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The Microbiology Metabolism and Enzymatic Processes

    BIO 320 - MICROBIOLOGY Chapter 8 Part 1 - Metabolism Enzymes, Matter, and Energy ● Catabolism is the breakdown of complex compounds, whereas anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules (anabolism). ● Organisms can be categorized based on where they get their carbon from. Heterotrophs employ fixed organic carbon components, whereas autotrophs use inorganic carbon dioxide to produce organic carbon. ● Moreover, classification of organisms based on their energy source is possible. Light is the source of energy for phototrophs. Chemical substances provide the energy for chemotrophs. Lithotrophs employ inorganic chemicals, whereas organotrophs use organic compounds. ● Electron donors in future redox processes are provided by the cellular electron carriers, which take in high-energy electrons from meals. The electron carriers FAD/FADH2, NAD+/NADH, and NADP+/NADPH are significant ones. ● The energy unit of the cell is adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which safely stores chemical energy in its two highly energetic phosphate bonds to be used later to power energy-intensive operations. ● Enzymes are biological catalysts that quicken chemical processes inside of cells by reducing the amount of energy needed to initiate the reaction. ● Exergonic processes in nature don't need any additional energy beyond activation energy to occur, and they even produce energy. They can still move along without enzymes, although slowly. On the other hand, endergonic processes need more energy than only activation energy to take place. In cells, endergonic and exergonic processes are connected, creating a favorable energy combination. ● The active site of the enzyme is where substances bind. Induced fit is the term used to describe how this process often modifies the structures of both the active site and the substrate, encouraging the creation of transition states. ● Cofactors are inorganic ions that maintain the conformation and operation of enzymes. Organic compounds known as coenzymes, which are frequently formed from vitamins, are necessary for efficient enzyme action. An apoenzyme is an enzyme that lacks a cofactor or coenzyme, whereas a holoenzyme is an enzyme that has a bound cofactor or coenzyme. ● Competitive inhibitors control the activity of enzymes by attaching to the active site and blocking substrate binding. Noncompetitive (allosteric) inhibitors attach to allosteric regions, causing an enzyme to shift shape and become inactive. When an enzyme early in a metabolic process is noncompetitively bound by a product of the route, feedback inhibition occurs, ultimately blocking the production of the product Carbohydrate catabolism ● The process of breaking down glucose begins with glycolysis, which results in the production of ATP, which is made possible by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH, and two pyruvate molecules. Oxygen is neither required for, nor is glycolysis dependent upon, oxygen. ● A three-carbon pyruvate is decarboxylated after glycolysis to produce a two- carbon acetyl group along with the creation of NADH. The acetyl group is joined to coenzyme A, a significant carrier substance. ● Coenzyme A moves the two-carbon acetyl to the Krebs cycle after the transition phase, where the two carbons enter the cycle. One glycolysis-derived acetyl group per cycle turn is further oxidized, resulting in the production of three NADH molecules, one FADH2 molecule, one ATP molecule, and two CO2 molecules. ● There are further uses for the Krebs cycle. Amino acids, chlorophyll, fatty acids, and nucleotides are just a few of the crucial biological components that are synthesized using several of the intermediates. Cellular Respiration ● The majority of ATP produced during the metabolism of glucose in cells is produced by oxidative phosphorylation. ● A collection of membrane-associated protein complexes and related mobile accessory electron carriers make up an electron transport system (ETS). Prokaryotes' cytoplasmic membrane and eukaryotes' inner mitochondrial membrane both include the ETS. ● Electrons travel from electron carriers with more negative redox potential to those with more positive redox potential as each ETS complex has a distinct redox potential. ● Being the ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic respiration, oxygen is necessary for cells to function. To counteract the negative effects of oxygen radicals generated during aerobic respiration, a cell also requires a fully functioning Krebs cycle, a suitable cytochrome oxidase, and oxygen detoxifying enzymes. ● The ultimate transportation of electrons to the non-oxygen electron acceptors is carried out by anaerobic organisms via alternate electron transport system carriers. ● Microbes differ greatly in their electron transport system makeup, which can be utilized as a diagnostic tool to assist pinpoint certain diseases. ● The electron loses energy as it travels through an ETS from NADH and FADH2. The pumping of H+ across the membrane, which creates a proton motive force, stores this energy. ● By permitting hydrogen ions to return through the membrane via chemiosmosis with the help of ATP synthase, the energy of this proton motive force may be captured. Components of ATP synthase spin when hydrogen ions pass through along their electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and Pi by oxidative phosphorylation. ● During oxidative phosphorylation, aerobic respiration produces more ATP (up to 34 ATP molecules) than anaerobic respiration (between one and 32 ATP molecules) Read the full article

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Microbiology Metabolism and Fermentation Insights

