1918 January 5 British Prime Minister David Lloyd George outlines British War aims, endorsing "the general principle of national self determination" as applicable to the conquered German colonies in Africa.
January 8 President Woodrow Wilson addresses Congress and makes his Fourteen Points speech.
February In Antigua, groups if cane cutters begin to organise strikes on at least 4 estates; planters appeal to the acting governor.
February A 2nd split occurs in the leadership of the UNIA in New York.
March 3 Garvey is hospitalized with pneumonia.
The new Soviet Government of Russia signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany end the war between Russia and the Central powers and annex's 1,300,000 square miles (3,400,000 km2) of territory and 62 million people.
March 8-9 Following an outbreak of cane fires on a sugar estate near Antigua's capital, St. Johns, police attempt to arrest the suspected arsonist, but a large crowd provents the capture of the ringleaders and resists all subsequentl attempts to arrest the men. The Antigua Defense Force fires directly into the crowd, killing 2 men and wounding 14 rioters, including 4 women.
May Newton and the Brown brothers establish an Antigua branch of the UUU, also known as the "Johannes Society" or "Johannes League," catalyzing an upsurge of racial consciousness on the island, especially among the Antiguan laboring population. Police reports indicate membership is well over 1, 000 people, including women and domestic servants.
June 3 The BOI receives a report that Garvey speaks nightly at outdoor meeting on Lenox Avenue in Harlem.
June 24-29 Harrison l serves as chairman for the Negro American Liberty Congress in Washington D.C., co-headed by Monroe Trotter.
June Du Bois publishes his “Close Ranks” pro war essay.
July 26 With the arrival of the Fourteenth Battalion in the Suez Canal Zone, a draft of 500 officers and men from the first three battalions of the BWIR are ordered to East Africa as part of the East African Expeditionary Force at Mombasa, British East Africa (modern day Kenya).
July Publication of Constitution and Book of Laws Made for the Government of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League.
August 17 Garvey on his birthday founds the Negro World weekly newspaper and begins holding UNIA meetings at Palace Casino Theater 135th Street Madison Avenue.
August 4 Randolph and Owen attend Social Party leader Walter Bronstrup’s meeting in Cleveland as part of their anti war speaking tour.
Bronstrup sells copies of the July issue of the Messenger magazine in the crowd when a Justice Department official from the Bereau of investigation (present day Federal Bereau of Investigation) purchases a copy of the issue, breaks up the meeting and arrest’s Randolph and Owen to be investigated for trail on the charge of violating the 1917 Espionage Act.
“unlawfully, knowingly and feloniously, the United States being then and there at war with the Imperial German Government, willfully print and cause to be printed, publish and cause to be published, circulated, in a certain language intended to incite, provoke and incur resistance to the United States and to promote the cause of its enemies in a certain publication known as the Messenger.”
Randolph and Owen are held for two days in jail before being being brought to trial where the Judge disputes their authorship based on account of their color and age and just simply refuses to credit the young men with having written the material themselves, similarly in the cases of the teenage poet Phyllis Wheatly and the authorship of her poems in 18th century and in with Frederick Douglass’s autobiography in the 19th century.
The judge suggests that Randolph and Owen had most likely been used by white socialists who had written the.
September 19 The Overman Committee is authorized by Senate Resolution 307 to investigate charges against the United States Brewers Association (USBA) and allied interests.
A. Mitchell Palmer testify as being guilty by association.
Harrison and the American Federation of Labor submit petition to the U. S. Congress for federal anti-lynching legislation.
Howell becomes cook on U.S. Marine transport.
October 6 Ashwood travels from Panama to the U.S.
October 28 Howell travels to New York aboard the S. S. Metapan.
October About 6, 000 "silver" workers in Panama strike to protest deteriorating conditions. Panamanian President Ramon Valdez, under military threat by U.S. Canal Governor Chester Harding, puts down the strikes with prohibitions and arrests. 5 days later, Harding agrees to investigate strikers complaints.
November 7 Postal consorship authorities intercept parcal mailed by Garvey containing “twelve copies of an appeal to the racial instinct of the negroes (calculated to incite hatred for the white race).”
November 8 Armistice is signed.
November 10-11 The UNIA formulates and sends “Peace Aims” to Allied governments.
December 1 The UNIA elects delegation to attend the Versailles peace conference in Paris.
The 20 year old Haitian Elizier Cadet at UNIA meeting is elected interpreter and main negotiator, ‘high commissioner’ to the Versailles Peace Conference to present the UNIA’s resolutions that Germanys confiscated African colonies to be governed by Negroes educated in America and Europe, directly to Clemenceau himself.
Cadet had previously written a letter to the Negro World U.S. military occupation in Haiti.
Randolph and Wells are also elected as delegates to the conference but refused are passports and visas.
November 11 The allied powers and Germany sign an armistice requiring Germany to evacuate their troops from Belgium, France and Luxembourg by November 26.
December 9 Emmett J. Scott special assistant to the secretary of war, interviews Garvey in Washington D.C. at request of Military Intelligence Division.
December Panama "silver" workers win an 11℅ wage increase.
Du Bois and Moton sail to France on the Orizaba.
December The German Board of Public Health reports 763, 000 German civilians as having died during the 5 year blockade of Germany by the Allied Powers.
December Poland begin fighting in the Prussian province of Posen.
1919 January 18 the Versailles Peace Conference is held in Paris, France on the anniversary of the proclamation of William I as Emperor of Germany in the Hall of Mirror at the palace of Versailles.
The "Big Four" Prime Ministers of Britain David Lloyd George, Italy Prime Minster Vittorio Emmanuel Orlando, France Georges Clemenceau and U. S. President Woodrow Wilson take lead of the conference, meet 145 closed sessions at which they make the necessary decisions which are ratified by the assembly and also decide on the matter of the creation of the League of Nations and the Treaty of Versailles.
Du Bois with the help of Blaise Diagne, Senegalese deputy to the National French Assembly arranges for the First Pan African Congress to be held in Paris.
Cadet as reported by the presents the UNIAS resolutions directly to Clemenceau himself.
Cadet also approaches the editor of the newspapers of the Liberal La Matin with and camps outside the offices of La Presse and L’Instansigeant newspapers approaching their editors with articles who only but promise to publish them.
June 28 The Treaty of Versailles is signed on the anniversary of the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand heir to the Austria-Hubgary throne by the Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip .
Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles also known as the War Guilt clause, lays the responsibility of war on the aggression of Germany and her allies and "Germany to accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage" imposing Germany to pay reparations, America and Britain agree to alliance with France in the case of another attack from Germany France to occupation Rhineland for 15 years and Germany to demilitarize the Rhineland.
Article 22 of the treaty territories as League of Nations mandates by Allied states and 119 Germany to renounce sovereignty over they're former colonies Germanys colonies in Africa Tanganika are transferred to Britain, German Cameroon and Togoland to France, Ruanda and Urundi Burundi to Belgium, South Africa determined as the mandate for German South West Africa, Namibia, the colony Kionga Triangle in northern Mozambique to Portugal.
Article 156 of the Treaty of Versailles Transfer's German concessions in Jiaozhou Bay and Shandong Kihaochow, China to Japan although Koo insisted that Shandong be, the Pacific Islands north of the equator, the Marshall Islands (Micronesia, Mariana Islands and the Carolines) are determined as class C mandate administered by Japan, Japan also present their Racial Equality proposal clause league covenant.
The Pacific Islands south of the equator, New Guinea to Australia and German Samoa to New Zealand.
The Japanese delegation is by former Prime minister Saeonji Kinmochi Marquis, the Australian delegation by Prime minister Billy Hughes. German Samoa New Zealand.
January 21 Seattle Shipyard Strike 35, 000 workers go on strike. Unions in Seattles shipbuilding industry demand pay increase for unskilled workers, the yard owners offer to give a pay increase to skilled workers, the union reject the offer and go on strike.
February 3 Zionist movement present their draft resolutions for Palestine to the Versailles Peace Conference in Paris.
February 4 United States Senate passes Senator Thomas J. Walsh’s Senate Resolution 439 expanding the Lee Slater Overman Judiciary Subcommittee's investigation to include "any efforts being made to propagate in this country the principles of any party exercising or claiming to exercise any authority in Russia and any efforts to incite the overthrow of the Government of this country.".
February 6 to 11 Seattle, Washington General Strike. Head of Emergency Fleet Corporation sends telegram mistakenly to the Metal Trades Council union rather than Metal Trades Association issuing warning that in the case of the workers contracts will be withdrawn, the workers appeal to Seattle Central Labor Council for the strike.
General Strike Committee is formed by to provide essential services throughout the city during the strike, Army Veterans also form the Labor War Veterans Guard to ensure order throughout the city although arrests where half the number and no one was arrested in regards to the strike.
“RUSSIA DID IT” pamphlet SHIPYARD WORKERS You let the shipyards to enforce your demands for higher wages. Without you your employers are helpless. Without you they cannot make one cent of profit their whole system of robbery has collapsed.
The shipyards are idle; the toilers have withdrawn even tho the owners of the yards are still there. Are your masters building ships? No, Without your labor power it would take all the shipyard employers of Seattle and Tacoma working eight hours a day the next thousand years to turn out one ship. Of what use are they in the shipyards?
It is you and you alone who build the ships; you create all the wealth of society today; you make possible the $75, 000 sable, coats for millionaires’ wives. It is you alone who can build the ships.
They cant build the ships. You can. Why don’t you?
There are the shipyards; more ships are urgently needed; you alone can build them. If the masters continue their dog in the manger attitude, not able to build the ships themselves and not allowing the workers to, there is only one thing left for you to do.
Take over the management of the shipyards yourselves; make the shipyards you own; make the jobs your own; decide the working conditions yourselves; decide your wages yourselves.
In Russia the masters refused to give their slaves a living wage too, The Russian workers out aside the bosses and their tool, the Russian government and took over industry in their own interest.
There is only one way out; a nationwide general strike with its object the overthrow of the present rotten system which produces thousands of millionaires and millions of paupers each year.
The Russians have shown you the way out. What are you going to do about it? You are doomed to wage slavery till you die unless you wake up, realize that you and the boss have not one thing in common, that the employing class must be overthrown, and that you, the workers, must take over the control of your jobs, and thru them, the control over your lives instead of offering yourselves up to the masters as a sacrifice six days a week, so that they may coin profits out of your sweat and toil.
Mayor Hanson police and military ensure order federal troops,
Hanson stations 950 sailors and marines in the city.
February 7 Hanson 600 hires men to the police force and hires 2, 400 deputies.
February 8 The American Federation of Labor who Harrison in the previous year had worked with, along with international labor organizations call on the General Strike Committee’s executive committee to bring the strike to an end by midnight but are voted against.
February 9 Mayor Hanson “sympathetic strike was called in the exact manner as was the revolution in Petrograd”.
February 10 The General Strike Committee vote agreeing to end the strike bringing it to an end the next day.
February 11 Senate Overman Judiciary Subcommittee hold a month of hearings.
39 Industrial Workers of the World members arrested on suspicion of being ringleaders of anarchy.
Pvt. Henry Johnson nicknamed “Black Death” using his broken rifle as a club and Pvt. Needham Roberts with a 9 inch bolo knife defeat a 24 German patrol in France.
February 17 the 369th infantry (old 15th National Guard) nicknamed the Harlem Hell fighters by the German parade, marching up Fifth Avenue at 61st Street from the Washington Square Park Arch uptown and west on 110th Street and then onto Lenox Avenue and march into Harlem.
Soldiers of the 369th (15th N.Y.), awarded the Croix de Guerre for gallantry in action, 1919. Pvt. Ed Williams, Herbert Taylor, Pvt. Leon Fraitor, Pvt. Ralph Hawkins, Sgt. H. D. Prinas, Sgt. Dan Storms, Pvt. Joe Williams, Pvt. Alfred Hanley, and Cpl. T. W. Taylor.
February 19-21 Pan African Congress organized by Du Bois is held in Paris.
February 23 The Third Irish Race Convention is held in Philadelphia with 6, 000 Irish American in attendance.
February 21 Garvey appeals to the U.S. Congress to reject ratification of the League of Nations.
The UNIA opens a restaurant in Harlem.
The Negro World is banned in British Honduras (Belize) by the acting governor, the governor of Trinidad orders seizure of the Negro World on grounds that it is seditious.
Garvey and the UNIA establish the first of the their Liberty Halls at the previous building of the Metropolitan Baptist Tabernacle on 114 West 138th Street, New York City.
Military Intelligence Division Officer the African American Major Walter Howard Loving lists the Negro World as being Probable Bolshevik Propaganda and Supported by German or Bolshevik money.
March 1 Cadet UNIA high commissioner to the peace conference arrives in Paris.
March 9 Cadet delivers the UNIA’s “Peace Aims” to the president and secretary of the peace conference, with requests that they be published.
UNIA meeting in New York hears “Report of the ‘Negro High Commissioner’ at the Peace Conference.”
March 26 Garvey denounces Du Bois at public meeting in Harlem after receiving cable from France from Cadet.
35 dynamite filled bombs are sent to politicians, justice officials, newspaper editors and businessmen.
BOI Department of Justice field agent Rayme Weston Finch who was investigate Galleanists and also led raid on the offices of the Galleanist publication Crondall Sovversiva and arrested two Gallenists was one of the recipients of one of these bombs.
Seattle’s Mayor Ole Hanson also is among the recipients of the bombs. The package is opened at the wrong end by his office staff member, William Langer and the bottle of sulphuric acid that was designed to be released by a coil after being opened at the right end, drops onto a table without detonating. The bottle was meant to drip onto the three fulminate of mercury blasting caps and detonate the dynamite. Langer then takes the bomb to the police, the police notify the Post Office and other police agencies.
April 29 Georgia Senator Thomas W. Hardwick, who had co sponsored the anti radical immigration act of 1918, also receives one of the bombs which was opened by his housekeeper and blows off her hands, the senator’s wife’s face and neck were severely burnt and a piece of shrapnel also cuts her lip and loosens several of her teeth.
The news reports the Hardwick incident and details its packaging and a worker at the post office recalls 16 packages which he had put aside for insufficient postage. Another 12 bombs are also identified before being delivered.
Among the others who the bombs were intended for were also Lee Slater Overman, A. Mitchell Palmer and Businessman John D Rockefeller.
April 27 Garvey announces his plan to launch a black steamship venture.
May British Guiana censor seizes copies of the Negro World.
June 6 Trinidad attorney general recommends that the British colonial secretary approve passage of legislation by West Indian colonies to suppress publications deemed seditious.
Police officers turn up at the UNIA headquarters with a search warrant after an anonymous tip of that from the office of the Negro World.
Senator Clayton Riley Lusk committee/Joint Legislative Committee to Investigate Seditious Activities turn up at Garveys Carnegie Hall meeting with bomb squad.
BOI Department of Justice J. Edgar Hoover notes the Harlem offices of the Negro World and the Messenger as being the Russian organ of Bolshevism in New York. Garvey papers II page 674. 642 of the Russian organ of Bolshevik from one memo J Edgar Hoover special assistant to Attorney General to Frank Burke Washington D.C. August 12 1919 Garvey papers I page 480.
May Day in Boston, Police attempt to stop unpermitted march, fight for socialist Soviet Union Red Flags, one policeman is fatally stabbed and the socialist HQ attacked by mob with 114 arrested.
At the Russian Peoples House social club, soldiers burn printed material and force emigrants to sing Star Spangled Banner.
Cleveland, Ohio leftists protest the imprisonment of Debs and promoting the campaign of Charles Ruthenberg as the socialist candidate for Mayor March, Nationalist group Victory Loanworkers try to block march, Ruthenbergs HQ is attacked by a mob, police mount with trucks and tanks, one of which was driven into a crowd, 2 dead, 40 injured and 116 arrested.
Davis recites Dunbars “Little Brown Baby with the Sparkling eyes” to parents and their children as well as Gods chillun at UNIA meeting in the Palace Casino, 135th Street and Madison Avenue.
June 2 8 bombs are detonated in 8 cities. The bombs are delivered to the houses of the Mayor of Cleveland Harry L Davis; Pittsburgh’s Federal Judge W. H. S. Thompson; Immigration Chief W. W. Sibray; Massachusetts State Representative Leland Powers; Judge Charles C. Nott of New York; Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. New York City night watchman William Boehner is killed by a bomb and Carlo William Valdinoa, follower of Italian Luigi Galleani, previously an editor of the Galleanist publication Cronaca Sovversiva whilst delivering a bomb to Palmer, porch and his bomb detonates, leaving his body parts on Palmers lawn.
