Yiwen Zheng

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Week 11 Global social media: China

As a Chinese, I know well with the China social media revolution, and in this blog, I will talk about social media revolution in China, and we actually have our own way for this revolution.

When did China the great firewall start and why?

According to Daniel Chepenko (2020), in1998 the Chinese Ministry of Public Security (MPS) started working on the project called Golden Shield Project (GSP). The first part of the project lasted eight years and was completed in 2006. The second part began in 2006 and ended in 2008. Based on the phase I project, the phase II project expanded the information application types of the public security business and further public security information. The key points of this project included application system construction, system integration, the expansion of information centers, and information construction in central and western provinces. And, what’s officially known as the ‘firewall’ is designed to keep Chinese cyberspace free of pollutants of all sorts, by the simple means of requiring ISPs to block access to ‘problem’ sites abroad.(JEREMY GOLDKORN AND LORAND LASKAI, n.d.)

How China use social media?

According to the survey fromRoxanne Bauer(2015),Media penetration is another area of rapid change in China. The Internet, not surprisingly, now has 100% penetration among social media users and a 69.4% penetration rate among urban residents. Similarly, mobile online (which simply indicates accessing the internet from a mobile device) has 91%.4 penetration rate among social media users.  Out of home (OOH) encompasses a variety of platforms, from digital billboards and signs atop taxis to digital signs at airports, gyms, and waiting rooms, and has a penetration rate that is also high at 88.7%.

From the graph, we can tell that in every category of software, China has their own version of replacement, seems that China is not left behind the social media revolution, for Tiktok in instance, which own by Chinese company and successfully covered all over the world and really popular especially for generation Z. As Hern, A (2019)said, China-only app, Douyin, launched in 2016, and grew to count one in 10 Chinese people as users by the end of 2017.TikTok was the most-downloaded item on the iOS App Store worldwide in the first half of 2018, and has remained hugely popular, particularly among its core user base of under-25s, ever since. But that popularity has been expensive: ByteDance has spent a reported $1bn on Facebook advertisements to keep growth high.

So do you think thatthe citizens of China are missing out of the social media revolution?

References:

A, H 2019, Revealed: how TikTok censors videos that do not please Beijing, viewed 20 May, 2021, <https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/sep/25/revealed-how-tiktok-censors-videos-that-do-not-please-beijing>.

Bauer, R 2015, How China uses social media, viewed 20 May, 2021, <https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/08/how-china-uses-social-media/>.

Daniel Chepenko, D 2020, Demystifying the Great Firewall of China., viewed 20 May, 2021, <https://medium.com/mobile-asia/demystifying-the-great-firewall-of-china-22f4a97550cc>.

GOLDKORN, J & LASKAI, L n.d., Chapter 4 - Wood 木: The Crystal-Clear Waters of the Chinese Internet - The China Story, viewed 20 May, 2021, <https://www.thechinastory.org/yearbooks/yearbook-2015/chapter-4-wood-木-the-crystal-clear-waters-of-the-chinese-internet/>.

China Internet Report 2019  download, South China Morning Post

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Week 10 Social Gaming

What is social gaming?

According to J.Clement (2021), Social gaming most commonly refers to online games that allow for social interaction between players. They may include multiplayer card games, board games, social network games, as well as interactive multiplayer video games. Social casinos which enable gamblers to play and wager on casino games online is one of the biggest branch of social gaming.

The crazy growth trend of social gaming

In my memory, when online games were still chess and some website games to become a global online large-scale social gaming only takes a few years, the growth of social gaming is growing insanely. According to a serious study (digicult, n.d), conducted at the end of 2012 showed that the social gaming market was worth an estimated US$5.4 that year. It predicted a rapid growth of the industry, expecting the market to reach a staggering $17.4 billion by, or more than thrice in 7 years. In 2012 most people played social games via social media and people between 19 and 25 accounted for the largest segment of the market. Which makes the social gaming as the fastest growing industry.

The history of social gaming

Since the very first game was introduced at a New York World Fair in 1940, people have been drawn to video games. In the late 60s to early 70s, Atari and Sega introduced arcade games. These were the first truly "social" games.(Katie Zigelman, 2020)

Benefits of social gaming

Keep mentally active

Help build relationships closer and trust

Can reduce the risk of dementia

But social gaming also has negative impact with a majority of it related to gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion or ability. And people maybe won’t notice that their friends, children or siblings are facing the danger of toxic gaming threat.

