As Barbara Kellerman argues in The End of Leadership, by the end of the 20th century, traditional ideas of hierarchy and power were upended, and in their stead stood technological advancements that held the promise of a more democratic and participatory leadership shaped by the formerly powerless masses through social media (2012, pp. 21-24). Technology offered a knowledge economy in which leadership could potentially be a collaborative endeavor to which anyone with access to the internet could contribute. This signaled the end of the singular heroic leader who was seen as the source of all change and good. The post-heroic leader would be a plurality of voices technologically contributing to a communal conversation through social media.
What was not anticipated is that post-heroic leadership would turn to post-truth, an era in which the masses are silenced by rampant distrust of the very forms of communication that had allowed them to find their voices and lend them to movements like âme tooâand âBlack Lives Matter.â Fake news and hackers led to a declining trust in knowledge that is distributed on Facebook and its social media relatives Twitter and Instagram. Potential leaders, especially those with no ties to corporate media, have been left with few viable platforms on which they can freely communicate broadly and effectively because in post-truth the intended audience of any given articulation does not trust that the statement is, in fact, true; news is rejected as soon as it is articulated. In the wake of this epistemological reshaping of the dissemination of information, some thought-leaders conversant in new media are transforming their messages, often invoking spiritual concepts like âtaking the way of water,â an ancient leadership philosophy suggested by Lao Tzu in The Tao Te Ching.
In the post-truth era in which we find ourselves, the Tao, or the way, presents itself as an antidote to the worn out rhetoric of masculine heroism, and water is the central metaphor of leaderless leadership offered by the sage who follows the Tao. Like water, the Tao of which Lao Tzu wrote cannot be held; it cannot be spoken about concretely since its power dissipates into abstraction when one strives to articulate it. In Stan Rosenthalâs translation of The Tao Te Ching he says that the name âTaoâ is only a convenience we use to represent the universal and ancient principle which âenables all things to be, and to flourish naturallyâ (1984). In part 1, âThe Embodiment of Tao,â Lao Tzu writes, âEven the finest teaching is not the Tao itself. Even the finest name is insufficient to define it. Without words, the Tao can be experienced, it can be knownâ (Rosenthal, 1984). The Tao shares qualities with many tenets of post-truth knowledge that cannot be articulated since once an idea is espoused it is commodified, attacked, and the veracity of it is dissolved.
Lao Tzu himself is as slippery as water in that there is no agreement among scholars that he existed at all or that he wrote The Tao Te Ching. Legend has it that around 400 B.C., on his retirement from public office, Lao Tzu headed west until a guard at the gate of Châin stopped him and requested he write a treatise on the Tao before passing. Lao Tzu is said to have sat for two days writing the cryptic text known as The Tao Te Ching. Afterwards he was never heard from again, and some say he ascended to heaven in the form of a dragon (Rosenthal, 1984). Among the wisdom he may have imparted before disappearing is his advise on leadership. In verse 6, âLeading from Behind,â Lao Tzu says that âThe sea is the ruler of river and stream, because it rules from well beneathâ (Rosenthal, 1984). It is from this position far beneath contemporary currents that some post-truth thinkers attempt to direct knowledge, and in so doing, they by necessity subvert or relinquish the title of leader. As Rosenthal translates from The Tao Te Ching, âThe sage is aware that he who seems to lead does not always lead, and that he who seems to follow does not always follow. Because of this, the sage frequently seems neither to lead nor followâ (1984).
A good example of such a sage is Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web. According to Katrina Brooker, because Berners-Lee released the source code for the World Wide Web âfor freeâ in order to make it a âdemocratic platform for all,â his creation was subjected to debasement by âeverything from fake news to mass surveillance.â In his devastation over what he sees as a profound undoing of humanity caused by his invention of the Web, he is now working under the radar to re-decentralize the Web, but not as the movementâs leader, âsince by definition, the decentralized Web shouldnât haveâ a leader (Brooker, 2018). Leading from behind the scenes, he hopes to return the power of the Web to all humanity by directing the streams of information from well beneath them.