One of Valdinoci’s body parts lands on the doorstep of Assistant Secretary of the Navy Fanklin Delano Roosevelt, he and his wife Eleanor had just walked past Palmers house only a few minutes before.
The bombs contained copies of a pink flyer “Plain words” on which the follow was written:
War, Class war, and you were the first to wage it under the cover of the powerful institutions you call order, in the darkness of your laws. There will have to be bloodshed; we will not dodge; there will have to be murder: we will kill, because it is necessary; there will have to be destruction; we will destroy to rid the world of your tyrannical institutions.
The bombs are traced to the printing shop of anarchist’s typesetter Andrea Salsedo and compositor Roberto Elia. Salsedo committs suicide and Elia is offered to be spared deportation in exchange for information about the Galleanist organization but declines.
June 14 Garvey William Bridges speaker corner in Harlem.
The Negro World publishes a list of the names of subscribers their donations to the BSL.
June 15 The Overman committee report by Major Edwin Cowry Humes is reproduced by The New York Times.
June 16 Garvey is questioned by New York Assistant District Attorney Edwin P. Kilroe about financial aspects of the Black Star Line.
June 18 Copies of the Negro World are seized by the colonial authorities in Trinidad.
June 20 Executive Council in British Guiana instructs postmaster general to prohibit importation of the Negro World and other black American newspapers.
June 21 The Senator Lusk Committee raid office of Industrial Workers of the World and Rand school of Social Science for radical propaganda and at Rand School sieze “Socialism Imperilled, or the Negro a Potential menace to American radicalism” article by Domingo the then editor of the Negro World who in 1910 served as second secretary assistant working alongside with Garvey as first secretary assistant back at the National Club in Kingston, Jamaica.
The Rand School is also prosecuted for alleged violation of the Espionage Act for publishing Scott Nearing’s “The Great Madness,” radical anti-militarist pamphlet.
June 27 Garvey and the UNIA files the incorporation of the Black Star Line steam shipping line as a Deleware state corporation.
July 8 Belizean soldiers of the British West India Regiment return from the Mesopotamia.
July 12 The BOI requests the New York division to forward all information on Garvey and also instructs Chicago division to observe closely activities of Garvey and other “negro radicals.”
July 22 Riot in British Honduras (Belize). Hundreds of people including soldiers begin rioting, looting in town.
According to Jamie Bisher Sergeant H.H. Vernon and Lance Corporal Rufus Hall had led the riot and Sergeant Major P.H.E. McDonald and Lance Corporal Samuel Alfred Haynes helped to suggested that convene a Contingent Committee in a theatre where they drew up demands to present to the colonial governor Hutson.
In the same year Haynes had also written a letter to Belize Independent complaining about the treatment by the British soldiers in Egypt in 1916. The Belizean soldiers, tired and hungry upon their arrival at the camp, were singing “Rule Britannia” when British soldiers demanded, “who gave you n authority to sing that? Clear out of this building only British troops admitted here” (Hutson to Milner, 1916 July 30, TNA: PRO CO 123/295/108634; Peter David Ashdown, “Race, Class and the Unofficial Majority in British Honduras 1890-1949″ [Ph.D. diss., University of Sussex, 1979], pp. 144-147; W. F. Elkins, “A Source of Black Nationalism in the Carribean: The Revolt of the British West Indies Regiment at Taranto, Italy,” Science and Society 35, no. 1 [spring 1970]: 99-103; Peter David Ashdown, “The Background to the Ex-Servicemen’s Riot of 1919,” Belcast Journal of Belizean Affiars 2, no. 2 [December 1985]; Peter David Ashdown, “Coup d’Etat; Riot of 1919, “Belcast Journal of Belizean Afiars 3, nos. 1-2 [June 1986];Glenford Howe, Race, War, and Nationalism: A Social History of West Indians in the First World War [Kingston: Ian Randle , 2002], ppp. 181-189).
Two contingents of Belizeans had joined the BWIR (124 left British Honduras in November 1915 and 410 left in July 1916). One hundred members from the Belize detachments of the BWIR served with the Inland Water Transport Section of the Royal Engineers in Mesopotamia (Peter David Ashdown, Garveyism in Belize [Belize City: Society for the Promotion of Education and Research, 1990], p.13; Howe, Race, War, and Nationalism).
July 27 UNIA Liberty Hall is established in the old Metropolitan Baptist Church in Harlem at 120 West 138th Street a mass meeting is held the same evening to dedicate the building.
July 27-31 Race Riot in Washington D.C.
July 28 Garvey is with criminal libel, incarcerated at Tombs prison and later bailed for $3, 000 for his article in the Negro World Two Negro crooks use office of the Deputy District Attorney to save themselves from Jail. Auditors had previously gone to the office of the District Attorney’s with unbalanced books Garvey returned summoned to the District Attorney in order to examine necessary legal requirements in which he set forth the accusation that District Attorney Warner and Grey
Domingo resigns as editor of the Negro World.
British colonial secretary instructs the governor of British Guiana to use his powers to supress publications “inciting to racist hatred”
August 1 J. Edgar Hoover Justice of Department BOI new division General Intelligence Division investigate groups.
August 2 Garvey dismisses Grey and Warner as BSL directors and officers.
The Negro World publishes editorial entitled “Two Negro Crooks Use Office of Deputy District Attorney Kilroe to Save Themselves from Jail.”
August 4 Kilroe swears out warrant for Garvey’s arrest on charge of publishing a criminal libel.
August 5 New York district attorney Edward Swann questions Garvey regarding relationships with the IWW, socialists and anarchists.
August 6 The Acting governor of Jamaica orders the postmaster to open and detain all copies of the Negro World.
August 13 Attorney general requests the commissioner general of immigration to inquire into the case of Garvey, “relative to the institution of deportation proceedings against subject.”
August 15 The BOI instructs the New York division to immediately forward summary of its file on Garvey and to prepare “at the earliest moment a case for deportation.”
August 16 Attorney general is informed by commissioner general of immigration that the Bureau of Immigration has never instituted a warrant of deportation against Garvey.
August 19 Legislation to ban the Negro World in the Windward Islands is advocated by the governor G. B. Haddon Smith.
The Governor of Grenada recommends to the British colonial secretary granting special executive power to West Indian governors to exclude newspapers considered seditious, such as the Negro World.
August 20 Copies of the Negro World are confiscated by the authorities in Port Limon, Costa Rica.
August 25 Garvey holds mass meeting at Carnaie Hall in New York. Hall Bahamian Joshua Cockburn Maritime Masters certificate.
August 28 Three indictments are filed again Garvey by the grand jury against Garvey charging him with criminal libel against Edwin P. Kilroe, Edgar Grey and Richard Warner.
August 29 Garvey is arraigned before court of General Sessions and committed briefly to the Tombs prison in N.Y . released pay $3, 000.
Randolph President of National Brotherhood of Workers of America.
A Red Summer.
The Red Summer racial riots were a series of riots 38 which occurred between May and October 1919.
May 10 Charleston, South Carolina
May 10 Sylvester, Georgia
May 29 Putnam County, Georgia
May 31 Monticello, Mississippi
June 13 New London, Connecticut
June 13 Memphis, Tennessee
June 27 Annapolis, Maryland
June 27 Macon, Mississippi
July 3 Bisbee, Arizona
July 5 Scranton, Pennsylvania
July 6 Dublin, Georgia
July 7 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
July 8 Coatesville, Pennsylvania
July 9 Tuscaloosa, Alabama
July 10 Longview, Texas
July 11 Baltimore, Maryland
July 15 Port Arthur, Texas
July 19 Washington, D.C.
July 21 Norfolk, Virginia
July 23 New Orleans, Louisiana
July 23 Darby, Pennsylvania
July 26 Hobson City, Alabama
July 27 Chicago, Illinois
July 28 Newberry, South Carolina
July 31 Bloomington, Illinois
July 31 Syracuse, New York
July 31 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
August 4 Hattiesburg, Mississippi
August 6 Texarkana, Texas
August 21 New York City, New York
August 30 Knoxville, Tennessee
September 28 Omaha, Nebraska
October 1 Elaine, Arkansaswo
Mc Kay publishes his “If We Must Die” poem.
September Davis records 7, 500 members of the UNIA in New York alone and branches in 25 states of Union.
September 3 Garvey pleads not guilty to the charge of criminal libel.
September 12 The Governor of British Guiana introduces the first reading of seditious publications bill.
September 14 Garvey and the UNIA rechristen the tramp ship the S.S. Yarmouth the S.S. Frederick Douglass at 135th Street and North River in Harlem, the ship was previously used transport cotton and coal during World War I.
September 16 Garvey appears before New York Assistant District Attorney Kilroe for further questioning regarding BSL’s finances.
September 17 The BSL sign contract to pay $165, 000 for the S. S. Yarmouth.
September 19 Garvey initiates libel action against the Chicago Defender.
September 20 The BSL board of directors approve contract for the purchase of the S. S. Yarmouth.
September 22 and 23 The Black Star Line is going Over the Top STOCK WILL BE ON SALE AT THESE BIG MEETING The shares of the Black Star Line are sold at $5 and you can buy as many as you want and make money Hon. MARCUS GARVEY World Famed Negro Orator who has travelled the Work President of the Negro Universal Improvement Association and Managing Editor of the Negro World of New York will speak. ADMISSION FREE BE EARLY TO GET SEATS Beehive Printing Company, 2305 Seventh Avenue. N. Y. C.
Grand Re Union AND RALLY OF THE Negro Peoples of the World OF AMERICA, AFRICAN, WEST INDIES CANADA CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA AT THE PEOPLE’S CHURCH Corner 15th and Christian Streets PHILADELPHIA Monday Night, September 22nd, Tuesday Night September 23rd, 1919 At 8:30 Sharp A RALLY FOR The Black Star Line Steamship CORPORATION STAGED BY THEE UNIVERSAL NEGRO IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION.
Robert A Abbot in his weekly newspaper the Chicago Defender compares Garvey and the Black Star Line to Chief Alfred Charles Sam.
28th September Garvey, Reverend Eason, Amy Ashwood and Henrietta Davis travels to South Side, Chicago, Illinos for meetings at the 8th Regiment Armoury the home of the all Negro infantry.
Garvey approached by private detective from Keystone Detective Agency, hired by Robert Abbott editor of the Chicago Defender, arrested by detective George Friend of the Chicago Constabulary on violation of the Blue Sky Law for not having a license to sell stock in the state and taken to Harrison police station.
September 29 Robert S. Abbott, publisher of the Chicago Defender counters by bringing libel action against Garvey.
October 1 St. Vincent passes ordinance prohibiting importation of the Negro World.
The Saint Vincent Gazette anyone bringing the Negro World into the colony will serve six months prison sentence with the possibly of hard labor.
October 2 Garvey is convicted in Harrison Street Court in Chicago on Blue Sky violation and fined £100.
Garvey leaves to Chicago to return to New York.
11 October memorandum from J Edgar Hoover to special agent Ridgely, Washington, D.C.
MEMORANDUM FOR MR. RIDGELY.
I am transmitting herewith a communication which has come to my attention from the Panama Canal, Washington office, relative to the activities of Marcus Garvey. Garvey is a West-Indian negro and in addition to his activities in endeavoring to establish the Black Star Line Steamship Corporation he has also been particularly active among the radical elements in New York City in agitating the negro movement. Unfortunately, however, he has not as yet violated any federal law whereby he could be proceeded against on the grounds of being an undesirable alien, from the point of view of deportation. It occurs to me, however, from the attached clipping that there might be some proceeding against him for fraud in connection with his Black Star Line propaganda and for this reason I am transmitting the communication to you for your appropriate attention.
The following is a brief statement of Marcus Gravey and his activities: Subject a native of the West Indies and one of the most prominent negro agitators in New York;
He is a founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League;
He is the promulgator of the Black Star Line and is the managing editor of the Negro World;
He is an exceptionally fine orator, creating much excitement among the negroes through his steamship proposition;
In his paper the “Negro World” the Soviet Russian Rule is upheld and there is open advocation of Bolshevism.
Respectfully, J. E. Hoover.
October 14 Garvey is shot by George Tyler with a 38 Caliber at brownstone offices 135th Street, Ashwood and put themselves in the line of fire.
October 15 Tyler commits suicide, he was also the only witness for the criminal libel charge against Garvey.
October 19-21 Garvey speaks at Philadelphia Peoples Church for the third time in the year.
October 20 Memorandum of agreement signed between North American Steamship Company and BSL for the sale of the S. S. Yarmouth.
October 23-26 The UNIA hold mass meetings in Newport News, Virginia.
October 30 The UNIA hold a mass meeting in Madison Square Gardens, Manhattan to raise funds for the Black Star Line at which the Lusk Committee intelligence reports 6, 000 in attendance.
October 31 Thousands turn up at 135th Street pier to see the Black Star Lines first ship the 30 year old tramp ship SS Yarmouth rechristened the SS Frederick Douglass.
October Costa Rica prohibits the circulation of the Negro World.
November 1 Garvey appoints Joshua Cockburn commander of the S. S. Yarmouth.
November Palmer along with the police from the local forces in 12 cities raid anarchist group Union of Russian Workers, in order that they might arrest and deport.
Louis Freeland Post at the Labour Department refuses to deport Garvey due to lack of sufficient grounds on which to do so. non radicals who just happened to be there such aligned.
November 19 The BOI employs its first full time African American agent James Wormley Jones, agent 800 to infiltrate the U.N.I.A.
Jones previously served in the 268th infantry of the 42nd division in Philippines.
Dr. Arthur Lysses Craig Special Agent CC.
November 23 The Yarmouth leaves for the West Indies and Central America.
December Du Bois in the Crisis covers lynching in Omana, Nebraska.
December 7 The S. S. Yarmouth leaves Cuba for Jamaica.
December 10 Edward D. Smith Green, Secretary of the BSL is shot during robbery and his pregnant wife dies from shock.
Green from Guiana, an accountant and 1 of the 13 founding members of the New York division of the UNIA had been working in an ammunition factory in Trenton, New Jersey when called upon by Garvey who employed him as the Secretary of the Black Star Line.
The S. S. Yarmouth arrives in Kingston.
December 14 Davis and Cyril Henry visit Panama.
December 21 249 immigrants are deported on the USS Buford the Soviet Ark.
December 25 Xmas day Garvey marries Ashwood.
Marcus and Amy putting business before pleasure travel to Canada spending their two week honeymoon there hold three UNIA meetings in Toronto and two in Montreal.
1920 Vivian Seay establishes the Belize branch of the Universal African Black Cross Nurses.
Garvey incorporates the Negro Factories League.
Seay conducts survey infant and maternal mortality and recruits nurse trainees.
The only white crew members on the Yarmouth, the Chief engineer and Chief Officer steer the ship to Lay Sal bank, send out SOS and give order to abandon ship whilst Cockburn is asleep with life belts and life boats also issued.
At Saguala La Grange, Cuba the Stevedores at the port purchase £250 shares from the crew of the Yarmouth.
Garvey and Green without Cockburn charter the Yarmouth at the rate of $11, 000 as opposed to $100, 000 with outstanding repairs amounting to $11, 000 and also fail to include a limited indemnity clause in their contract with the Green River Distillery making their liability to the company unlimited in the case of any breach of terms.
January 13 arrested in raids await deportation hearings on Ellis Island.
January 16 U.S prohibition deadline.
Cockburn receives $2, 000 commission from Green River Distillery to ensure the sail of the Yarmouth and to load it.
January 15 The Yarmouth just in the nick of time sail from the U. S. to Havana, Cuba with 20, 000 cases of whiskey, 500 cases of champagne and 350 barrels of wine 500 cases of whisky, the Yarmouth is caught in a storm off the coast of Cape May, with the cargo having shifted in its Hull making its starboard list heavy, Cockburn orders 500 cases of whisky to be thrown aboard in order to prevent the ship from capsizing, radio’s the coast guard, 101 miles outside New York Harbor and is towed back to New York and anchored on the statue of liberty.