Gaming and toxicity

According to Rabindra(2021), most players felt impacted by such toxicity, with over a tenth saying it resulted in depressive or suicidal thoughts and over 20% said it caused them to quit playing. These negative effects are especially harmful for women, who are more likely than men to be victims of gaming toxicity. In addition to the psychological harm, studies suggest that such toxicity decreases women’s motivation to play video games in the future as well as to pursue technical career fields.

Through these examples, I hope that people who love to play games or who have not been particularly deep in games should play games rationally and refrain from the temptation of games.

References:

J. Clement 2021, Social gaming - Statistics & Facts, statista, viewed May 14 2021, <https://www.statista.com/topics/2965/social-gaming/>

Digicult, 2021, THE INSANE GROWTH OF SOCIAL GAMING, viewed May 14 2021, <http://digicult.it/articles/web/the-insane-growth-of-social-gaming/>

Katie Zigelman 2020, From Arcades to MMOs: The history of social gaming, spectrum labs, viewed May 14 2021, <https://www.spectrumlabsai.com/the-blog/from-arcades-to-mmos-the-history-of-social-gaming>

Rabindra Ratan 2021, Faculty voice: Gaming and toxicity, Michigan State University, viewed May 14 2021, <https://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2021/faculty-voice-gaming-and-toxicity>

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Week 9 Fandom

Personally, I am not a fandom of anything, I always like to explore new things, but there is a bunch of different types of fandoms in the social media called Tiktok that gained a lot of attention, and I really want to disuse the relationship between Tiktok and fandom.

What is fandom?

According to Merriam-Webster, the word “fandom” was firstly used in the 1903, the definition is ‘all the fans and the state or attitude of being a fan’.(Merriam-Webster, 2021) And there are many different types of fans, such as tv shows, movies, sport teams, cosplays, K-pop, furry, and even of fictional characters etc.According to (Fantasia, 2018) fandom startswith the 1930s, science fiction fandom gained popularity, now seen as first fandom. After that, appeared a new kind of fandom in the 1970s, which is media fandom, to describe fans of televised or filmed science fiction as opposed to literary science fiction, but is now often applied much more broadly.

What is Tiktok?

TikTok is a short-form, video-sharing app that allows users to create and share 15-second videos, on any topic.The app allowed users a plethora of music and dialogue options, with which they could lip sync and make funny or entertaining videos.(Influencer marketing hub, 2020)

What is the relationship between Tiktok and the fandoms?

Tiktok is actually the new place for the fandom to interact with fans and also saved some fandoms. According to (Tiktok career official, 2020), During the COVID-19, the most popular way to interact with the fans is through the social media. For example, the livestream on Tiktok, On Oct. 21st2020, according to Tiktok careers official, “the hashtag #tiktokstagewithblackpink has also drawn over 149 million views”. With the development of television and especially the Internet, fans and artists made strong relationship each other. We can tell that Tiktok really made a bond between artist and fans. Why I mentioned Tiktok also saved some fandoms then? Here is an example, according to (Sophie Fennelly, 2020), after the exposure of the series’ author’s transphobic views, the Harry Potter fandom was in grave danger, this led many fans to believe that the author was prioritising fan-service, which would bring in more viewers, over her own canon, and therefore, many perceived her to have become greedy in her success. Thus, when the controversy began, fans were ready to leave the author behind.The emergence of ‘Harry Potter TikTok’ began with a trend of videos entitled ‘If J.K. Rowling wrote a [minority] character’, after the controversy over the author’s opinions regarding trans-rights. Then, this led to a huge amount of fandom began to create their own content.

Tiktok as a social media gathered lots of fandoms together, and fandoms also have a place to gained more interactive with the artist, from business side, they also gained a lot through this Tiktok.

As (Gray, J., Sandvoss, C. & Harrington, C.L. 2007, p.4)said, thefan as a specialized yet dedicated consumer has become a centerpiece ofmedia industries’marketing strategies (see McCourt & Burkart in this vol-ume). Rather than ridiculed, fan audiences are nowwooed and champi-oned by cultural industries, at least as long as their activities do not divertfrom principles of capitalist exchange and recognize industries’ legal own-ership of the object of fandom.So, the huge amount of fandoms gained attentions and popularity, that is how marketing strategy going for the fandoms.

