرين سنة دون أن نشيخ وفجأة ومن دون سبب يمكن الخضوع لوطأه عشرين سنه في ساعتين، سترين سيحدث هذا لك أيضًا في ليلة ما، ستشاهدين نفسك في مرآه وستفكرين يا إلهي لقد كبرت عشر سنوات منذ هذا الصباح. – دون سبب محدد، حقًا. – دون سبب ما عدا الزمن الذي يقود كل شئ إلى الضياع.”

— آميلي نوثومب

[dennsokagi-deactivated20221213]