The Yarmouth arrives in Cuba during shoremans strike without a demurrage clause to pay a fine of thousands of dollars for ever single day after 32 days when the cargo is unloaded.
Chief Officer Hugh Mulzac and UNIA delgation meet President Menocal who gives them a banquet at his palace.
In Colon, Panama thousands turn up to welcome the crew of the Yarmouth with gifts of fruits and vegetables, the Yarmouth also carries 500 Caribbean laborers to Cuba.
The Yarmouth makes a ceremonial stop at Bocas del Toro in Costa Rica.
In Kingston, Jamaica the Yarmouth pick up cargo of 700 tons of coconuts which rot on ceremonial detour to Boston.
Du Bois publishes the first of his three autobiographies Darkwater: Voices From Within the Veil containing his “The Damnation of Women” and also publishes The Brownies Book monthly children’s magazine co founded by Augustus Granvil Dill and Jesse Redmon Fauset.
January Harrison becomes editor of the Negro World and also contributes to the Declaration of Rights of Negro People’s of the World.
February 3 U.S. Prohibition agents S. S. Yarmouth cargo.
February 5 The S. S. Yarmouth is allowed to sail for Cuba.
The Black Star Line place $10, 000 down payment on the $35, 000 steam paddle ship SS Shadyside.
March Garvey seperates from Ashwood.
March 13 BSL file suit against George W. Harris and New York News Publishing Company for libel.
March 25 The BSL files suit again W. A. Domingo and New Negro Publishing Company for Libel.
March 28 Garvey addresses Liberty Hall meeting on Enemies of His Organisation.
April 9 Garvey Sr. dies in Jamaica.
April 11 The UNIA hold a meeting at which John E. Bruce, Joseph Douglass and Arthur Schomburg speak.
April 22 The BSL’s S. S. Shadyside Hudson River.
April 19 Trinidad passes amendment prohibiting the importation of Negro World.
April Palmer Cabinet meeting Secretary of Labor fire Post.
British Cabinet office files D. Shirley S.G. Kpakpa Quartey merchant Gold Coast commander of the Universal African Legion.
May 5-7 Garvey speaks in Cleveland.
The S. S. Yarmouth arrives in Philadelphia.
May 7 Post House Rules Committee Edward W Poll congressman and democrat.
May 28 The American Civil Liberties Union publish report upon the illegal practices of the United States Department of Justice.
The first chapter of the Black Cross Nurse in Philadelphia.
June 7 The opening of BSL vs Robert S. Abbot publishing company.
June 10 Ashwood claims Garvey abandoned her.
June 19 The BSL win libel suit against Chicago Defender.
June 20 Abyssinian Riot in Chicago.
June 21-23 Garvey speak in Philadelphia.
June 25-26 Garvey speaks in Pittsburgh.
June 27 The streamer Yarmouth arrives in Port au Prince, Haiti, from Havana, Cuba.
June 28 St. Lucia passes seditious publications ordinance.
July 15 Garvey bring suit for annulment against Ashwood.
July 16 Garvey invites Du Bois to allow himself to be nominated for the position of leader of negro people of America at UNIA’s August convention however Du Bois refuses.
July 24-25 Garvey speaks in Washing D. C.
July 26 The first annual BSL stockholders meeting is held and the U. S. shipping board sale of the S. S. Kanawha approved.
July 31 The Negro World announces the dismissal of Cockburn and Smith Green.
The BSL steamer Yarmouth leave Port au Prince, Haiti, for Kingston, Jamaica.
August 1 The first Universal Negro Improvement Association International Convention Of Negroes Of The World opens. was held for the whole duration of the month of August in Madison Square Gardens, New York City. It was at this convention that the Bill of Rights the Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World was drafted and adopted. https://tmblr.co/Z9elId2ORVqcw
10. We protest against segregated districts, separate public conveyances, industrial discrimination, lynchings and limitations of political privileges of any Negro citizen in any part of the world on account of race, color or creed, and will exert our full influence and power against all such.
12. Against all such inhuman, unchristian and uncivilized treatment we here and now emphatically protest, and invoke the condemnation of all mankind.
17. Whereas the lynching, by burning, hanging or any other means, of human beings is a barbarous practice and a shame and disgrace to civilization, we therefore declare any country guilty of such atrocities outside the pale of civilization.
24. We believe in the doctrine of the freedom of the press, and we therefore emphatically protest against the suppression of Negro newspapers and periodicals in various parts of the world, and call upon Negroes everywhere to employ all available means to prevent such suppression.
25. We further demand free speech universally for all men.
33. We vigorously protest against the increasingly unfair and unjust treatment accorded Negro travelers on land and sea by the agents and employee of railroad and steamship companies, and insist that for equal fare we receive equal privileges with travelers of other races.
35. That the right of the Negro to travel unmolested throughout the world be not abridged by any person or persons, and all Negroes are called upon to give aid to a fellow Negro when thus molested.
39. That the colors, Red, Black and Green, be the colors of the Negro race.
40. Resolved, That the anthem “Ethiopia, Thou Land of Our Fathers etc.,” shall be the anthem of the Negro race… adopted by the Ras Tafarites Universal Ethiopian Anthem.
Signatories of the Declarations of the Rights of Negro Peoples of the World capture the moment during the 1st International Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World.
August 20 Garvey is duly elected Provisional President of Africa.
Garvey reportedly read two telegrams one from Irish Republic leader Eamon de Valera Provisional President of Ireland and the other from Zionist in Califonia Louis Michael.
Are ye not as children of the Ethiopians unto me, O children of Israel? saith the LORD. Have not I brought up Israel out of the land of Egypt? and the Philistines from Caphtor, and the Syrians from Kir? Amos 9:7
William Ferris editor of the Negro World spots Du Bois at the convention.
September 2 Ashwood files for alimony increase and legal fees from Garvey.
September 13 Dudley Field Malone speaks at Liberty Hall and proposes alliance with the Irish.
September 21 Garvey begins his tour of Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, Maryland, and Ohio.
September 30 The S. S. Yarmouth anchored off Bay Ridge in Brooklyn collides with S. S. West Pool, towed away by tugboats.
November 25-29 Garvey speaks in Pittsburgh and return to New York.
December 11-24 Garvey travels to Canada to promote the Liberian Construction Loan.
1921 January 1 Original launching date set by Black Star Line for ship to be named S.S. Phyllis Wheatley.
January 2 Garvey delivers address at Liberty Hall on Du Bois and His Escapades.
January 4 Garvey leaves New York on speaking tour of Midwestern states.
January 7 UNIA chaplain general Rev. George Alexander McGuire, leaves on two month tour of Cuba.
January 18 The Black Star Line place advert in the Negro World SS Kanawah Antonio Maceo to sail for Bermuda, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Panama.
Sir Willocks governor general of Bermuda British Secretary of State for the Colonies Winston Churchill asking him to prohibit their landing.
The Black Star Line places advert for Architects and Contracting Builders to sail to Liberia between January 25 February 20.
1921 Garvey sends Hatian Elie Garcia audita general to Liberia to produce a confidential report as well one for public interest and also sends the son of Liberian President Hilary Johnson, Gabriel Johnson, Mayor of the Liberian capital, Monrovia, ‘Potentate Leader of the Negro Peoples of the World’ as well as George O Marke, Supreme Deputy Potentate in charge of the Sierra Leone division of the UNIA and Cyril A Crichlow Resident Commissar, accountant and stenographer there to acquire 1, 000 acres of land and property.
Johnson land on farm owned by Mrs. Moort between 30 and 40 miles away from Monrovia however.
Johnson was previously a Brigader, his brother was Attorney General and his married to the President D. B. King.
The title of Potentate was taken from the Imperial Potentate of the Ancient Egyptian Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine Prince Hall 1735 John E Bruce Lodge #38.
Liberia Secretary of State Edwin Barclay informs the UNIA delegation about the express for concern of their actives in the nieghbouring colonies of British Sierra Leone and French Ivory Coast.
February Garvey tours the West Indies and Central America also with the initiative of raising funds.
Hoover unsuccessfully approaches immigration for Labour Department to refuse Garvey reentry into the U. S. at its ports in Florida.
1 February UNIA 6 man delegation leaves for Liberia.
Ashwood files renewed motion for increase in alimony from Garvey.
February 1-5 Garvey speaks in Chicago, Cincinnati and Cleveland.
February 17 Garvey obtains British passport for travels to West Indies.
February 22 Garvey addresses farewell speech at Liberty Hall.
28th February Garvey, Amy Jacques and her younger brother Cleveland take the train to Key West where they board the USS Governor Cobb to Havana, Cuba.
March 7 Liberia President Charles D. B. King arrives in New York harbour on on the USS Panhandle and is met by UNIA delegation at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel.
Johnson son Hilary Johnson clerk office, placed above Crichlow authority, Johnsons not pulling their weight.
March 18 UNIA mission arrives in Monrovia.
March 22 Garvey arrives in Kingston, Jamaica from Santiago, Cuba.
UNIA delegates to Liberia hold official interview with Liberia's acting president.
March 24 Johnson sends cable to Garvey requesting £5, 000 for sawmill equipment earliest ship by steamer.
March 25 State Department instructs American consul general in Jamaica to refuse Garvey a visa in view of his activities "in political and race agitation."
March 25-28 S.S. Kanawha leaves New York for Cuba with forty passengers aboard returns to New York after valve blowout resails after two days.
April 1-3 S.S. Kanawha crashes into government pier at Port comfort, Norfolk, Virginia, sustaining damage to stern; arrives at Jacksonville, Florida.
April 7 Du Bois submits statement to president CDB King for publication in Crisis.
S.S. Kanawha arrives in Cuba.
April 10 UNIA officials in New York announce that ship to be named S.S. Phyllis Wheatley will be "floated" on May 1.
April 11 Garvey applies for visa and is refused by American consul general in Jamaica.
April 12-15 Garvey leaves Jamaica for Costa Rica; holds interview with Julio Acosta president of Costa Rica in San Jose.
April 18 Garvey leaves San Jose and returns to Port Limon.
Garvey is meet by 10, 000 people in Limon, Costa Rica.
According to G. P. Chattenden the United Fruit company manager, at one meeting two scrap baskets and one suitcase full of United States gold notes were collected and at another he stood beside a pile of gold notes which reached above his knees possibly as much as $50, 000.
Garvey is refused a visa to Panama as well as a reentry visa into America by the American consul in Jamaica Charles Latham.
Garvey is granted visa by Panama and visits the cities of Bocas Del Toro and Almirante although the response he received there was not so much one of such enthusiasm or one that he might have hoped for.
Garvey travels to the city of Colon by submarine where he is greeting by the biggest crowd he has ever seen, they brake the windows of his train carriage and carry him out into a car but there are so many people on top of the car that the tyres puncture and the car has to be pushed.
May 4-5 Garvey leaves Panama Panama city and returns to Colon; delivers farewell address; sails for Kings ton.
May 7 Garvey arrives in Jamaica.
May 9 William C. Matthews, UNIA assistant counselor general petitions State Department to allow Garvey to return to United States.
May 10 State Department instructs American consul general in Kingston to refuse to visa crew list of S.S. Kanawha should Garvey's name appear as crew member.
May 11 Hoover submits brief to Department of State regarding activities of Garvey in the United States.
May 14 Black Star Lines purchase offer for S.S. Orion refused by United States Shipping Board.
May 17 S.S. Kanawha arrives at Kingston from Cuba.
May 28 Garvey sets sail for Panama as Kanawha crew member and after three days at sea the vessel is to be towed to Kingston in distress on need for its boilers to be repaired.
May 30 Monday Memorial Day Race Riot in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
19 year old Dick Rowland, a black Shoeshiner employed at Main Street shine parlor goes into the Drexel building, 319 South Main Street to use the restroom on the the top floor, the Drexel building was the only local building in which he had permission, as a black, to use the restroom.
Rowland uses the only elevato in the building which is being operated by 17 year old Sarah Page white elevator operator.
A clerk working at Renbergs clothing store hears some sort of a cry which sounds like that of a woman and sees Rowland dash out of the elevator.
Rowland flees to his Mothers house in Greenwood, refered to as the Black Wall Street, a thriving community and the wealthiest black community in the U. S.
May 31 Tuesday Detective Henry Carmichael and 1 of 2 black officers on the city's 45 man police force, black patrol man Henry G. Pack, find Rowland on Greenwood Avenue.
Rowland is taken to Tulsa city jail at First and Main but transferred to the jail on the top floor of Tulsa County courthouse.
Police Commissioner J. M. Adkison receives any anonymous phonecall in which the caller threatens Rowland.
15:00 The afternoon edition of the The Tulsa Tribune reports story with the headline "Nab Negro for Attacking Girl In an Elevator".
16:00 White people begin turning up outside of the courthouse.
The black community and the authorities are suspicious that some of the whites want to lynch Rowland this notion also brings to mind the lynching of white murder suspect Roy Belton in the city during the previous year.
Sheriff Willard M. McCullough's deputies, armed with rifles and shotguns protect Rowland from the mob. The Sheriff also positions some of his deputies on the roof, puts the elevator out of use and sends the rest of his men to barricade themselves at the top of the stairs with orders to shoot any intruders on sight.
Members of the black community on Greenwood Avenue talk about the situation at the courthouse and try to decide what will be the best way for them to help.
Young World War I veterans begin to arm themselves.
O. W. Hurley goes to the courthouse, there the Sheriff assures him that he will not allow Rowland to be harmed by the mob.
19:30 Several hundred white people outside the courthouse.
A group of 30 black men armed with Rifles and Shotguns go to the courthouse to the Sheriff and his deputies, the Sheriff and his black deputy Barney Cleaver manage to convince the group to go home.
20:20 3 white men who somehow manage to gain accession to the building asserting that they want to deal with Rowland themselves, the Sheriff turns them away.
At this point having seen the group of armed black men, some of thec1, 000 white people outside of the courthouse go home to get their guns and some to the National Guard armory at Sixth Street and Norfolk Avenue.
Major James Bell of the 180th infantry contacts the commanders of the city's three National Guard units who order their members to report to the armory. A group of white people try to break into the armory, Bell goes outside to warn the group of 300-400 men that members of the Guard inside will shoot anyone who tries to enter.
The number of white people outside the courthouse almost doubles to 1, 000 and most of them are armed.
A small group of armed black men drive towards the courthouse in their cars to see what is going on.
22:00 A group of around 75 black men armed with rifles and shotguns go to the courthouse.
The first shot is fired and the first gun battle begins ending with 10 whites and 2 blacks dead.
Blacks retreat towards Greenwood and are chased by the whites, little Africa.
The blacks and whites exchange fire in rolling gun battle, many of the whites loot stores for more weapons and ammunition innocent bystander's, many of who have just left the movie theatre are caught in the commotion and the whites also shot a white man in the confusion.
23:00 The Oklahoma National Guard unit meet at the armory where they decide the best course of action.
Several groups are sent downtown to the courthouse, police station as if to imply that they were protecting these areas from.
Members of the local chapter of the American Legion join the patrols.
black people outside of the Greenwood district are taken by the National Guard to be held in detention at Convention Hall on Brady Street.
June 1 Wednesday 00:00 A small group of white people begin shouting for Rowland lynching and try to storm the courthouse but are turned away by the Sheriff and his deputies.
Whites and Blacks engage in gunfights along the Fisco tracks, the dividing line between the white and the black commercial districts, a train is also hit on both sides in crossfire.
Small groups of white people in cars fire into and residences in Greenwood.
1:00 White men light and throw oil rags into businesses on Archer Street at the southern edge of Greenwood and the Fire Department are turned away at gunpoint, thousands of blacks flee the city.
Apparently taken from the roof of the Hotel Tulsa on 3rd St. between Boston Ave. and Cincinnati Ave. The first row of buildings is along 2nd St. The smoke cloud on the left (Cincinnati Ave. and the Frisco Tracks) is identified in the Tulsa Tribune version of this photo as being where the fire started.
Fires burning along Archer and Greenwood.
4.00 An estimated 24 businesses have been set alight.
A white man steps out from behind the Frisco Tracks depot and is fatally shot by a sniper in Greenwood
Crowds of rioters leave their places of shelter and march into Greenwood.
5 white men in a car speeding into are killed by gunfire.
The riots break into houses and buildings looting them. Some residents are made to leave their houses and to walk to detention centers.