Similarly, media moguls Oprah Winfrey and Arianna Huffington, having morphed parts of their empires into SuperSoul Sunday and Thrive Global, appear to follow âThe Way of Water,â as prescribed in part 8 of The Tao Te Ching: âLike water, the sage abides in a humble place; in meditation . . . in thoughtfulnessâ (Rosenthal, 1984). Huffingtonâs Thrive Global purports to end stress and the burnout epidemic by enhancing well-being. Winfreyâs SuperSoul Sunday nourishes the mind, body, and spirit while offering insights into spirituality, the afterlife, and personal fulfillment through in-depth conversations with some of the most recognized spiritual thinkers of our time including Marianne Williamson, Deepak Chopra, Eckhart Tolle, Esther Hicks, Gary Zukav, and Arianne Huffington, themselves sage-like masters reflecting the life-sustaining nourishment of water through meditative practices and thoughtful humility.
Winfrey is particularly adept at harnessing the power of her own humility by deflecting from her wealth and status and presenting herself as no one special, a humble servant to the masses. She sometimes appears on her OWN network ensconced on a sofa in comfy clothing holding her pets, for example. As Rosenthal translates in âWithout Seeking Acclaim,â the Tao indicates that âthe talented person who is also wise, retains humility, and so does not create rivalryâ (1984). When urged by her throng of followers to pick up the mantle of her power and lead the nation by running for the United States presidency, Winfrey diminishes her prowess claiming she is not qualified to lead. In reality, she is a universally recognized thought-leader whose almost ubiquitous presence in new media formats is the undercurrent of widely held public opinion.
One of most interesting sages among those currently following the way of water is presidential candidate Marianne Williamson. In part 13 of The Tao Te Ching, Lao Tzu says that âHope and fear are both phantoms that arise from thinking of the self,â and he advises that the sage âlove the world as yourself; then you can care for all thingsâ (Mitchell,1988). Like Winfrey and the other sage-like followers of the way discussed here, Williamson seems compelled to care for all things, perhaps all of humanity. In her treatise, A Politics of Love,Williamson lays out the spiritual essence of her presidential bid saying, âA world unaligned with the ways of our spiritual nature has begun to fall apart because anything unaligned with the ways of our higher nature inevitably falls apart. The mind unaligned with love becomes aligned with fear, and fear now threatens to overtake our planet. We are challenged to regain spiritual balance, both in ourselves and in our worldâ (2019, p. 93). The premise of her book like the pillars of her campaign presents a significant sea change in political thinking.
Williamson also exemplifies the main problem with bringing ancient spiritual principles into mainstream political conversations. While few would disagree with the truth underlying her argument in A Politics of Love, once she articulates the premise, like any other post-truth concept, her philosophy is attacked and dismissed even by those who hold the same beliefs. Still, it remains to be seen if her spiritual wisdom might not rule the day in the end. As Lao Tzu says in part 78, âSincerity,â âThere is nothing more yielding than water, yet when acting on the solid and strong, its gentleness and fluidity have no equal in any thing. The weak can overcome the strong, and the supple overcome the hardâ (Rosenthal, 1984). Williamsonâs candidacy helps us imagine the possibility that the spiritual sea of Taoism might ultimately wear away the cynicism of post-truth along with the long history of masculine, heroic leadership and humbly guide us to the way.
Brooker, K. (2018). âI Was Devastatedâ: Tim Berners-Lee, the Man Who Created the World
Wide Web, Has Some Regrets. Retrieved from
https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/the-man-who-create-the-world-wide-web-has-some-regrets
Kellerman, B. (2012). The End of Leadership. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
Mitchell. S. (1988). The Tao Te Ching by Lao Tzu. Retrieved from
http://eawc.evansville.edu/anthology/Tao.htm
Rosenthal. S. (1984). The Tao Te Ching by Lao Tzu. Retrieved from
http://www.integralbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Tao-Te-Ching.pdf
Williamson, M. (2019). A Politics of Love: a handbook for a new American Revolution. New