Stara Pravda

Captured Ustashe and Germans, May 1945, Slovenia

Proclamation of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs on Congress Square in Ljubljana, 29 October 1918

The Ten-Day War or the Slovenian Independence War was a civil war in Yugoslavia that followed the Slovenian declaration of independence on 25 June 1991. It was fought between the Slovenian Territorial Defence and the Yugoslav People’s Army in 1991, after Slovenia declared its independence. It lasted from 27 June 1991 until 7 July 1991, when the Brijuni Accords were signed.

According to rough estimates, the YPA had 44 casualties and 146 wounded, and the Slovenian side 19 casualties and 182 wounded. 12 foreign citizens were killed. There is no data available as to the number of Slovenian soldiers killed while attempting to escape from the YPA.

Edvard Kardelj (January 27, 1910 – February 10, 1979), also known under the pseudonyms Sperans and Krištof, was a Yugoslav communist political leader, economist, partisan, publicist, and full member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. He is considered the main creator of the Yugoslav system of establishing workers’ self-management.

Croatian - Slovenian peasant revolt

Photo: A non-contemporary representation of the execution of Matija Gubec at the square in front of st. Mark’s Church in Zagreb, by Oton Iveković

In the late 16th century, the threat of Ottoman incursions strained the economy of the southern flanks of the Holy Roman Empire, and feudal lords continually increased their demands on the peasantry. In Croatian Zagorje, this was compounded by cruel treatment of peasants by baron Franjo Tahy and his warring with neighbouring barons over land. When multiple complaints to the emperor went unheard, the peasants conspired to rebel with their peers in the neighbouring provinces of Styria and Carniola and with the lower classes of townspeople.

The rebellion broke out simultaneously in large parts of Croatia, Styria, and Carniola on 28 January 1573. The rebels’ political program was to replace the nobility with peasant officials answerable directly to the emperor, and to abolish all feudal holdings and obligations of the Roman Catholic Church. A peasant government was formed with Matija Gubec, Ivan Pasanac and Ivan Mogaić as members. Far-reaching plans were drawn up, including abolition of provincial borders, opening of highways for trade, and self-rule by the peasants. The captain of the rebels, Ilija Gregorić, planned an extensive military operation to secure victory for the revolt. Each peasant household provided one man for his army, which met with some initial success; their revolutionary goals alarmed the nobility, however, which raised armies in response.

On 5 February, imperial captain Turn defeated Ilija Gregorić and 2,000 men near the Lower Styrian town of Brežice. The next day, another rebel force was subjugated near Samobor. On 9 February, the decisive Battle of Stubičko polje was fought. Gubec and his 10,000 men resisted fiercely, but after a bloody four-hour battle the baronal army defeated and captured Gubec. The revolt failed. Retribution was brutal: in addition to the 3,000 peasants who died in the battle, many captives were hanged or maimed. Matija Gubec was publicly tortured and executed on 15 February.

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In Maribor, Slovenia.

This column in the center of town was constructed in gratitude for the end of an episode of plague in 1680. (The original monument, built in 1681, was replaced by the present one in 1743.) At the base of the column are statues of six saints to whom townspeople prayed during the plague.

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Liberation of Ljubljanja, 9 May 1945

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Five women are lined up in front of a German firing squad. The execution of hostages, especially women and children, was often used in retaliation of resistance. Celje, 1942. Lydia Chagoll

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Trieste, Yugoslavia, 1948

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Kurenti by Buileshuibhne

There are two types of Slovene Kurent-Korant: the so-called »feathery« (from the town of Markovci) and the »horned« ones (from Haloze), with the difference being mainly in the look of the head covering. The Kurent-Korant wears a massive sheep skin garment, and around its waist hangs a chain with huge bells attached to it — all that resulting noise does a great job of chasing away winter, which is, ostensibly, the Kurent’s function. The Korent also wears heavy boots and special red or green leg warmers, while the head is covered by a towering furry hat festooned with ribbons, and a mask typically sporting a long, red tongue. A wooden club is normally carried in the left hand.

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Kurent duo.

France Mihelič visiting the exhibition of his puppets for the performance of (Bluebird) Sinja ptica; directed by Jože Pengov 1964.

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[Zamorka by Anton Ažbe]

Anton Ažbe (1862 – 1905) was a Slovene realist painter and teacher of painting. He trained the “big four” Slovenian impressionists and a whole generation of Russian painters. (The total number of Ažbe alumni stands at around 150.)

According to Sternen, he was consumed by a mysterious personality split that drove him into binge drinking and slovenly appearance. The oddly shaped and expensively (if not tastelessly) dressed schoolmaster, slowly walking with a cane and always smoking, became a target of tabloids and cartoonists.

Boys taunted him on the streets, shouting “Atzpe! Atzpe!” (incorrectly pronouncing Slovenian Ažbe in German). Ažbe’s own German was not perfect either; he, particularly, abused the word nähmlich (“namely”, “that is…”) and was called “Professor Nähmlich”.

Ažbe never had a proper home, sleeping on an untidy sofa in a workshop filled with his students’ paintings. He left Munich only once, visiting Venice in 1897; otherwise, his life revolved between the school and local pubs. Their owners regularly allowed a drunken Ažbe to sleep on their premises.

In 1904 Ažbe, a lifelong smoker, developed throat cancer and by the spring of 1905 he could hardly swallow food. Ažbe agreed to a surgery that passed without immediate complications, but on August 5 or 6, 1905 Ažbe died.

The public transformed a sad but ordinary and expected event into a melodramatic urban legend. Leonhard Frank, who studied with Ažbe in 1904, reproduced the legend in Links, wo das Herz ist (1952): "Nobody ever saw his paintings. Nobody knew if he ever painted at all. Nobody knew his past. One chilly December night, intoxicated with cognac, he fell asleep in the snow. He was found dead in the morning. Nobody knew where he had come from."

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Ivana Kobilca, Boy in Navy Dress, 1891-92.