White men in privately owned airplanes fire rifles, drop fire/incendiary/Terpentine bombs on buildings, homes and fleeing families.
Blacks employed by whites as house servants are siezed at the properties to be taken to detention centers, those white families who with 4, 000 detained.
9:15 General Charles Barrett of the Oklahoma National Guard arrives with 109 troops from Oklahoma City by special train.
Whilst Barrett waits for mayor T. D. Evans, the sheriff and police chief he calls for reinforcements from several other cities in Oklahoma.
4, 000 held at detention centers and made to carry identification cards according to martial law.
11:49 Barrett declares martial law.
June 4 Friday Martial law is withdrawn under Field Order No. 7.
Walter Francis White of the NAACP travels from New York to Tulsa and reports that according to officials and undertakers 10 whites and 21 were killed but he figures 50 whites and between 150 and 200 blacks hav been killed, Francis also reports that on May 10 Tuesday 10 white men were killed, 6 white men drove into Greenwood and never came out, the following day on Wednesday 13 whites were killed, that according to the head of the Salvation Army in Tulsa 37 negroes had been employed as gravediggers to bury 120 without coffins but in individual graves on the Friday and on Saturday.
Oklahoma Department of Vital Statistics reports 26 blacks and 10 whites dead.
Oklahoma's 2001 Commission reported 100 to 300 dead.
6, 000 Negroes from Greenwood were arrested and detained at Convention Hall, the Fairgrounds and McNulty Park baseball stadium at Tenth Street and Elgin Avenue.
Red Cross register 8624 people, 1, 256 burned houses, 215 houses looted, 183 hospitalized for gunshot wounds and burns, 531 in need of first aid or surgery, 191 businesses and 10, 000 blacks homeless.
Tulsa Real Estate Exchange estimate property loss of 1.5 million in real estate and $750, 000 in personal property ($ 31 million in 2018).
June 3 A group of more than 1000 businessmen and civic leaders meet and conclude to form a committee to raise funds for the reconstruction of Greenwood, Judge J. Martin, a former Mayor of Tulsa, is chosen as chairman of the group.
The reconstruction of Greenwood and rehabilitation of its residents is delayed for months, in tents winter in the two following years.
Governor James B. A. Robertson who went to Tulsa duringbthe riot to ensure order was restored ordered an inquiry the riot and of City and Sheriff office and calls for Grand Jury to be empanelled.
June 9 Judge Valjean Biddison picks the jury for the hearing and State Attorney General S.P. Freeling begins the investigation the hearing lasts 12 days, 27 cases are brought before the jury, more than 85 people are indicted but no one is convicted of any crimes.
White developers with their own plans to redevelop Greenwood into a business and industry area and have blacks moved to the edge of Tulsa try to have a fire ordinance banning wooden frame, passed by the city. The case is litigated and appealed to the Oklahoma Supreme Court by D.C. Franklin and ruled unconstitutional.
A concession is granted to allow to erect temporary wooden frame structures whilst new buildings in accordance with the new fire ordinance were built but residence begin to ignore the ordinance by beginning to build new homes out of wooden frames.
Tulsa Union rail Depot construction to connect 3 major rail roads begins less than 2 years after the burning of Greenwood.
The riots not spoken to about in magazine journal tribune history 1936 Fifteen Years Ago Today nor 1946 2 Twenty Five Years Ago Today.
1922 Mary E. Jones Parrish publishes Events of the Tulsa Disaster, the first book about the riot which is reprinted in 1992 and 1998
1971 The riot is commemorated by the chamber of commerce but refuse to publish Ed Wheelers account and photographs which was also refused by both major newspapers and eventually published in Impact Magazine.
1996 The state legislature authorizes the Oklahoma Commission to investigate the Tulsa Race Riot and carries out archeological non invasive ground surveys of Newblock Park, Oaklawn Cemetery and Booker T Washington Cemetery, as possible locations for mass graves.
1999 An eye witness testifies to seeing whites burying black's at Oaklawn cemetery.
2001 February 21 The Commission delivers its report recommending reparations to the survivors of the riots and their descendent and scholarship fund for students affected by the riot, establishment of an economic development enterprise zone in Greenwood and a memorial for the reburial of the remains of victims of the riot.
2001 April 7 The Tulsa Reparations Coalition, sponsored by the Center for Racial Justice, Inc is formed for the purpose of as recommended by the Commission.
2001 June The Oklahoma state legislature passes the 1921 Tulsa Race Riot Reconciliation more than Act 300 college scholarships for descendants of Greenwood residents, a memorial to those who lost their lives in the riot.(2001 October 27 A park with 3 statues by sculptor Ed Dwight is dedicated as John Hope Franklin Reconciliation Park, the park was named after an African American historian from Tulsa) and finally economic development in Greenwood.
2001 The Mayor of Tulsa, Kathy Taylor apologizes to survivors of the riot and gives medals to those located.
2001 June 1 Governor Keating signs the 1921 Tulsa Race Riot Reconciliation Act recognizing the riot but the state legislature opposes reparations. The 118 survivors of the riot are given a gold plated medal baring the state seal, the youngest of the survivors was 85.
2003 February 5 survivors represented by a legal team of which Johnnie Cochran and Charles Ogletree are included, file Alexander, et all., v. Oklahoma, et al., a lawsuit against the city of Tulsa and the state of Oklahoma.
The federal district and appellate dismiss the suit, citing the statutue of limitations had been exceeded on the 80 year old case, the state requires that civil rights cases be filed within 2 years of the event. The Supreme Court of the United States decline to hear the appeal.
2007 April Ogletree appeals to the U. S. Congress to pass a bill extending the statute of limitations for the suit. The bill is introduced by John Conyers, Jr. of Michigan and is heard by Judiciary Committee of the House but not passed.
2009 Conyers reintroduce the bill as the John Hope Franklin Tulsa-Greenwood Race Riot Claims Accountability Act of 2009 (H.R. 1843)
It has not gotten out of the Judiciary Committee.
2015 A new eyewitness is found by the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture providing a 10 page typewritten manuscript notes Oklahoma attorney Buck Colbert Franklin recalling standing in his office watching planes circling in mid air.
Mozella Franklin Jones Tulsa Historical Society exhibition creates Tulsa Historical Society photographs
June 1-7 Garvey lodges series of complaints against Kanawha's master and crew.
June 7 William C. Matthews confers with State Department official in charge of visa control.
June 9 Black Star Line transfers deposit on S.S. Orion to S.S. Porto Rico, with offer to United States Shipping Board to purchase forv$ 175, 000.
June 12 Cyril A. Crichlow, resident secretary of UNIA delegation in Liberia, resigns.
June 14 American consul general in Jamaica carries out investigation of Garvey's charges against Kanawha's master and chief engineer, finds them innocent.
June 18-22 S.S. Kanawha leaves Kingston a second time; disabled one more, returns to port.
June 20 Crichlow seeks protection of American consul general in Liberia.
June 25 State Department cables authorisation for Garvey to be issued visa in Jamaica.
June 27 UNIA potentate, Gabriel M. Johnson, leaves Liberia for New York to attend Second UNIA convention.
June 28 American consul general issues visa to Garvey; he leaves Kingston for Belize, British Honduras, en route to United States.
June 29 State Department seeks to stop voyage of Johnson.
June Crisis publish open letter signed by president C. D. B. King renouncing ties with UNIA.
July 1-3 Garvey arrives at Belize, addresses mass meetings and holds interview with governor.
July 13-14 Garvey arrives in New Orleans; detained temporary by United States Immigration authorities: speaks at public meetings.
July 14-16 Johnson arrives in New York; interviewed by BOI agents detained for examination by United States Immigration on Ellis Island; finally admitted.
July 17 Garvey returns to New York.
July 20 Garvey addresses welcoming meeting in Liberty Hall.
July 26 Second annual meeting of BSL stockholders; meeting adjourned after reading of brief statement.
August 1 Opening of Second UNIA convention: keynote speech delivered by UNIA potentate, Johnson.
August 2 United States Shipping Board accepts BSL offer to purchase S.S. Orion.
August 4 Garvey delivers official convention report; writes official letter to president C. D. B. King.
August 5 Charges made against UNIA secretary general Rev. J. D. Brooks, for alleged misappropriation of funds.
Convention reports presented by Elie Garcia, UNIA auditor general, and Rev. G. E. Stewart, UNIA high chancellor; opening of Women's Industrial Exhibit.
August 8 UNIA secretary general's reports presented by J. B. Yearwood, assistant secretary general.
August 9 Convention reports presented by Rev. G. A. McGuire UNIA chaplain general and Rev. F. William Ellegor, UNIA commissionor general.
August 10 Convention hold women's day.
August 15 Delegates of African Blood Brotherhood attend convention.
August 19 Rose Pastor Stokes, Communist party leader, addressees convention.
August 24 S.S. Kanawha arrives in Antilla, Cuba; crew is forced to abandon ship because of disabled condition.
August 25 Formal charges raised against various UNIA executive officials and debated on floor of convention.
August 26 ABB routed from convention.
August 27 First ceremonial court reception of UNIA held.
August 28-29 Second Pan African Congress meets in London.
August 29 Election of UNIA officers.
August 30 New York State Supreme Court orders Garvey to be examined before Pan Union Company v. Black Star Line begins trail; Garvey fails to comply with the order.
August 31 BOI continues investigation of Garvey for possible Mann Act violation.
Closing of UNIA convention; Garvey delivers closing address.
August at the UNIA convention editor Ferris and journalist John E Bruce are knighted with order of the Nile, George Tobias with the order of Ethiopia and Davis with Lady Commander of the Sublime order of the Nile.
September 2 African Orthodox Church is organised by Bishop George Alexander McGuire.
September 3 U.S. consul at Antilla, Cuba, ships Kanawha’s passengers back to New York.
September 6 The U.S. Shipping Board recommends the cancellation of the sale of the S.S. Orion to the BSL.
September 7 Garvey attacks Du Bois and Pan African Congress.
September 11 UNIA announces formation of its civil service system.
September 18 Black Star Line files twenty eight lawsuits in New York State Supreme Court against crew of S.S. Kanawha, charging them with conspiracy to wreck vessel.
September 21 S.S. Kanawha crew sues Black Star Line for back wages.
September 28 Mc Guire is consecrated as Bishop of African Orthodox Church.
September 30 Special meeting of UNIA votes to amend certificate incorporation.
The UNIA increases its number of directors from 6 to 21.
September Pan African Congress meets in Paris.
October 5 U.S. Shipping Board agrees to give the BSL another chance to comply with the contract to purchase the Orion.
October 11 Duse Mohamed Ali arrive in N. Y.
October 25 President Warren G. Harding delivers address in Birmingham, Alabama on the race question.
October 31 Garvey begins trail for libel against Cyril V. Briggs who he had accused of being a “Negro for convenience.”
October UNIA expands offices by acquiring property at 52 West 135th Street, New York.
Garvey denied reentry visa, his generals vote to send counsellor general William Matthews to Washington to lobby the state department. staff visa control. Garvey advised by lawyer that the American consul send a cable to state department requesting a visa in which event the visa was granted.
November 15 Garvey ordered to retract statement suggesting Briggs posed as black man.
November 18 Garvey cables Pope Benedict XV asking for human rights consideration.
Garvey sues Briggs for criminal libel over article in October issue of the Crusader.
November 20-22 Garvey speaks in Washington, D.C., area to coincide with International Conference on the limitation of Armaments.
November 25 Briggs is held on $500 bail over Garvey’s libel suit.
December 3 S.S. Yarmouth sold by U.S. marshal to satisfy libel of National Dry Dock and repair Company.
Negro World prints Garvey’s retraction about Brigg’s racial background.
December 5-10 Garvey on speaking tour in Washington, D.C.,area.
December 12 Bureau of Investigation requests Internal Revenue Service to investigate Garvey and UNIA.
December 21 United States Shipping Board agrees on form of contract for Black Star Line to gain possession of S.S. Orion.
December 22 Black Star Line pays $10, 000 to United States Shipping Board for S.S. Orion down payment.
December 24 In India, Gandhi begins civil disobedience campaign.
December 1921 Garvey makes his “Christmas message to the Negro Peoples of the World” speech.
1922 January 1 Garvey makes his Emancipation day speech at Liberty Hall New York city quote Psalm 68:31 in both speeches. https://tmblr.co/Z9elId2OPQ-fq
January Garvey is arrested for mail fraud and bailed for $2, 500.
January 7 Ratification of Anglo Irish Treaty by Irish Parliament.
January 10 Court orders Garvey to appear for alleged violation of United States Criminal Code Section
January 12 Garvey is arrested for fraudulent use of mails; held on $2, 500 bond pending presentation of case to federal grand jury.
January 26 Assistant United States attorney Mattuck presents indictment of Garvey et al. to grand jury; jury returns true bill.
February 1-3 Garvey speaks in Haltimore.
February 13 Garvey praises Mississippi State Sen. T.S. McCallum’s bail for establishing a black nation in Africa to solve American race problem.
February 14 Garvey explains S.S. Phyllis Wheatley negotiations in Negro World article.
February 15 Federal grand jury indicts Garvey et al. for violation of United States Criminal Code Section 235.
February 17 Garcia and Tobias arraigned and plead not guilty held on $2, 500 bail each.
February 17-23 Garvey and Davis speak at western New York UNIA meeting in Buffalo, Rochester.
February 20 Garcia BSL treasurer orders the salae of BSL stock to cease.
Mississippi State Senate passes Senator Mc Callum’s resolution urging United States Congress to acquire African territory for “the founding of a national home for the American Negro.”
February 22-24 Garvey speaks in Detroit.
March 1-3 Garvey speaks in St. Louis.
March 4 Garvey on nationwide speaking tour to raise funds.
March 7 United States Shipping Board recommends that BSL receive its deposit on Orion sale, less its boards expenses.
March 9 Confidential Informant 800 predicts that Ali will take over the UNIA.
March 12 Garvey cables UNIA protest to Lloyd George concerning British action in Kenya.
March 20 Negro Factories Corporation stockholders meeting announced.
March 28 Garvey is ordered to pay $8, 508 for nondelivery of liquor to Pan Union Company.
April 5 O.M. Thompson requests cancellation of the S.S. Orion.
April 12 Garvey and the BSL board revoke Thompson's power of attorney.
April 21 J.D. Brooks obtains judgement of $750 for back salary from the UNIA.
April Edward Orr, BSL stockholder sues the BSL for £350 claiming that the stock was sold under fraudulent representations.
April 28 Garvey purchases a printing plant.
April 30-May 7 Garvey speaks 8 nights at Liberty Hall.
Garvey arranges parade and march in Los Angeles with local division and others parade, visits Oakland, California and Frisco.
May 22 UNIA Commissioner Robert Moseley speaks at Baptist churches in, Jacksonville, Texas is arrested and fined for vagrancy in Jacksonville, Texas and separately also taken to the woods and horsewhipped.
May 27 Garvey marries Jacques in Baltimore.
June 2 Garvey speaks in San Francisco.
Commander J.J. Hannigan registers 400 new UNIA memberships in San Francisco.
June 5 Garvey speaks in Los Angels.
June 15 Garvey obtains divorce from Ashwood in Jackson Country, Missouri.
June 23 Garvey speaks in New Orleans after judge grants injuction against police interference.
June 25 Garvey travels to Atlanta for a meeting with the Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan.
June 28 Garvey speaks in Norfolk, Virginia.
Garvey makes his first visit to Belize, meets with and is interviewed by Governor Eyre Hutson.
July 4 Garvey speaks at Liberty Hall.
July 5 Hutson sends transcript of the recorded interview to Secretary of the Colonies British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
July 9 Garvey explains his meeting with Ku Klux Klan.
July 20 Garvey invites William Pickens to receive award at UNIA court reception.
July 22 Garvey sends UNIA petition to the League of Nations.
July 27 Garvey marries Jacques his personal secretary in Baltimore.
July issue of the Messenger Randolph and Owen ‘Garvey, Black Eagle, Becomes Messenger Boy of Clarke, Ku Klux Kleagle.’
How Marcus Garvey Betrayed the Negroes to a Georgia Negro Hater
Garvey Join the Ku Klux Klan Foreign Negro Would Help Klan Deport Negro, Jewish and Catholic Citizens.