Reference

Merriam Webster, Accessed 11 Apr 2021, “Fandom.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, viewed 30 April 2021, <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fandom>.

Fantasia 2018, A Brief History of Fandom Part 1: Before the Internet (Infographic), viewed 30 April 2021, <http://www.blogs2018.buprojects.uk/jessicaallen/history-of-fandom-part-1-infographic/>. 

Influencer Marketing Hub 2020, What is TikTok? - The Fastest Growing Social Media App Uncovered, viewed 30 April 2021,<https://influencermarketinghub.com/what-is-tiktok/>. 

Tiktok careers 2020, Redefining K-Pop: Meet the Team Behind TikTok Stage with Blackpink, viewed 30 April 2021, <https://careers.tiktok.com/blog/detail/6895936648744945934>. 

Sophie Fennelly, 2020, How TikTok Saved the Harry Potter Fandom, Lippy, viewed 30 April 2021, <https://www.lippymag.com/post/how-tiktok-saved-the-harry-potter-fandom> 

Gray, J., Sandvoss, C. & Harrington, C.L. (2007) "Introduction download" in Fandom: Identities and Communities  in a Mediated World, NYU Press, New York, pp. 1-16, viewed 30 April 2021.

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Week 8 Crowdsourcing & crowdfunding

What is crowdsourcing?

According to Merriam Webster, the definition of crowdsourcing is that the practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people and especially from the online community rather than from traditional employees or suppliers. (Merriam Webster, 2021)

Examples of crowdsourcing

LEGO

LEGO established the LEGO Ideas platform, where users can submit their ideas for new LEGO sets. Consumers are also able to vote and offer feedback for ideas submitted. Any idea that has received over 10,000 votes is reviewed by LEGO. If a submitter’s idea is selected, he gets to work with the LEGO team to make his idea a reality and also gets royalties on sales. The platform not only supports new idea generation, but it also enables LEGO to validate a demand for such ideas. One of the most notable sets to date is the Beatles “Yellow Submarine” set.(Planbox,November 1st, 2018). The crowdsourcing is really helping in both the users and the company.

Unilever

Unilever launched their “Sustainable Living Plan” in 2010, which sought to reduce Unilever’s carbon footprint while improving the well-being, health, and livelihoods of the people who share this earth with them. Mobile Movies is a Unilever success story example, which involves local agents who organize film screenings (for free) in rural communities to create jobs and create a stable supply chain that meets the needs of such communities.(Planbox, November 1st, 2018)

What does Crowdsourcing good about?

Different ways of thinking

Can collect more information that never heard before

More marketing buzz

Increasing the speed of problem solving

Customer-centric data

What is crowdfunding?

Merriam Webster demonstrated the definition of crowdfunding which is the practice of obtaining needed funding (as for a new business) by soliciting contributions from a large number of people especially from the online community. (Merriam Webster, 2021)

Example of crowdfunding

Weibo

Here is a social media platform which is really popular in China, this account is like a crowdfunding for helping people with health issues and do not have money to deal with it, and through this application we can also donate money here.

What does Crowdfunding good about?

Fastest ways to raise money in the sort time

Can get more valuable forms of attention

More opportunity to refine ideas

As Bennett, L., Chin, B. & Jones, B. (2015,p.144)says that rowdfunding and digital technology are increasingly playing a stronger and more prominent role in producing, defining and challenging the norms that can shapelife for precarious subjects.As the technology getting stronger the stronger information and sources we can get and help someone in need faster.

