New view on the brain: Itâs all in the connections
Itâs not the individual brain regions but rather their connections that matter: neuroscientists propose a new model of how the brain works. This new view enables us to understand better why and how our brains vary between individuals. The researchers publish it in a special issue of Science on November 4th.
Our right hemisphere is for creativity, and the left is for rational thinking. Itâs an urban myth that stems from a classical view of how our brain works, namely that we have several brain regions that all have a specific function. Even though this âmodularâ view of the brain is superseded, it can still be found in many textbooks. Â
However, we should look at brain function differently, according to neuroscientists Stephanie Forkel at Radboud University and Michel Thiebaut de Schotten at the University of Bordeaux. Brain functions are not localised in individual brain regions but rather emerge from the exchange between these regions.
Essential for speaking and reading
âLook at language as an exampleâ, says Forkel. âHere, the result is greater than just the sum of the parts. To communicate, you need to very quickly understand what is said within a given context and consider the emotional intentions that depend on whom you talk to. If the brain worked in a modular fashion, it would not allow us to have all these different language computations in such a short time frame.â
Connections can amplify or reduce brain signals and determine the structure and function of the brain, according to neuroscientists. There is a strong relationship between the pattern of connections of brain regions and their activity during cognitive tasks. It is possible to predict where a function in the brain will appear based on brain connections. Forkel: âIf you look at a childrenâs brain before they acquire literacy, you see that the white matter, which consists of nerve pathways, is already connected to the âclassicalâ reading area.â
More insight into brain differences
An important gap in the classical view of the modular brain is that it cannot explain the variability between individuals. âEveryone has a different brain, which isnât anything like the textbook brain we all know. Thatâs something I realised when I worked on postmortem brains. Neuroimaging research, most of the time, makes all the brains of participants fit a standard brain, leading to a loss of insight into the variability between people. Thatâs a big topic in neuroscience at the momentâ, says Stephanie Forkel.
With the new network approach, scientists can model the variability between our brains, for example, in the light of evolution. âIf you look at the white matter, we see that older parts in our brain (the âreptileâ brain) are more or less the same. Parts that are more recently evolved are more variable between us. This puts brain evolution in a new framework.â
Furthermore, the new approach to investigating brain function could have a large impact on clinical treatments. âThere are patients with brain lesions without any symptoms or symptoms that you wouldnât expect. In a study, we looked at how the lesions affected the whole brain network, and we could show that we could use the network pattern to predict which symptoms patients had or which symptoms they would develop one year later.â
To update the work with this new model, it will be necessary for researchers to create professional networks to integrate multiple fields of neuroscientific research, according to the research team. This will push the current boundaries and lead to advanced neuroimaging methods, personalised anatomical models, and significant clinical impact.
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