Garvey Runs with Negro Hare and Chases with Ku Klux Hound!
Garvey in South Becomes Ardent Jim Crow Advocate and Supporter of the Ku Klux Negro Lynchers.
I ota in plain words which burn in letters that blister!
By A. Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen
at 3 o’clock Sunday Afternoon
August 6th, 13th, 20th, and 27th.
At the SHUFFLE INN MUSIC PARLORS Northeast Corner 131st Street and Seventh Avenue, New York.
Robert W. Bagnall, Director of Branches for the N.A.A.C.P, will parade.
Exactly one thousand seats... Meetings Under the auspicious of the Friends of Negro Freedom.
All invited Men and Women White and Colored
GARVEY’S STATEMENT AT NEW ORLEANS “This is a white man’s country. He found it, he conquered it, and we can’t blame him if he wants to keep it. I am not vexed with the white man of the south for Jim-Crowing me, because I am Black. “I never built any street cars or railroads. The white man built them for his own convenience. And if I don’t want to ride where he’s willing to let me ride then I’d better walk. All invited White and Colored, Men and Women Native and Foreigner. Admission Free” Exactly One Thousand Seats MEETINGS UNDER AUSPICES OF THE FRIENDS OF NEGRO FREEDOM.
We Know Marcus Garvey Was a Tool and a Traitor WAS HE ALSO THE WHITE MAN’S SPY?
Randolph and Owens are joined by William Pickens and Detroit preacher Robert Bagnall in their “Garvey Must Go” campaign, Bagnall launches personal attack on Garvey.
August 1 The 3rd Annual UNIA International Convention opens.
August 2 Garvey asks convention to impeach J.D. Gibson and A.F. Johnson for dishonesty.
The convention elects delegates to represent UNIA at the League of Nations.
August 6 Pickens attacks Garvey at a Friends of Negro Freedom meeting.
on the floor above the UNIA Publishing and Printing House.
August 6 Prof. William Pickens, Field Secretary of N. A. A. C. P. Subject: WHAT TO DO WHEN NEGRO LEADERS LEAGUE WITH NEGRO LYNCHERS.
August 7 Ras Tafari sends delegation to the League of Nations in Geneva with a letter.
Impeachment trail of Adrian F. Johnson.
August 11 BOI reports that G.E. Stewart and Fred A. Toote will resign.
August 13: A. PHILIP RANDOLPH, Candidate for N. Y. Secretary of State Subject: THE ONLY WAY TO REDEEM AFRICA
August 15 At business meeting of BSL, line is revealed as insolvent and plans for subsidiary company passed.
August 20th: ROBERT W. BAGNALL, Director of Branches for N. A. A. C. P. Subject: THE MADNESS OF MARCUS GARVEY.
August 23 UNIA trail against Eason begins.
August 27: CHANDLER OWEN, Co-Editor of the MESSENGER. Subject: A PRACTICAL PROGRAM FOR NEGROES EVERYWHERE.
GARVEY’S STATEMENT AT NEW ORLEANS “This is a white man’s country. He found it, he conquered it, and we can’t blame him if he wants to keep it. I am not vexed with the white man of the south for Jim-Crowing me, because I am Black. “I never built any street cars or railroads. The white man built them for his own convenience. And if I don’t want to ride where he’s willing to let me ride then I’d better walk. All invited White and Colored, Men and Women Native and Foreigner. Admission Free” Exactly One Thousand Seats MEETINGS UNDER AUSPICES OF THE FRIENDS OF NEGRO FREEDOM.
August Trinidadian pilot Hubert Fauntleroy Julian dubbed the Black Eagle of Harlem by H. Allen Smith because of his parachute jumps, flys biplane over UNIA parade and becomes head of the organization’s new Aeronautical Department.
September 5 Randolph at 2305 7th Avenue receives package calls the police bomb squad open package containing a severed human hand from the Ku Klux Klan.
September 11 UNIA League of Nations delegates arrive in Geneva.
October 1 Garvey speaks in Pittsburgh.
November 9th Esau Ramus previously janitor at UNIA Philadelphia branch travels to New Orleans meets the branches secretary William Phillips and moves into the home of Jamaican longshore man and Chief of UNIA police Dyer Fred Constantine.
November 30 UNIA delegates sent to the League of Nations return to New York.
December 26 Garvey’s case is postponed.
1923 January 1 Reverend Eason visits Baptist Church, St John 1st Street, New Orleans where after the is shot in the back and forehead.
January 4 Eason dies from wounds.
January 5 William Shakespare and Fred Dyer are arrested for Eason’s murder.
January 12 Garvey has Elie Garcia arrested for petty larceny.
January 15 Owen and send letter of complaint against Garvey to Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty.
January 23 J.W. Jones Confidential Informant 800 is assigned by the BOI to investigate Eason’s murder.
February 5 Garvey requests postponement of his case from January 2 until February 5.
February 21 Esau Ramus is arrested in Detroit in connection with Eason’s murder.
Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey by Amy Jaques Garvey 1923 Chapter 3 The Image of God
If the white man has the idea of a white God, let him worship his God as he desires. If the yellow man’s God is of his race let him worship his God as he sees fit. We, as Negroes, have found a new ideal. Whilst our God has no color, yet it is human to see everything through one’s own spectacles, and since the white people have seen their God through white spectacles, we have only now started out (late though it be) to see our God through our own spectacles. The God of Isaac and the God of Jacob let Him exist for the race that believes in the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob. We Negroes believe in the God of Ethiopia, the everlasting God — God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Ghost, the One God of all ages. That is the God in whom we believe, but we shall worship Him through the spectacles of Ethiopia.
February 25 Garvey speaks in Chicago.
March 4 Garcia is convicted of larceny.
March 22 Shakespeare and Dyer are found guilty of manslaughter in Eason’s killing.
March Domingo in letter to the Messenger
April 2 William Shakespeare and Fred Dyer charged with Easons murder 18 to 20 year sentences.
April 29 Garvey speaks in Buffalo.
May 3 Garvey speaks in Pittsburgh.
May 14 Garvey files writ to have Judge Julian Mack dismissed from his case because of Mack’s affiliation with the NAACP.
May 18 Government’s case consolidates both indictments Garvey’s trail for mail fraud begins.
May 18 Garvey is tried for mail fraud, New York Southern district court Zionist Judge Julian Mack, Garvey dismisses his Attorney Cornelius Mc Dougald who advises him to plead guilty, the fails to produce any evidence other than an empty envelope. Attorney Maxwell Mattuck askes the jurors Gentlemen will you let the Tiger loose.
Howell quits the merchant marines.
Claude McKay travels to Kremlin, Russia.
June 15 Garvey makes his final address at his trail.
June 16 Shakespeare and Dyer loose the appeal of their case.
June 18 passes the guilty verdict on Garvey, he responds by calling the Judge and District Attorney Damned dirty jews.
June 21 Garvey is sentenced to 5 years in jail for mail fraud.
June 23 Garvey is sentenced to five years at Tombs Jail/Manhattan detention center and fined $1, 000.
June 25 Garvey’s appeal for bail is rejected by Judge Henry Wade Rogers.
June 27 Garvey discharges UNIA officers E. L. Gaines, Rodolph Smith, G. O. Marke and Davis.
Ferris resigns from Negero World but is listed on master head until September.
July 6 Pro Garvey petition is delivered to the Attorney General in Washington D. C.
July 15 Vernal J. Williams resigns as UNIA attorney.
July 17 U.S. government oppose Garvey’s bail requests.
August 5 The New York World publishes Garvey’s autobiographical article also published in the September issue of Current History.
August 7 Garvey appoints Maurice Nagler to take over as the UNIAS attorney.
August 12 Reverend Ethelred Brown writes anti Garvey sermon.
August 19-26 Montreal UNIA division holds its convention meeting.
August 27-29 Washington D.C. UNIA division holds its convention meeting.
August 29-31 New York local UNIA division hold its three day convention meeting.
September 10 Garvey is given bail after spending 3 months at Tombs Prison for the sum of $15, 000 raised in campaign by Amy Jacques.
September 13 The New York local UNIA division hold a mass meeting to welcome back Garvey to Liberty Hall.
Bishop Alexander McGuire the first black archdeacon of the Protestant Episcopal Church ‘We have reasons to believe that his enforced solitude has clarified his vision’ ‘Moses came back to Israel with new Revelation’ ‘Negro everywhere will be the beneficiaries of the new ideas he has gained during his vacation’.
September 25 Immigration Department begins preparing deportation case against Garvey.
September Garvey’s essay the Negro’s Greatest Enemy is published in Current History magazine.
October 2 Garvey delivers An Appeal tot he Soul of White America in Youngstown, Ohio.
October 5 Garvey speaks in St. Louis.
October 23 Garvey is in Oakland, Califonia on a speaking tour.
October 31-November 2 Garvey and Jacques visit Tuskegee Institute.
November 1 Garvey addresses students and faculty at Tuskegee Institute.
November 6 Garvey makes a small contribution of $50 to Tuskegee Institute.
November 26 Garvey speaks at Philadelphia’s Salem Baptist Church.
Du Bois is sent as Envoy Extraordinary to Liberia by President Calvin Coolidge.
November Mckay and Max Eastman editor of the Liberator attend the 4th Congress of the Communist International in Petrograd, Mc Kay along with his fellow early leading member of the Communist International (Comintern) Otto Huiswould address its Cominter.
Davis seated at the front was the leader for the UNIA 1923 delegation to Liberia of which also included Princeton educated Sir Robert Poston and the UNIA new attorney Milton Van Lowe.
December 11 UNIA delegation departs for Liberia via Lisbon, Portugal on the Cunard vessel S. S. Britannia.
December Mc Kay meets German novelist Arthur Holitscher and German communist Clara Zetkin, International Group China, Russian, Jew, Negro, Russian Gentile, Bulgarian, Hindu, American Mulatto, Algerian, Japanese, Armenian, Korean, and white American as well as Grigory Zinoviev and Nikolai Bukharin and writes and publishes his Negry v Amerike in Russian which isn’t published in English until the year.
Earnest Alfred Wallace Budge sometime scholar at Christ College Cambridge University and Keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian antiquities in the British Museum publishes his first edition of the Book of the Glory of Kings/Kebra Negast.
1902 Budge makes his first excavations at the city of Meroe the capital of the Kingdom of Kush.
1905 Budge makes more excavations at Meroe.
1907 Budge publishes the record of his excavations at Meroe in his book "The Egyptian Sudan, Its History and Monuments."
1877 Professor W. Wright of Cambridge University in his Catalogue of the Ethiopic Manuscripts, publishes a description of the manuscript of the Kebra Negast from Oriental 818 and Oriental 819 in the British Museum, these taken from the Magdala fortress after the expedition stormed it on 1868 April 13 Easter Monday, in which event the Emperor Tewodros committed suicide with a pistol delivered to him by as a gift from Queen Victoria.
Wright judging from the list of kings in Oriental 818, fok.46B, ending witg Yekweno Amlak who died in 1344, concludes that the manuscript was written in the 14th century.
According to colophon from Codices of the manuscripts in Oxford, London and Paris, the original version was written in Coptic then translated into Arabic and again to Ethiopic.
The Ethiopic version was translated from the Arabic version, which had been translated from Coptic, and that the Arabic version was translated by Abu L Izz and Abu L Faraj, in the "year of mercy" 409, during the reign of Gabra Maskal (Amda Seyon I) being between 1314 and 1344, when George was Patriarch of Alexandria.
The Solomonic dynasty ruled until Delna'ad was dethroned and Mara Takla Haymanot, the 1st of 11 Zague kings who ruled for 354 years from 914 to 1268 with their capital at Axum.
1773 Bruce visits Paris, France where he presents 1 of 3 copies of the Book of Enoch to King Louis XV for the French National Library.
On some occasion 2 copies made by he himself (Bruce 93 or Liber Axumea and Bruce 87) were were also given to the Bodleian Library.
1790 James Bruce publishes Volume 3 of his "Travels to discover the source of the Nile" including a the first description of the contents of the Kebra Negast written in any European language.
1770 February 14 Bruce arrives in Gondar.
October Bruce after recovering from malaria travels to discover the source of the nile Gish Abay the source of the Lesser Abay Paez reach site 1618.
November 14 Bruce reaches the Gish Abay the source of the Lesser Abay.
1500-1515 P. N. Godinho publishes.
1520 October 19 King Manuel I of Portual sends an embassy to King David II of Ethiopia under Don Roderigo De Limo with Francisco Alvares as chaplain arrive at the port of Massawa.
Queen Eleni had sent Mateus Matthew of Armenia as an ambassador to the King of Portugal and the Pope in Rome. Mateus arrived in Portugal via Goa.
1520 Alvares publishes his "Prester John of the Indies" in which accounts of Queen Eleni and King David II are given. Up until this time there was no other known source of the Kebra Negast.
Queen Eleni died whilst Alvares was in Ethiopia.
Queen Eleni was the widow of Emperor Zara Yacob and was made Queen Mother by Zara Yacobs son Emperor Baeda Maryam I, she was also chief regent for the under age Lebna Dengel, a grandchild of Zara Yacob, by his second son Emperor Na'od, Eleni also later made Dengel King with him taking the name of David II.
1441 Before all of this Ethiopian ambassadors of Emperor Zara Yacob at Council of Florence were perplexed when the dignitaries there referred to their monarch as Prester John.
1517 Dawit II otherwise known as Wanag Segad ambushes and kills Emir Mahfuz of the Somali Adal Sultanate. The Portuguese attack and burn Zeila.
1531 October 2 Dawit II and his army are defeated by the Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of the Adal Sultanate and his troops at the Battle of Amba Sel.
1621 January 16 A stone church on the land granted north of Lake Tana, on the peninsula of Gorgora, to Paez by Emperor Susenyos I is dedicated.
Paez publishes his "Historia da Ethiopia".
Almeida author of "Historia de Etiopia a Alta ou Abassia" Pedro Paez author of the two volume Historia da Ethiopia Baltazar Tellez 1660 English translation in 1710.
1623 October 16 Jesuit priest Manuel de Almeida delayed at the port of Dhofar for 5 months from the May 18 finally departs for Suakin and reaches Suakin on December 4.
Almeida was sent as an ambassador to Emperor Susenyos of Ethiopia.
November 28 Almeida leaves Bassein for Suakin.
January Almeida reaches Diu and recieves pass from Pasha to pass through Ottoman Empire territory, then, from Massawa to Fremona via Debarwa, where he meets Ras Keba Krestos the governor of Tigray.
January 1624 Almeida reaches the Catholic base. Almeida's brother Apollinaire also went to Ethiopia as a missionary and was stoned to death in Tigre.
F. Balthazar Tellez publishes using Almeida's as well as those of Alfonzo Mendez, Jeronina Lobo and Father Pays.
1682 Job Ludolf's Historia AEthiopia is published by Frankfort, in it he refers to Tellez's Historia general de Ethiopia Alta out Preste Joaa.
1870 Francis Praetorius publishes a Latin translation of chapters to of the Kebra Negast from the manuscript at Berlin (Orient 395) as well as from Orient 818 and 819 in the British Museum by Wright, thus Praetorius's edition became the most clear.
1843 Lepsius who had gotten Orient 395, from Domingo Lords, sends it to Konigliche Bibliothek.
1872 August 10 Prince Kasa (later King John IV) writes to Earl Granville "And now again I have another thing to explain to you: that there is a Picture called Ourata Rezoo, which is a picture of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, and was found with many books at Magdala by the English. This picture King Theodora took for Gondar to Magdala, and it is now in England; all around the picture is gold, and the midst of it is coloured.
Again there is a book called Kivera Negust, which contains the law of the whole country of Ethiopia, and the names of the Shums (Chiefs), churches, and provinces are in this book. I pray you will find out who has got this book, and send it to me, for in my country my people will not obey my orders without it.
1872 December 14 The Kebra Negast requested of by Prince Kasa is sent to him after a copy of his letter is sent to the British Museum.