Reference

Merriam Webster, 2021, crowdsourcing, viewed April 28 <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crowdsourcing>

HasanJensen, Sep 12 2019, we’ve made updates to lego ideas!, lego ideas, viewed April 28 <https://ideas.lego.com/blogs/a4ae09b6-0d4c-4307-9da8-3ee9f3d368d6/post/ba69d88f-3da1-41e1-935b-6f2620b5427f>

Planbox, November 1st, 2018, 4 Companies That are Killing It with Crowdsourcing, viewed April 28 <https://www.planbox.com/4-companies-that-are-killing-it-with-crowdsourcing/>

Industry Europe, 11 May 2018, Unilever's Sustainability Brands Continue To Fuel Growth, viewed April 28  <https://industryeurope.com/unilever-s-sustainability-brands-continue-to-fuel-growth/>

Merriam Webster, 2021, crowdfunding, viewed April 28 <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crowdfunding>

Shuidichou, 2016, weibo, viewed April 28 <https://www.weibo.com/shuidiaixinchouis_all=1#_loginLayer_1619680138345>

Bennett, L., Chin, B. & Jones, B. (2015) Crowdfunding: A New Media & Society Special Issue

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Week 7 Public health campaigns & communities

For the past year, the Covid-19 is always people talking about, and it is also really important for public health and for people to get noticed, take it really seriously via the social media. During the quarantine, people spending more time in social media and public health cannot improve without social media.

So, what is public health?

Public health is defined as the science of protecting the safety and improving the health of communities through education, policy making and research for disease and injury prevention.(University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health)

Here is a video of the definition for public health down below may have more explanations. 

What is the relationship between public health and social media?

During the first months of the pandemic, industry reports showed that digital media use tremendously increased as people spent more time at home due to coronavirus lockdowns (Kemp, 2020).Based on this report, we can tell that due to the global disease the public health and government have to set the stay-at-home to stop spreading the Covid-19, and people have nothing to do, and cannot meet in person, so social media is a really important way to keep communicating. Nguyen, M. H. et al. (2020)shows may be that people’s digital communication increased because of the desire to check in with friends and family more often during this particular health crisis and because in-person means of communication are less possible. It could also be that people have more time available to spend on such communications because of lockdown measures and stay-at-home guidelines.

There are many great public health social media campaigns during the past few years.

-Organ Donation Wales

“Organ Donation Wales now have an excellent track record in encouraging people to talk more about the importance of organ donation.  They also made the brave decision to hijack people’s coffee orders in a very clever way of highlighting the problem caused by families overriding the wishes of their loved ones.” (bangthetable,4 April 2019)

-Matt Damon Surprises People with ‘The Wait for Water’

“In this example, Matt Damon does a great job bringing people’s attention to the fact that women in the developing world have to wait up to six hours collecting water each day. Matt Damon and his foundation Water.org joined Stella Artois for “The Wait for Water,” showing what happens when unsuspecting restaurant customers are told water won’t be available for up to six hours.” (bangthetable, 4 April 2019)

All of these public health social media campaigns have the potential to bring about health awareness, education and change.So, to help people know more about public health, social media is a important and major medium to help.

Reference:

University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF PUBLIC HEALTH? Viewed April 22, 2021 <https://www.publichealth.pitt.edu/careers/what-is-public-health>

Public Health Wessex Training Group, March 14  2014, what is public health? Viewed April 22 2021, <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oy1CAMObRzc>

Kemp, S. (2020, April 24). Report: Most important data on digital audiences during coronavirus. Growth Quarters—The Next Web. Viewed April 22, 2021, <https://thenextweb.com/growth-quarters/2020/04/24/report-most-important-data-on-digital-audiences-during-coronavirus/>

Nguyen, M. H. et al. (2020) ‘Changes in Digital Communication During the COVID-19 Global Pandemic: Implications for Digital Inequality and Future Research’, (Links to an external site.) Social Media + Society. doi: 10.1177/2056305120948255.

Dr Crispin Butteriss and Jonathan Bradley, 4 April 2019, The World’s Best Public Health Social Media Campaigns, bangthetable, viewed April 22 2021, <https://www.bangthetable.com/blog/public-health-social-media-campaigns/>

Golley Slater Cardiff, Nov 14 2017, talk about organ donation campaign, viewed April 22 2021 <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzD4VWBdKF4>

The ellen show, Feb 8 2018, Matt Damon surprises people with ‘the wait for water’, viewed April 22 2021 <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q88No2FPyGM>

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Week 6 Digital Citizenship 2: activism & protest

According to Lafi Youmans, W. & York, J. (2012, p.315) demonstrated that social media platforms are utilized extensively by activists in a variety of political systems. Their role in the evolution of events during the ‘‘Arab Spring’’ has been widely discussed, but it is also important to recognize that social media are used to serve the political goals of reformers, revolutionaries, and authoritarian regimes alike. Social media is becoming as a medium to producing the information for activism.