M. Hughes Le Roux, a French envoy from the President of the French Republic to the Emperor Menelik II goes to Addis Alem, Ethiopia where the Emperor is staying, to ask him if he can see this manuscript and so that the Emperor may also approve him to make a French translation, the Emperor gives him the following reply
"I am of opinion that a people does not defend itself only with its weapons, but with its books. The one you are talking about is the pride of this Kingdom. From me, the Emperor, to the poorest soldier who walks in the roads, all Ethiopians will be happy that this book is translated into the French language and brought to the attention of the friends we have in the world. Thus we will see clearly what ties we have with the people of God, what treasures have been entrusted to our care. We will understand better why the help of God has never failed us against the enemies who attacked us."
The Emperor orders for this manuscript to be brought from Addis Ababa where it was being kept, a few days later Le Roux is handed the manuscript noted on the last folio "This volume was returned to the King of Ethiopia by order of the trustees of the British Museum, 1872 Dec 14. J. Winter Jones, Principal Librarian.
Le Roux says "There was no longer any doubt: the book I held in my hands was this version of the story of the Queen of Sheba and Solomon, whom Negus and Priests of Ethiopia consider to be the most authentic of all circulating in European libraries and in Abyssinian monasteries. It was the book that Theodoros had hidden under his pillow, the night he committed suicide, the one that the English soldiers had brought to London, that an ambassador gave to the Emperor John, that this same Jean leafed in his tent, the morning of the day when he fell under the scimitars of the Mandists, the one whom the monks had stolen." Le Roux and a friend of his translate several chapters which he later publishes.
1909 Dr. C. Bezold edition of the Kebra Negast is published by the Bavarian Academy.
This translation was made from the oldest known codex of the Kebra Negast.
1924 January 17 Garvey addresses students and faculty at Howard University in Washington D. C.
February 2 The Negro World add 2 sections, 1 in French and the other edited by Jacques devoted to interests of women Jacques also become assistant editor of the Negro World.
February 11th UNIA delegation meets with President of Liberia who agrees to have 3, 000 immigrants settle on land in Cavalla, Sin, Grand Bassa and Cape Mount.
March 16 Poston fever lobar pneumonia dies on board SS President Grant.
The UNIA hold a mass meeting at Madison Square Garden.
March 31 Garvey writes to President C.D.B. King.
April 16 H. H. Ras Tafari accompanied by the following princes and nobles: Ras Haylu Takla Haymonot, Ras Seyum Mangasha, Dejazmatch Nadaw Abba Wallo, Dejazmatch Gassasa Walda Hanna, Dejazmatch Gabra Sellasse Barya Gaber, Dejazmatch Mullugeta Yegazu, Dejazmatch Hayla Sellasse, Ledj Makonnen Endalkatchaw, Dejazmatch Wand Bawassan Kassa and Ato Sahle Tsadalu leave Addis Ababa for Djibouti.
April 19 UNIA to send material and artisan, technicians, carpenter, builder and mechanical engineer to Liberia.
April 20 We embarked on the Messageries Maritimes Company’s boat ‘Porthos’ and travelled to the Suez Canal.
As we reached the Suez Canal, an envoy of H.M. King Faud arrived and transmitted to us the King’s greeting. The Patriarch Abuna Qerillos sent Abuna Yohannes, who became the Patriarch later on, and gave us his blessing.
When we reached Kantara, we traveled to Jerusalem on the special train which H.M. King Faud had arranged for us. At Jerusalem the British High Commissioner, Sir Hebert Samuel, and the bishops of the various churches came to the railway station and did us the honour of welcoming us.
As by the chance of good fortune the festival of the Resurrection (Easter) was approaching, we thanked God for granting us to see the light of the Easter festival. Afterwards, as we toured Jerusalem and its districts, we visited and kissed all the holy places, including Bethlehem where our Lord was born, Nazareth where he grew up, the Jordon in which he was baptized, Cana of Galilee where he did miracles, the Sea of Tiberias wheer he taught, and the neighbouring Capernaum, Beth Saida, Magdala, as well as Hebron where Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are buried. Although a beginning had been made in discussing the affairs of our sanctuary at Jerusalem with our Coptioc fathers in faith, the matter had remained unresolved, and therefore we informed the Coptic Archbishop at Jerusalem, Abuna Timotewos, in writing that he should persist on pondering on our proposals, for we had suggested that we should conclude the matter, after friendly discussion, upon our return from Europe. He wrote to us the following reply: ‘I have already made known your intentions to the Coptic community.’
Afterwards, as we had heard that the Greeks possessed an area of many chambers in Golgotha, we requested the Greek Orthodox Patriarch in Jerusalmen, Abuna Demyanos, through the intermediacy of Dr. Zervos, the Greek Consul Generalat Addis Ababa, that he should give one room to the Ethiopian monks as a patrimony for the celebration of holy mass. When he replied that they would give one room as patrimony in the Monastery of Abraham, we said that we on our part would assign a benefice to the Greek monastery in Ethiopia; after reaching agreement and accord on the proposal, we signed the following written convention.
But as it was not God’s will, this treaty never came into force.
Seay 24 trained nurses to Belize Town as volunteers parenting teaching, sanitation, midwifery services.
May 1 Ras Tafari and the Ethiopian officials arrive in Cairo by train and are received by H. M. King Fuad at his palace.
May 2 the Patriarch, Abuna Qerillos, informed us of his intention to hold mass and prayers in our honour in the church of St. Mark and we went to the church. The patriarch suffering from the wariness of old age, was seated on his throne by the alter and gave us his blessing. As the churches of Egypt and Ethiopia were in a relationship of mother and child and because the patriarch had for long had the desire and intention of coming to Ethiopia to see his children in faith, he spoke at length of his sadness at his continued inability to come on account of the distance, while at the same time revealing the fulfillment of his desire and thought at seeing, with his own eyes, our arrival at Cairo today.
Afterwards, while we were in the church, the patriarch entered the reception hall for guests at one side We having brought him, in order to honour our father in faith, a golden crown and golden cross, a golden staff, a silk tunic embroidered with gold, and a cape. He was, therefore, waiting for us wearing the crown and cape, holding the golden cross in his right hand and the golden staff in his left; he was thinking to please us, although because of his age and wariness he was not really capable; as we entered the hall from the church he attempted to receive us standing, but he was not able to do so. Although we were pleased in our heart a seeing His Holiness in this dignity, we felt much grief at thinking of his old age and wariness.
The following are the sights which we visited during our stay at Cairo and which have remained memorable to us: the pyramids and the Sphinx, the great museum of antiquities, the great schools and hospitals of the government and of the Copts, the old church of early times, the antiquities of Luxor and the tomb of Tutankhamen which had been discovered at excavations near by, as well as great mosques and the famous Islamic college called Al-Azhar. Subsequently, when we saw four students from Ethiopia, we were pleased as their teacher said that they would return to Ethiopia within two years upon conclusion of their studies.
From Cairo we went to Alexandria and paid homage at the tomb of St. Mark; We then saw the school at which they are teaching more than 4, 000 boys and which had been instituted, near the church, by Abuna Yohannes, the deputy Archbishop of the See of St. Mark. After this we visited Victoria College which had been built at a place called Ramleh near Alexandria and where some boys from Ethiopia were studying. The headmaster of the school, Mr. Reed, was like a father particularly to the boys from Ethiopia, and we heard of his gentle treatment and of his teaching; and among the boys there we met Sirak Heruy. Our heart was touched with joy when we saw them face to face. The son of Ras Mullugeta, Asrata, and a boy called Gabra Madhen Awwaqa had come with us in order to study at this school, and we handed them over into the headmasters care and trust.
May 9 We embarked on a boat called 'Cordillere', and when the ship began its journey a farewell salute was fired by cannon.
May 14 when we had passed Corsica and came within view of the great fortifications at Toulon, a warship came to receive us. Fron there until we approached Marseilles, many aeroplanes were hovering in the air. As five warships passed on the right and left of our ship, they fired their guns.
As we disembarked from the ship, the Prefect of the district of Marseilles and the Mayor of the city, together with many officials, received us. Among these we were very pleased to see and to meet M. Lagarde who, since the days of my father H.H. Makonnen, had been the friend of Ethiopia and ourselves and had formerly been France's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Ethiopia.
After we rested a little in the Marseilles government buildings, the officers of the warships came and took us to sea once more in order to show us the warships. Thus we saw the strength of the construction and the size of the guns and then returned greatly impressed.
May 16 Evening we departed by train for Paris.
May 17 10.30 a.m. when we reached Paris, the new President of the Republic, H.E.M. Miller and, and Prime Minister, M. Poincare, all the
As the official visit ended and we were staying in the specially arranged accommodation, important Frenchmen, who had been friends of the Ethiopian government and in particular of H.H. my father as well as of myself, began to arrive and to pay us visits. After this we requested an appointment with the Prime Minister, M. Poincare, in order to discuss amicably several matters; and on the appointed day we went to the Foreign Ministry.
What we had intended to discuss was that the French should give us a free gateway to the sea at Jibuti, and prior to our departure from Addis Ababa, as we informed the French Minster that this was a matter we particularly wished to discuss, some hope had been given to us; consequently, if they agreed to do this, they should let us know what it was the French government wished to have in exchange for this from us.
Secondly, the treaty of friendship between the Ethiopian and French governments, referred to as the Klobukowski treaty, and in particular the judical matters laid down in paragraph 7, were extremely irksome to us and, without abrogating the treaty, the two governments, while maintaining its usefulness, might cause a few improvements to be effected.
When we informed M. Poincare of these our intentions, he gave us his word that he would present our plan to Parliament and that they would think about it in the most friendly possible manner.
Howell applies for U.S. citizenship.
May 19 Du Bois and Professor Wendell Phillips Dabney finally come face to face with Garvey for the first time at the elevator in Sheraton Hotel, Cincinnati.
May 22 Evening We departed from Paris to Brussels, Belgium.
At the railway station, King Albert, together with his ministers and army officers, did us the honour of an unforgettable welcome.
It was in a wing of the main palace building in which H.M. lived that quarters had been prepared for us; we went there and rested a little. Afterwards he introduced to us H.M. Queen Elizabeth and Prince Leopold, his crown prince who later on became king, and his daughter, Princess Marie Jose.
At a banquet His Majesty assured us of his complete desire that the firm friendship between the Belgian and Ethiopian governments should in future continue to grow.
Of the things we saw at Brussels and other provinces during our stay in the country, the following remain vividly in our memory: The Brussels Municipality, horse racing, the Bank of Brussels, the Congo Museum, crop improvement and cattle breeding stations, Waterloo where Napoleon was defeated, the city of Ghent and its match factory, the city of Liege and its munitions factory, the city of Antwerp, the city of Mauragr, we also saw coal mines and other similar industrial establishments.
From Brussels to Luxembourg
The Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxenbourg, when she heard of King Albert’s invitation to us to visit Brussels (still before our departure from Addis Ababa) informed us through the Belgian Mnister at Addis Ababa, M. Gerard, that we should visit her country during our journey, as Luxembourg was very near to Belgium. We had therefore, accepted her invitation and now proceeded from Brussels to Luxembourg. At the railway station the Grand Duchess husband, Duke Felix, received us with a large guard of honour and after that took us to the palace. But it so happened that on the day we reached Luxembourg the Grand Duchess gave birth to a son; she therefore informed us by letter of her regret at being unable to sit next to us at the luncheon party. We told Prince Felix that it would remain in our heart as a remembrance of joy that on the day of our arrival in Luxembourg the Grand-Duchess should give birth to a male child.
The Prince assured us repeatedly if his pleasure at our visit to Luxembourg, and after taking our leave of the Grand-Duchess by message, we returned to Brussels.
May 31 As our official visit to Brussels was completed, we took our leave of the King and Queen and returned to Paris.
May Du Bois writes editorial calling Garvey “lunatic or traitor.”
June 4 UNIA hold a meeting to see off mining engineer Wallace Strange to Liberia.
June 6 We departed from the Paris and reached Amsterdam by way of Brussels and after seeing the Dutch cities of Rotterdam and Hague. As our train stopped for about 3 hours in Amsterdam, we made a tour of the city by inspection by car. From there we traveled through the whole night and at dawn
June 7 we reached the German harbour-city of Hamburg; after touring the town for about an hour we set out for Sweden. After crossing the water called North Sea which lies between Germany and Sweden.
June 8 Pentecost 9 a.m. we arrived in Stockholm.
When we reached Stockholm, H.M. King Gustaf Adolph V had not yet returned from his country home where he had gone for vacation. We therefore put up at the Grand Hotel Royal.
On this day was Pentecost, and, therefore, the Archbishop of Uppsala, Nathan Soderblom, sent an envoy and told us: 'Because of the feast of Paraclete (Pentecost) we shall be holding prayers and a sermon towards evening and we beg that it may be your wish to attend.' We departed from Stockholm.
3 p.m. we departed from Stockholm.
4 p.m. and reached at Uppsala. The provincial governor and the Archbishop received us at the station. Up to the time when the prayers and sermon began we inspected the University of Uppsala and the Library. In the Library we were very pleased to see some Ge’ez and Amharic books.
When the hour of the prayers and the sermon came, we went to the church., The Archbishop, being at an elevated place, read the appropriate extracts for Pentecost from the Bible and gave a long sermon. After this he spoke about Ethiopia as follows.
When he had finished speaking at length, my heart was touched with joy at his truly inspiring address, and I therefore replied as follows. When I had finished speaking, all the people assembled there, beginning with the Archbishop, expressed to us their heartfelt pleasure.
We subsequently returned to Stockholm. Since our visit to Stockholm was private and not official, we had not had any thought of meeting the King. But as soon as the King heard of our arrival at Stockholm, he sent a message that it would give him pleasure if we could meet now that we had come to Stockholm. We accepted his unofficial invitation and went to the seaside palace called Tullgarn. The King, together with his courtiers, was awaiting us standing by the gate of the palace, and we met with warm affection and friendship. ‘When we had rested a little in the great hall, a festive luncheon was served. After lunch we remained talking about the means by which the friendship between the two governments might progressively develop and by which the peoples of the two realms might get much closer to each other.
5 p.m. Towards evening we returned to Stockholm. Of what we saw at Stockholnm and surroundings the following recollections remain in our heart: the new telephone exchange with 80,000 lines, the iron industry, schools, hospitals, and Uppsala University library.
June 13 we set out from Stockholm, crossed the North Sea, and when we reached the Germany city of Hamburg, we disembarked from the train and toured the city by car for about 3 hours.
June 14 we reentered Paris.
June 18 we reached Rome.The King of Italy H.M. Victor Emmanuel and the leader of the government, Signor Mussolini, with a guard of army officers, received us with honour at the railway station, thus causing much pleasure. It was in the Quirinale, previously the Pope's palace, in which His Majesty lived that accommodation had been prepared for us; and we proceeded there.
When we appeared together with the King standing on the upper balcony to salute the people, all the crowd assembled on the square began shouting with one voice joyfully:'Long live Italy! Long live Ethiopia! Long live H.H. Crown Prince Tafari!' (When they think of this today, how extraordinary must this appear to them?!).
At the banquet at H.M. the King of Italy delivered the following speech. I then delivered the following speech.
We Ethiopians consider the speech of the king of a great country to be like a pledge given under oath, and the words spoken by H.M. the King of Italy (as cited here above) seemed to us to augur a stable peace and amity betweren the two governments; and said it did not appear to us a matter of deceit.
June 19 We paid a visit to the leader of the government, Signor Mussolini, having requested an appointment to discuss, in a friendly manner, a number of matters. The subject which we planned to discuss was concerned with the amicable granting to Ethiopia of a gateway to the northern parts of the country from the port of Assab which had originally been under Ethiopian rule and was now an Italian colony.
After we had met at the appointed hour, I said to him that it would give us pleasure if he were willing to discuss the amicable cession to us by the Italian government of part of the port of Assab as a free zone.
After Signor Mussolini had listened attentively to this request, he said that he was willing to discuss the matter and that, after conversations with the Director of Political Affairs, Contarini, the latter would let me know the answer. Contarini having been summoned immediately, we were introduced to each other.
After we had meetings and lengthy discussions with Contarini, he told me that he would report to Signor Mussolini everything that we had spoken about and that the reply would reach me tomorrow by the hands of Conte Colli; we then parted.
June 20 Conte Colli, the Italian Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Ethiopia, came and submitted to us a draft treaty, explaining that this was his government's proposal concerning my request as regards the port of Assab. The following is the text of the draft treaty.
After we had studied the treaty, we became convinced ofg the need to inform the Council upon our return to Addis Ababa; we therefore told Conte Colli to inform Signor Mussolini of this our intention. But for a variety of reasons the draft treaty never came into force.