During COVID-19 every countries lockdown, and in the beginning, China was exposed to have Covid-19, many western countries start Asian hate. At that time, I was in Melbourne Australia alone, I was suffered from strong racial discrimination. The following are my personal experience when I was in Melbourne.

Before Melbourne lockdown, I just want to protect myself then wearing a mask to Queen Victoria Market, the salesman stared at me, did not talk to me and also did not collect my money, I was thinking that they do not have the sense of self-protection. Days after this situation is getting more and more intense, a white guy was following me in a verbal racist attack till I went really far away. My friend told me that one of her friend cannot get in the tram when her friend was wearing mask, the driver kick her friend out because of it, the other white wearing mask was sitting in the tram act like nothing happened. According to Lee-An, J. & Chen, X (2021, the model minority myth hides the racist and sexist violence experienced by Asian woman, viewed in April 8 2021)Six women of Asian descent were among eight people tragically killed in a targeted shooting on March 16 in Atlanta. The initial denial by the Atlanta police that this was a hate crime, along with some news reports highlighting the offender’s version of the incident, evoked a swift reaction by communities all over North America. Many spoke of the invisibility of anti-Asian racism.

There are more and more Asian being attacked, also, through my personal experience, I am willing to join the stop Asian hate, and help this situation better through social media.

Why is digital citizenship important then? Why more and more people want to use this for activism?

According to Sigal, I, and Biddle, E. (2015, p.287)in the Philippines and Korea at the beginning of the century, as well as more recent uprisings in Burma, Moldova and Iran. In each case, it is clear that social media platforms have played a vital role in expanding the reach of communications and in helping like-minded activists to meet. It is equally clear that without the networks of activists who have worked together for years, laying the foundation for this groundswell, together with the convergences of many other social and political forces, each of these uprisings would either not have occurred or not have been sustained.

Without social media, the problems are hard to get attention, the history of it might lose of it, digital citizenship is really important.

Reference:

Sigal, I, and Biddle, E. (2015, viewd April 8) 'Our Enduring Confusion About the Power of Digital Tools in Protest

Lafi Youmans, W. & York, J. (2012, viewed April 8) ‘Social Media and Activists Toolkit  download’, Journal of Communication, pp 315-329.  

Lee-An, J. & Chen, X (2021, viewed April 8). The model minority myth hides the racist and sexist violence experienced by Asian women (Links to an external site.). The Conversation.

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Week 5 Digital Citizenship 1: political engagement

Well, just being honest that I am not really interested in politics. In China, we are not really using social media platforms to engage with politics or for election. So, I will more focus on talking about the social media engagement in the USA.

The relationship between social media and political engagement

According to (Jericho, G. 2012, p.305-306), in September 201, Dr Axel Bruns of the University of Queensland estimated that the total number of Australian Twitter users was around 550,000. However, he determined that only 150,000 of those accounts had more than five followers (and thus were more likely to be real or active accounts). Such numbers aren’t large enough to suggest that an election is going to be won or lost on the Twitter streams. As the number of the active users, there is always large impact in the social media, but as the user amount bigger, the larger influence can be, so we cannot deny that social media really imperceptibly influence people to make the decision of election.

Jericho, G. (2012, p.297) mentioned that “the Obama team’s use of social media during the 2008 election campaign was major focus of its strategy.” It is precisely because Obama understood his disadvantages at the beginning, he did not have strong background, either recognition of large consortia, the only way he can win is to create popularity. So, his team mainly focus on Internet, using grassroots as main battlefield to appeal people. The way Obama did really affect later campaign, more and more candidates used social media.

We all know that Trump is very obsessed with Twitter, according to The New York Times (2 Nov 2019),his more than 66 million Twitter followers have becomes his private polling service, offering what he sees as validation for his performance in office, according to a Times analysis of Pew Research national surveys of adults who use Twitter. That means there is a large amount of people using Twitter is under the age of voting, but it is actually increasing the number of people reading his Twitter to get more and more attention. And just because of the most followers are under the age of voting, he can easily influence teenager’s thoughts and make it as weapon.