June 21 We had been given an appointment to visit the Pope of Rome, Pius XI, and at the appointed hour we met at the Vatican Palace. The Pope spoke expressingly his pleasure at the fact that Catholic missions were now residing in Ethiopia in peace and security and that religious freedom was now permitted in Ethiopia, contrary to earlier practice. When we came to take leave of eachother, he pronounced a prayer: ‘May God bless the land of Ethiopia, its kings and its people.’
When we emerged from there, we entered the church of St. Peter and paid homage at the sepilchre; after we had seen the beauty of the church, we went to inspect the near-by monastery of St. Stephen which had been given to the Ethiopian monks. From the earliest times Ethiopian monks possessed a strong desire to see and to pay homage at Our Lord’s sepulchre at Golgotha and the sepulchre of St. Peter and St. Paul at Rome; but when they came to Rome from Ethiopia, they had difficulty in finding lodgings, and it is said that when the Pope who reigned in 1464 saw their plight he have them this monastery saying: ‘This monastery of St. Stephen shall be a resting place for Ethiopian monks.’
As we toured every corner of the church in this monastery, we saw the hwen stones on which the names of the seven Ethiopian monks had been incised. When we were seated in one of the rooms in the monastery, the seven Ethiopians who had come here to study approached and expressed their joy to us by referring to the antiquity of Ethiopia and the strength of her Kings and by rendering thanks to us.
The following are some of the recollections that have remained in our heart of what we saw at Rome and the provinces during our stay there: Quirinale Palace, the mausoleum of the kings, the motor cycle races, the Rome Municipality, the Vatican and the church of St. Peter, the convent of St. Stephen where the Ethiopian boys are studying, the church of St. Paul and St. John, the church of Our Lady Mary and of Jesus, the place of the ancient Caesars, the theatre in which the ancient Caesars made Christians fight with wild beasts and slaves fight each other, the Victor Emmanuel II Monument, the military parade at Centocelle, the Rome museums, the cannon firing at Bracciano, the military hospital called Celio, the ships at Spezia, the city of Turin, the Fiat car factory, and the royal mausoleum at Turin.
July 2 When the days of the official visit were over, we thanked H.M. King AVictor Emmanuel for the friendly reception he had arranged for us, took our leave, and returned to Paris.
July 4 Julian to make transatlantic flight from New York to Liberia via Atlantic city, New Jersey and the West Indies. Purchases seaplane christened Ethiopia I, crashes into Flushing Bay after one of the planes pontoons comes off.
July 7 We set out from Paris and traveled to London. When we reached Calais, we boarded a British ship; and as we began the journey two warships, bedecked with the Ethiopian and British flags sailed to the right and left of our boat. Having crossed the sea we reached Dover and a twenty-one gun salute was fired.
From Dover we traveled by train, and when we reached Victoria Railway Station London the son of His Majesty King George (now himself king but at the time styled Duke of York), together with many officers and guards of honor, bade us a distinguished welcome in the name of his father. From there we went to the residence which had been prepared for us in a house called ‘Albert Gate’ near Hyde Park and Knightsbridge.
July 8 so H.H. the Duke of York informed us, was to be the audience granted by His Majesty King George; and at the appointed hour we went to the meeting.
‘Ras Tafari, Prince Regent of Ethiopia (Emperor Haile Selassie) with the Duke of York (later King George VI) on a visit to London’, 1924. From Our King & Queen and the Royal Princesses. [Odhams Press Ltd., London, 1937]
King George V and Ras Tafari at St Albert Gate after the visit of the Regent of Abyssinian to Buckingham in London, UK. (Photo by KEYSTONE-FRANCE / Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images)
July 10 Liberia Consul General in US press release stated that anyone from the UNIA in the US would not be allowed to land in the republic of Liberia the Liberian Consuls in the US instructed not to permit them visas.
meets Archbishop of Canterbury, King George who returns to him a crown of Emperor Tewodros II and honorary degree of Doctor of Law by the Vice Chancellor of Cambridge University.
July 12 as the official visit ended, We went to Buckingham Palace and took leave of H.M. the King and H.M. the Queen. During the farewell visit H.M. King George made the following speech:
'Your Highness has given me great pleasure by your visit to England to develop and strengthen the friendship of our two governments. Hence, so that you may have a constant memorial of your visit to London and of your meeting with us, we are returning to you the crown of Emperor Theodore which the commander of the British army at the time of the Magdala campaign had brought back.'
Although the capture of Theodore's crown and its removal to England in no way affected Ethiopia's independence, yet the have it said 'this crown was the crown of an Ethiopian Emperor' and to have it appear in a foreign country did not please me. Hence H.M. King George's gracious permission that the crown of Emperor Theodore now be returned to Ethiopia was, I was convinced, a great mark of friendship; and since I felt very pleased, I expressed to the king my profoundly sincere gratitude.
July 18 We departed from London at 10 a.m. in the morning to visit Cambridge University. Before coming to London, while in Rome, the Vice Chancellor had asked us in writing to be gracious enough to visit the University. After we had reached London, he informed us of his proposal through the Foreign Office, and we, therefore, went to carry out the engagement.
After all the professors of the University had given us a respectful welcome, the University's Vice Chancellor approached and said: 'Your Highness! As we have heard of your initiative and perseverance on leading your country Ethiopia on wisdom and knowledge, we bestow upon you the honorary degree of Doctor of Law." he then gave me the appropriate robes.
Immediately afterwards they arranged a great luncheon banquet. At the banquet the Vice Chancellor, Dr. E. C. Pearce, made the following speech:
The poet Homer says the Ethiopians are blameless. Herodotus says the Ethiopian s are long lived because they do not drink wine at all.
It is a fact that the Ethiopians refused to pay tribute to Cambyses and to the Persian king(s). Subsequently, they turned back victoriously all who came to take their country by force. Who does not know that the Queen of Sheba, having herd of Solomon's fame, came by camel bearing spices, gold, and gems to try the king with riddles? Who does not know that she returned to her country to be the mother of all kings? Who does not remember, as the centuries unfolded, their descent from David? Who does not know of their being of the family of Queen Candace? All this proves the establishment of their Christianity over the whole world and their possession of an ancient faith over a long history.
A Man at Christ's College in Cambridge University has, in recent years, revealed to the English people the literature and law books of Ethiopia.
Today there is amongst us Tafari Makonnen, Ethiopia's Crown Prince. He follows in the footsteps of his ancestors and possesses knowledge exceeding that of orientals and Egyptians. He explores ancient and modern knowledge. He has studied all the ancient Christian traditions. He endeavors to acquire modern science. H.H. Tafari Makonnen is the first Ethiopian Crown Prince who has gone up in an aeroplane.
He has caused the books of John Chrysostom and of Mar Yeshaq to be translated from Ge'ez into Amharic and had them printed in his own press. These books can be found in Cambridge University Library. Furthermore, he has built a school for the children of Ethiopia.' He ended by saying: 'We therefore make known to all of youbhere Ethiopia's great Crown Prince and Regent, H. H. Tafari Makonnen, the hope of Ethiopia, who is descended from ancient kings.'
Wallace Strange Monrovia arrested and deported equipment auctioned Chief Justice J. J. Dossen of Liberia President ports refuse entry.
Liberia give preference to the Firestone Rubber Plantation Company, 1 million acres of land 5 to 10 cents per acre.
August 1 The 4th International Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World is opened.
Garvey is accompanied in the rear seat of his shiny 1920 Pierce Arrow Limousine by the Rev. R Van Richards at convention Opening Parade in Harlem, NY. His Secret Service (aka Knights of the Roundtable) run alongside the President-General’s parade vehicle. Mr. Garvey is also flanked in the rear by a banner reading Parent Body Division. (Negro World August 16, 1924, p.10)
Uniformed Universal African Motor Corp March up 7th Ave in Harlem, NY during the opening parade of the UNIA sponsored 4th International Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World.
Executive Council Reviews parade From observation deck and Universal African Royal Guard Parade Drill in Harlem, NY.
President Joseph A Craigen Contingent of the Detroit Division #125 in the opening day parade of the convention leads the march with his Red, Black and Green Flag draped over his shoulder.
Dinner at Third Royal Court Reception of the UNIA at Liberty Hall, NY (Negro World August 30,1924, p.10)
August 15 From Marseilles we embarked on a small ship called 'Amboise'. August 19 we reached the Greek harbour town of Piraeus, they received us with great honour aeroplanes hovering in the air, and in the sea warships firing their guns. When, proceeding from there, we reached the town of Phaleron, the Greek Prime Minister, H.E. Monsieur Sophoulis, with ministers and army commanders, bade us welcome. From there we travelled by train to Anthens. At the railway station the President of the Republic, H.E. Admiral Condouriotes, together with the country's dignitaries and foreign diplomats, received us. We immediately went to the principal church at Athens where Archbishop Chrysostomos pronounced a prayer of blessing, and after that we proceeded to the palace where lodgings had been prepared for us.
At the banquet in the evening, the President, Admiral Condouriotes, spoke of the friendship which had remained steadfast for a very long time between bthe two countries as well as of the closely knit history of the two peoples.
We on our part told him that from time immemorial Anthens had been the source of wisdom and knowledge, that we had discovered and read in our history of the goodness of the Greek people, and we declared our intention henceforth to render assistance to all Greeks living in Ethiopia.
On the next day we visited Acropolis, the ancient sanctuary of gods and idols. When we returned from there, we went to see the Academy and various museums.
James Van Der Zee photographs the convention.
Van Der Zee photographs Garvey with Marke and Prince KojoTovalou-Houénou of Dahomey.
August 18 addresses the convention.
The Dahomean proto nationalist KojoTovalou-Houénou declared at the same convention that “your association, Mr. President … is the Zionism of the Black Race.”^ Les Continents, 15 October 1924.
August 19 they showed us various displays of gymnastics at a place called the stadium as well as several kinds of military parades. Towards evening we went to see Athens University, and the head of the University, Monsieur Dimetri Papapouleas, standing at an elevated place, made the following.
We were pleased to hear these words of friendship gleaned from ancient and expressed our profound gratitude; we then returned to the palace.
August 20 We went to visit, together with Archbishop Chrysostomos and with other scholars very knowledgeable in history, the Areopagus where St. Paul instructed the Athenians. The place is in the vicinity of this locality, citing the Acts of the Apostles.
We had, of course, frequently read in history books of Athens as the fount of wisdom and learning and now we were glad to see it with our own eyes.
Of all the things we had seen at Athens, the following are the main memories we have retained in our heart: The temples of gods and idols of the Acropolis, the Areopagus, the Academy and various museums, the Library, the University, the gymnastics displays and the military parade at the Stadium, the theatre of Herodes Atticus by the ruins of the Acropolis, and the fireworks projected into the air, by the seashore at Phaleron, spread out in the sky in the shape of the Ethiopian flag.
Garvey Black Cross Navigation and Trading Company.
September 2 Garvey denounces Liberian government’s exclusion of the UNIA in Liberty Hall speech.
September 20 Garvey eulogizes Liberian Supreme Court Justice J. J. Dossen.
Garvey embarks on organizational tour to promote sale of Black Cross Navigation and Trading Company stock travels to Detroit, Raleigh, North Carolina, Denver and Ogden, Utah.
October 18 Brief for Garvey, plaintiff in error Marcus Garvey v. United States, filed in U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
October 20 Black Cross Navigation and Trading Company purchase the 5, 000 ton ‘General G.W. Goethals’.
October 26 Garvey claims Universal Negro Political Union meeting at Liberty Hall.
New York politicians speak at Universal Negro Political Union meeting at Liberty Hall.
Universal Negro Political Union endorses candidates for November 1924 elections.
November 2 S.S.General G.W. Goethals unofficially rechristened S.S. Booker T Washington, New York harbor.
November 16 Garvey explains why UNIA leadership abandoned radio program in Liberty Hall speech.
December 10 Reply brief for the U.S. defendant in error Marcus Garvey v. United States, filed in U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
December 15 Reply breif for Garvey, plaintiff in error Marcus Garvey v. U.S. filed in U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
1925 January 3 The Black Cross Navigation and Trading Company place Big Negro Excursion advertisement in the Negro World announcing the sailing of the S.S. Booker T. Washington to Central America, the West Indies, Panama, and the South of the United States.
January 10 The Black Cross Navigation and Trading Company completes purchase of S.S. Goethals.
January 18 The S.S. Goethals leaves New York for the Caribbean travelling via Philadelphia and Norfolk, Virginia.
January 25 Myra Howell arrives in New York.
February 3 S.S. Goethals arrives in Havana, Cuba.
Garvey’s appeal denied by the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
February 4 Judge Augustus Hand issues bench warrant for Garvey’s arrest.
February 5 Garvey is arrested at 125th Street train station, New York returning from Detroit via Albany, New York.
February 6 Garvey arraigned signs writ of certiorari to be presented to U.S. Supreme Court.
February 7 Garvey appoints Jacques secretary treasurer of the Marcus Garvey Freedom and Protection Fund.
Garvey Manhattan House of Detention Tombs Prison and taken to Atlanta in federal custody.
February 8 Garvey leaves court with handcuffed to a deputy, Marshal Hecht and taken into custody to begin serving his sentence at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary.
February 10 The S.S. Goethals arrives in Kingston, Jamaica.
February 14 Garvey appoint William Sherrilll, Clifford Bourne and G. Emonei Carter as committee of management to administer the UNIA and ACL in his absence.
March 13 The S.S. Goethals arrives in Colon, Panama.
March 16 Garvey submits writ of certiorari petition to U.S. Supreme Court.
March 23 U.S. Supreme Court denies Garvey’s petition.
April 7 Pardon attorney informs Jacques that her informal request for executive clemency for Garvey is premature.
April 15 Capt, Charles V. Vaughan is appointed new master of the S.S. Goethals.
April 23 Central Executive Committee, Workers (Communist) Party of America issues declaration protesting imprisonment of Garvey and calls for his release.
April 25 The S.S. Goethals leaves Port Antonio, Jamaica for the U.S.
April 28 Sherrill and other members of the Marcus Garvey Pardon Delegation submit a petition for Garvey’s release to President Calvin Coolidge through U.S. Attorney General John Sargent.
May 1 Garvey appoints Sherrill acting UNIA president general and cancels annual UNIA international convention and asks each local division to hold its hold convention.
May 4 Attorney General informs Sen. Smith W. Brookhart that any application for executive clemency submitted by Garvey will receive appropriate consideration.
May 6-8 arrives The S.S. Goethals arrives in Jacksonville, Florida.
May 14 Ku Klux Klan board the S.S. Goethals and threaten passengers and crew the crew members on the shore are driven into a swamp.
May 19 Malcolm Little is born in Omaha, Nebraska to Grenada born Louise Helen Little and Earl Little a Baptist Lay preacher, both members of Garvey’s UNIA, Malcolm’s mother was the secretary and branch reporter.
May 31 The S.S. Goethals returns to the port in New York City.
May William Sherril the acting President General visits Garvey.
June 2 Garvey begins extended correspondence with Earnest S. Cox founder of the White America Society and member of the Anglo Saxon Clubs, Virginia.
June 6 Garvey editorial is printed in the Negro World, as a front-page editorial; written in Atlanta Federal Penitentiary. Original headlines omitted. Creed reprinted in slightly revised form, under the title “African Fundamentalism,” as a UNIA poster, sold by mail order through the Negro World by Amy Jacques Garvey in the same year.
Fellow Men of the Negro Race, Greeting:
The time has come for the Negro to forget and cast behind him his hero worship and adoration of other races, and to start out immediately, to create and emulate heroes of his own.
We must canonize our own saints, create our own martyrs, and elevate to positions of fame and honor black men and women who have made their distinct contributions to our racial history. Sojourner Truth is worthy of the place of sainthood alongside of Joan of Arc; Crispus Attucks and George William Gordon are entitled to the halo of martyrdom with no less glory than that of the martyrs of any other race. Toussaint L'Ouverture’s brilliancy as a soldier and statesman outshone that of a Cromwell, Napoleon and Washington; hence, he is entitled to the highest place as a hero among men. Africa has produced countless numbers of men and women, in war and in peace, whose lustre and bravery outshine that of any other people. Then why not see good and perfection in ourselves?