So, does candidates still need to use social media for campaign in the future?

My thought on the mater is yes, the analysis of Trump’s followers mostly are teenagers, in the future, more and more people using social media, people in our age is becoming the main part to change the voting and world, so social media is a powerful weapon, and most efficiency to get the attention and audience.

Reference:

Shear, M.D., Haberman, M., Confessore, N., Yourish, K., Buchanan, L. & Collins, K. 2019, "How Trump reshaped the presidency in over 11, 000 tweets (Links to an external site.)," The New York Times, 2 Nov 2019, viewed on 2 April.

Jericho, G. 2012 'How many votes are there on Twitter? download' in The rise of the Fifth Estate: social media and blogging in Australian politics, Scribe Publications Pty Ltd, pp 254 - 278, viewed on 1 April.

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Is Tumblr a blog or a social network site?

Is Tumblr a blog or a social network site? Well, to figure this out we need to define these two terms first.

What is social network site?

In engineering view, according to van Dijck, J (2013, p.4), shows that social media roughly defined as  “a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content”(Kaplan and Haenlein 2010: 60), that makes the world today of online and offline, individual or community level are increasingly infiltrating.

Moreover, Boyd and Ellison(2007:np) define social networking site as web-based services that’ construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system’Siapera, E (2012, p.202).

For me, social network site is the platform that to communicate with my close friends, to share our thoughts, ideas and to update what happened lately, and it is a good way to show what part of my daily routine to everyone.

What is blog?

Walker Rettberg, J. (2013, p.5)demonstrates that a blog consists of more than words and images. It cannot be read simply for its writing, but is the sum of writing, layout, connections and links and the pace of publication.

Furthermore, Cross, M. (2011, p.37) wrote in his book that,blogs, those individual, idiosyncratic commentaries, usually written by one person or group (or, these days, corporations) and posted on a regular basis on the Internet, are a major phenomenon of digital culture.  Start-ing out as voices of the counterculture, blogs have now gone mainstream. 

So, what is Tumblr exactly?

So far, I have showed the definitions of blog and social networking site, and I attached vedio down below as well for the definition of Tumblr.

We can see that Tumblr can do both ways. Tumblr not only has the basic function of blog but also has the function that comment on other’s post and directly message, even has group chat, it allows users to communicate to each other also through the chat box. From the reblog, hashtags, we can see that there is big difference between the traditional blog way, so that we can find the blog we want faster. Tumblr also releases free apple apps, with new functions that can build a society online and chat easier. Personally, I think Tumblr makes blog easier, convenient, and more social. Especially for teens, want something not that formal, but also can communicate. As (Tech Terms, 2014) for definition, Tumblr is a   microblogging website that allows you to create and follow blogs.The goal is to make blogging quick and easy, enabling users to post frequent updates, also more community-oriented than other blogging websites, offering a number of social features.

Thanks for being patience so far, it is my first time writing in Tumblr.

Reference:

Wilken,R., & McCosker, A. (2014) ‘Social Selves’, in Cunningham & Turnbull (eds) The Media & Communications in Australia. 291-295, viewed March 24 2021, <Wilken & McCosker_Social Selves_2014(1).pdf>

Siapera, E (2012) 'Socialities and Social Media', in Introduction to New Media, pp. 191-208, viewed March 24 2021, <Siapera_Socialities & Social Media_2012.pdf>

van Dijck, J (2013) 'Engineering Sociality in a Culture of Connectivity', pp. 2-23, viewed March 24 2021,  <van Dijck_ch 1 Engineering sociality in a cu.pdf>

Walker Rettberg, J. (2013), 'What is a Blog' ch1; and 'Blogging Communities and Networks', ch 3 in Blogging. Viewed March 24 2021,  <Walker Rettberg_What is a Blog_2013.pdf>

Cross, M. 2011. ‘Got Blog’ in Bloggerati, Twitterati: how blogs and twitter are transforming popular culture, pp 37-50, viewed March 24 2021, <Cross_Got Blog_Ch 3_Bloggeratti_2011.pdf>

Tech Terms, March 29, 2014, viewed March 24 2021, <https://techterms.com/definition/tumblr>