June 13 Garvey submits first official application for executive clemency to President Coolidge.
June 15 and 18 Du Bois’s The Star of Ethiopia is performed at Hollywood Bowl.
June 17 Pardon attorney replies to petitions containing thousands of signatures by accepting Garvey’s application and refers application to U.S. Attorney for New York Emory R. Buckner and Solicitor for the Post Office Department E. M. Blessing for recommendations.
June 26 Immigration and Naturalization Service, U.S. Department of Labor issues warrant for deportation of Garvey after hearing is held in Atalanta Federal Penitentiary.
June 27 In response to public concern over Garvey’s health the prison doctor reports that Garvey is in good physical condition.
John Powell president of the Anglo Saxon Clubs of America visits Garvey in Atlanta and reports Garvey’s supprt for lobbying effort on behalf of passage of anti miscegenation legislation.
July 8 U.S. Attorney for New York recommends that Garvey’s application for clemency be denied.
July 14 U.S. Post Office Inspector F. E. Shea recommends that Garvey’s application for clemency be denied.
Earnest S. Cox addresses meeting of the Richmond, Virginia UNIA division and hails Garvey as the ablest leader the Negro race has produced.
July 18 Norfolk Journal and Guide criticizes alliance between Garvey and Anglo Saxon Clubs leaders.
July 26 Ashwood requests that President Coolidge release Garvey so that she can collect alimony payment from him.
August 3 Pardon Attorney’s Office requests that U.S. Attorney for New York obtain recommendation of trial Jude Julian W. Mack regarding Garvey’s application for clemency.
August 8 Garvey praises Earnest S. Cox’s book White America stating that it honestly represents white American viewpoint.
August 14 Garvey repudiates Negro World editorial critical of Cox and Powell and reprimands staff for publishing it.
August 15 UNIA divisions hold local convention.
September 16-18 Garvey requests permission from attorney general to travel to New York City to straighten out UNIA financial affairs permission is denied.
September 18 Pardon attorney informs Garvey that in view of adverse recommendation received by Department of Justice, his application for clemency is not entitled to be submitted to the President.
October 15 Sherrill convenes meeting in New York of Committee of Presidents from largest UNIA division.
October 28 Committee of Presidents visits Garvey in Atlanta declares lack of confidence in current parent body administration and suggests election of new slate of officers.
John Powell addresses UNIA meeting at Liberty Hall in New York.
November 2 American Negro Labor Congress publishes demand for Garvey’s release.
December 17 Speaker of the House of Representatives Nicholas Longworth asks attorney general for details of the charge against Garvey and his eligibility for parole.
December 19 Garvey’s attorney George Gordon Battle confers with pardon attorney.
December 22 Attorney general tells Speaker of the House that he has decided to keep open Garvey;s application pending a further hearing of the case.
December 23 Pardon attorney at the direction of the attorney general writes Speaker of the House states that Garvey’s application for clemency is still under consideration and transmits attorney general’s request to discuss the matter with Speaker before making final decision.
December 26 Garvey submits second application for clemency and states that he will accept deportation of allowed 2 weeks to arrange his affairs.
December 29 Pardon attorney informs Sen. L. D. Tyson that Garvey’s application for clemency is under careful consideration.
December 30 Attorney general writes to Speaker of the House informing him that Garvey’s application is under careful consideration.
The Second volume of Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey edited by Jacques is published in New York.
Earnest S. Cox dedicates pamphlet Let My People Go to Garvey advocates racial separation and African repatriation for blacks.
Randolph becomes President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters labor union for workers of the Pullman Company.
1926 January 6 Pardon attorney requests U.S. attorney for New York to wire his recommendation and that of Jude Mack regarding Garvey’s application
January 8 U.S. attorney for New York wires pardon attorney that Judge Mack replies that he cannot recommend commutation of Garvey’s sentence before 2 years imprisonment is served and that Trail Attorney Maxwell S. Mattuck altogether opposes any commutation.
January 21 Davis 4th assistant president general visits Garvey in Atlanta. Garvey helps prepare her testimony on behalf of the UNIA in upcoming Isaiah Morter estate trail in Belize, British Honduras.
January 27 Attorney general submits Garvey’s petition for executive clemency to President Coolidge advises against approval.
January 30 Garvey instructs Negro World managing editor Norton G. Thomas to denounce leadership of Sherrill and George Weston power struggle ensues between UNIA faction loyal to Garvey and faction led by Weston in New York.
The UNIA office building at 52 West 135th Street New York is sold for back taxes.
Du Bois visits the Soviet Union in Russia.
February 8-18 Isiah Morter case tried by British Honduras Supreme Court.
February 19 Garvey sends telegram to Negro World dismissing Sherril and Weston which is published on the cover of the issue.
February 20 Garvey announces holding of emergency UNIA convention in Detroit and also announces new slate of officers to oppose the leadership of Sherrill and Weston.
February 23 Amy Jacques Garvey discusses Garvey’s case with attorney general in Washington D.C.
March 1 Jacques appeals to British Ambassador Esme Howard for assistance in securing Garvey’s release.
March 8 New York based UNIA officers accuse Jacques of creating dissension between American and West Indian members and officers and of trying to seize control of the UNIA.
March 13 Garvey affirms his wife’s loyalty and devotion to the UNIA and calls on supporters to protect her name.
March 14 Emergency UNIA convention convenes in Detroit.
March 15 Prepared statement from Garvey is read to convention delegates which states that Sherrill, Weston and G. O. Marke, deputy supreme potentate are leaders of a conspiracy aimed at defeating the plans and purposes of the UNIA and levels specific charges of maladministration and disloyalty against Sherrill.
March 16 Jacques addresses convention.
March 20 New slate of officers loyal to Garvey are elected at convention Fred A Toote becomes new UNIA acting president general.
March 22 British Honduran Supreme Court rules against UNIA in Morter case on grounds that organisation exists for illegal purposes, namely, the redemption of Africa from colonial ruler.
March 29 S.S. Goethals is sold at a public auction in New York for one quarter of the price that it was purchased for.
April 3 Cyril Briggs black Communist leader and former anti Garvey crusader defends Garvey and blames the UNIA officers for mismanagement of UNIA affairs and loss of the S.S. Goethals.
April 8 Garvey’s lawyers hire a private detective Hebert S Boulin who find Ashwood in bed with a man.
April 9 Chicago Defender reads Detectives Surprise Pair in Bed.
April 23 The UNIA executive council members meet with pardon attorney in Washington D.C. to plead Garvey’s case.
May 11 Garvey is charged with insolence and reprimanded.
Earnest S. Cox publishes The South’s Part in Mongrelizing the Nation with Garvey declaring it a masterpiece.
July 24 The UNIA purchase Smallwood-Corey Institute in Claremont, Virginia and rename it Liberty University.
August 1-15 New York local UNIA division holds convention at Liberty Hall, New York denounces Garvey and officers elected in Detroit, elects rival slate of national officers headed by Weston as president general.
August 11 Pardon Attorney’s Office informs Battle that reopening Garvey’s case is not currently warranted.
August 15-30 UNIA divisions loyal to Garvey hold local conventions.
September 8 Parole board denies Garvey’s application.
September 12 Liberty University opens for fall session.
September 16 Weston challenges Garvey’s authority over UNIA affairs, secures court order against Garvey and UNI parent body administration elected in Detroit, enjoining them from holding meeting or collecting funds in the name of the UNIA, Incorporated.
October New York Supreme Court rules in UNIA, Incorporated v. Marcus Garvey that the New York division has no jurisdiction over Liberty University or the collection of funds un the name of the UNIA, Incorporated and awards joint use of Liberty Hall to the New York division and UNIA parent body.
November Weston place $32, 000 mortgage on Liberty Hall to settle court claims for back salaries of UNIA officials.
December 15 Ashwood case against Garvey Missouri divorce Harrison letters from Ashwood.
9 members of the jury that convicted Garvey in mail fraud trial sign affidavit recommending commutation of Garvey’s sentence.
The Littles move to Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
1927 January Garvey resubmits application for executive clemency, accompanied by affidavit jurors.
February 25 Attorney general holds a short interview with Armin Kohn, Garvey’s attorney, Jacques and other UNIA leaders.
Garvey appeals to President Coolidge
Garvey write The White man’s Game, His Vanity Fair John Bunyan Pilgrims Progress.
March 22 Garvey is isolated for contraband food.
March 24 Garvey’s lawyers submit additional brief in support of application for clemency.
April 7 Garvey is admitted to prison infirmary with influenza and bronchitis.
April 17 Garvey is returned from infirmary to cleaning.
May 15 Detroit UNIA division hold a mass rally in support of Garvey’s release.
May 16 Prison physician reports that Garvey suffers from chronic bronchial condition.
June 8 Earl Little, Malcolm X’s Dad appeals to President Coolidge for Garvey’s release.
June 21 Prophet George Hurley founder of Universal Hagar Spiritual Church appeals to President Coolidge to commute Garvey’s sentence.
July 23 Garvey appoints E. B. Knox of Chicago as his personal representive at upcoming convention of New York UNIA division.
July 31 Garvey instructs Norton G. Thomas to publish notices of Toote’s resignation and Knox’s new status as Garvey’s personal representive in Negro World.
August 1 New York local UNIA division convenes local convention in New York.
August 6 Toote resigns office effective August 15 pledges ongoing loyalty to Garvey.
August 31 NAACP organiser William Pickens calls for Garvey’s release in letter to New Republic describes Garvey as a visionary not a criminal.
November Garvey released and boards in New Orleans to be deported to Jamaica where he arrives at Orrett’s Wharf in Kingston.
September 14 Liberty Hall is foreclosed and auctioned.
September 15 Garvey orders reincorporation of Liberty University in order to remove Toote from its board of trustees.
September 20 Garvey issues instruction to deny permission to Laura Adorkor Kofey to collect funds for an African colonization program.
October 14 Garvey threatens Toote with arres for fraud if he does not deliver Liberty University deed to new trustees Toote travels to Claremont, Virginia to deliver deed.
October 20 Knox informs Garvey that attempts to have Toote arrested for grand larceny have been futile as police refuse to make arrest.
November 1 Pardon attorney informs Armin Kohn that he intends to present Garvey’s case to the attorney general along with his recommendation that commutation be granted.
November 12 Attorney general recommends to President Coolidge that Garvey’s sentence be commuted to expire at once.
November 14 Department of Labor reports that no stay of 1925 deportation warrant will be granted.
November 18 President Coolidge commutes Garvey’s sentence.
December 2 Garvey delivers his farewell address from the deck of S.S. Saramacca to his followers who crowd the dock in the rain to hear him and is deported from the U.S.
December 7 Garvey changes ships at Cristobal, Panama Canal Zone.
December 11 Knox speaks as Garvey’s personal representive at UNIA meeting in New York and gives an account of Garvey’s last days in the U.S.
Garvey address’s ‘overflow crowd’ at Ward Theatre in Kingston.
December 12 Garvey begins speaking tour of rural parishes of Jamaica.
December 15 Garvey purchases house on Lady Musgrave Road and calls it Somali Court.
December 17 Garvey informs Jacques of his plans to sail to Central America.
December 18 Garvey recalls the history of his career in the U.S. in Ward Theatre speech.
Noble Drew Ali founder of the Moorish Holy Temple of Science proclaims Garvey as forerunner to his own coming as a prophet of the Nation of Islam.
December 20 Garvey informs Secretary of State Frank Billings Kellogg of travel plans requiring him to pass through the Panama Canal Zone on his trip to Central America.
December 26 Jacques arrives in Kingston from New York.
Garvey 76 Kings Street Kingston and speaks at Ward Theatre as well as Edelweiss Park.
1928 January 21 Garvey publishes notice in Negro World revoking charter of Jacksonville UNIA division No. 286, punishing division for sponsoring Kofey.
February 3 Garvey publishes notice in Negro World denouncing Kofey as a fraud and advocating her arrest.
February 11 Garvey expels leading members of Miami UNIA division from UNIA for ninety nine years as punishment for their support of Kofey.
February 24 Supreme Court of British Honduras ruling in Morter’s estate case is reversed on appeal estate is granted to UNIA, inc. of New York.
March 8 Kofey is assassinated at pulpit during meeting in Miami riot ensues her alleged assailant, African Legion member Maxwell Cook is beaten to death by enraged audience.
Garvey loyalists Claude Green, president, Miami UNIA division and James B. Nimmo, colonel Miami African Legion are arrested for Kofey’s murder.
March 20 Florida newspaper implicates Garvey in Kofey assassination.
March 21 Knox leaves New York to join Garvey in Jamaica.
March 24 Green and Nimmo indicted by grand jury for murder of Kofey.
April 7 J. A. Craigen answers charges by Florida newspaper Kofey not an African princess and Garvey is not responsible for her death.
April 12 Kingston UNIA division holds a farewell meeting for Knox, who is returning to New York and Garvey who is leaving for England.
April 14 Marcus, Amy and Hazel Escridge sail to England from Kingston on the S.S. Green Briar.
April 29 Garvey and his entourage arrive in Liverpool and travel to London where he spends two days at Cecil hotel and then rents a private house at 57 Castletown Road, West Kensington for four months establishing it as the temporary European HQ of UNIA.
May 12 Garvey summons Knox to join him in England.
June 2 T. Thomas Fortune editor of Negro World dies in Philadelphia.
June 6 Garvey makes landmark speech on colonialism and rights of Africans at the Royal Albert Hall introduced by Charles Garnett English League of Universal Brotherhood and Nature Races Association.
June 19 Knox returns from New York from England.
July 2 Surveillance report on Garvey’s speech at Parsons Green, England is filed with U.S. Department of State and Bureau of Investigation via U.S. Embassy in London.
July 12 Nimmo and Green are acquitted on all charges in connection with the murder of Kofey.
Garvey visits Berlin praises German efficiency.
August 11 Garvey returns to London.
Kofey’s body having laid in state at various funeral parlors in Florida for 5 months is buried in Duvsl cemetery Jacksonville.
September 2 Garvey delivers speech at Century Theatre in London.
September 3 Garvey travels to Paris.
September 11 Negro World publishes Garvey editorial condemning work of Harlem Renaissance writers as “a damnable libel against the Negro”
Garvey travels to Geneva, Switzerland to present renewal of UNIA petition to the League of Nations.
Garvey writes writes to the Secretary General of the League of Nations Eric Drummond from the Victoria Hotel in Geneva.
October 6 Garvey Paris speaks at Club du Faubourg 1, 5000 white men, French men, women, Americans and 70 Negroes, Prix Goncourt winner Rene Maran and visits Louvre and Notre Dame.
October 7 The Ras Tafari Makonnen Crown Prince, hier to the throne and Regent Plenipotentiary is crowned King/Negus by Empress Zawditu.
October 8 Garvey writes final Negro World editorial from London prior to his departure from Europe.
October 9 Garvey and Jacques leave England for Canada.
October 20 Garvey and Jacques endorse Democratic party president nominee Alfred Smith.
Garvey and Jacques arrive in Quebec.
Garvey and Jacques travel to Montreal aboard S.S. Empress of Scotland.
November 1 Montreal Gazette reports Garvey’s arrest by immigration officials Garvey is ordered not to speak publicly while in Canada and to leave the country after 1 week.
November 2 Garvey travels to Toronto for a meeting with UNIA officials to discuss the future of the organisation plans to hold international convention in Canada are relinquished and Kingston chosen as an alternative site.
November 7 Garvey sails for Kingston.
British consul general, New York informs Governor of Jamaica that Garvey has been deported from Canada and is returning to Jamaica.
November 8 The Secretary of State Frank Billins Kellogg receives report of Garvey’s activities in Canada.
November 10 Ashwood sails from New York to Kingston in order to pursue legal suit against Garvey and claims Garvey never secured a legitimate divorce from her before marrying Jacques.
November 23 Garvey and Jacques return to Kingston
December 10 Ceremonies are held to celebrate the opening of the new UNIA HQ at Edelweiss Park at 67 Slipe Road, Cross Roads in the parish of St. Andrew.
December 13 Negro World announces Garvey’s plan to publish a daily newspaper in Kingston to be called Blackman and also calls for funds to help support the new enterprise.
Seay along with four other Black Cross Nurses complete midwife training at Belize hospital.
Howell opens tea room in Harlem.
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