  BIO 320 - MICROBIOLOGY Chapter 8 Part 2 - Metabolism Fermentation ●Fermentation regenerates NAD+ from NADH allowing glycolysis to proceed by using an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor. ● There is no electron transport mechanism involved in fermentation, and no ATP is produced throughout the fermentation process. During glycolysis, only two ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule in fermentation. ● The manufacture of food and medications, as well as the detection of bacteria, have all been accomplished using microbial fermentation methods. ● Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid during the fermentation of lactic acid by accepting electrons from NADH. When microorganisms do homolactic fermentation, the only end result is lactic acid; when they perform heterolactic fermentation, the end product is a combination of lactic acid, ethanol, acetic acid, and CO2. ● The creation of lactic acid by the normal microbiota is crucial for the wellbeing of the gastrointestinal tract and limits the growth of infections in specific body locations. ● In the process of producing ethanol, pyruvate is first decarboxylated (releasing CO2) to produce acetaldehyde, which is subsequently reduced to ethanol by accepting electrons from NADH. Alcoholic drinks, bread items that rise, and biofuels are all produced by the fermentation of ethanol ● Fermentation products from different routes, including the fermentation of propionic acid, give food items their unique tastes. Pharmaceuticals and chemical solvents (acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation) are both made by fermentation (mixed acid fermentation). ● The products and routes used during fermentation can help differentiate between different types of microorganisms. The substrates that various microbes can ferment can also be used to classify them. Protein and Lipid Catabolism ● In addition to carbs, microorganisms have the capacity to break down a wide range of other carbon sources, such as lipids and proteins. All of these compounds have catabolic routes that eventually join the Krebs cycle and glycolysis. ● Many lipid types can be broken down by microbes. Extracellular lipases break down triglycerides, releasing fatty acids from the glycerol backbone. By releasing fatty acids and the phosphorylated head group from the glycerol backbone, phospholipases break down phospholipids. For some pathogenic microorganisms, lipases and phospholipases function as virulence factors. ● By -oxidation, which systematically removes two-carbon acetyl groups from the terminals of fatty acid chains, fatty acids can be further broken down inside the cell. ● Extracellular proteases, which break down large proteins into smaller peptides, are involved in protein degradation. Gelatinase and caseinase, two extracellular proteases, can be utilized to identify clinically important microorganisms Photosynthesis ● Heterotrophs, many of which are photosynthetic and transform solar energy into chemical energy, rely on the carbohydrates produced by autotrophs. ● As a result of using varied combinations of photosynthetic pigments, many photosynthetic organisms may absorb a wider spectrum of light wavelengths. ● The PSI and PSII photosystems each have a light-harvesting complex that is made up of a number of proteins and related pigments that absorb light energy. ATP and NADPH or NADH are produced as temporary energy storage during the light-dependent activities of photosynthesis, which transform solar energy into chemical energy. ● As oxygen is produced by oxygenic photosynthesis, H2O acts as an electron donor to take the place of the reaction center's electron. As oxygen is not produced as a byproduct in anoxygenic photosynthesis, alternative reduced molecules like H2S or thiosulfate may be employed as the electron donor. ● When both ATP and NADPH generation are required, oxygenic photosynthesis uses noncyclic photophosphorylation. Cyclic photophosphorylation, which yields solely ATP, may be used by a cell if its requirement for ATP outweighs its need for NADPH. ● The ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent processes are used in the light- independent reactions of photosynthesis to fix CO2 into organic sugar molecules. Biogeochemical Cycles ● A biogeochemical cycle is the exchange of inorganic material between living things and their nonliving surroundings. In these cycles, microbes have a big influence. ● In the carbon cycle, autotrophs fix carbon dioxide to make organics, whereas heterotrophs breakdown reduced organic molecules to produce carbon dioxide. Methanotrophs oxidize the methane, utilizing it as their carbon source. Methanogens normally produce methane by utilising CO2 as a final electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration. ● The nitrogen cycle involves microbes that fix atmospheric nitrogen to produce ammonia (ammonification). After that, the ammonia can be oxidized to produce nitrite and nitrate (nitrification). Thereafter, plants may absorb nitrates. Nitrate is converted back to nitrogen gas by soil microbes (denitrification). ● Sulfate-reducing bacteria and archaea then use sulfate as a final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration, converting it back to hydrogen sulfide. This process is known as sulfur cycling. It occurs when many anoxygenic photosynthesizers and chemoautotrophs use hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor, producing elemental sulfur and then sulfate. ● Eutrophication may result from human activities that add excessive amounts of naturally scarce nutrients (such iron, nitrogen, or phosphorus) to aquatic systems. ● Using microbial metabolism to eliminate or degrade xenobiotics and other pollutants from the environment is known as microbial bioremediation. The introduction of non-native microorganisms carefully chosen or modified for their capacity to digest pollutants may be a component of enhanced bioremediation strategies.   Read the full article

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Brief Assessment on Microbial Biochemistry Overview

    BIO 320 - MICROBIOLOGY Chapter 7 - Microbial Biochemistry Organic Molecules ● The elements hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur are the most prevalent in cells. ● Life is reliant on carbon. Each carbon atom has the ability to form bonds with other atoms, creating a carbon skeleton that can be ring-shaped, branching, or straight. ● The same kinds and quantities of atoms may interact in a variety of ways to form isomers, which are various sorts of molecules. Isomers can differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms whose bonding sequences are the same (stereoisomers) or in the bonding sequences of their atoms (structural isomers), and their physical and chemical characteristics can change little or significantly. ● Functional groups endow compounds that include them with certain chemical characteristics. The functional groups hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl are frequently found in biomolecules. ● Macromolecules are polymers created from the monomers, which function as the building blocks of polymers. Dehydration synthesis, in which monomers bond together by combining their functional groups and produce water molecules as byproducts, is a method used to create several physiologically relevant macromolecules. ● The most prevalent biomolecules on earth, carbohydrates are extensively used by organisms for both structural and energy-storage functions ● Monosaccharides, which are single sugar molecules, as well as groups of two or more molecules joined together chemically by glycosidic bonds, are examples of carbohydrates. According to the amount of carbons in the molecule, monosaccharides are categorized as trioses (3 C), tetroses (4 C), pentoses (5 C), and hexoses (6 C). They serve as the building blocks for the creation of complex carbohydrates or polymers. ● Disaccharides, including lactose, maltose, and sucrose, are made up of two monosaccharides that are joined by a glycosidic bond. ● Glycans, also known as polysaccharides, are polymers made up of hundreds of monosaccharide monomers connected by glycosidic linkages. Examples of polysaccharides include starch and glycogen, which are both energy-storing polymers made up of branching chains of glucose molecules. ● The polysaccharide cellulose is a typical structural element of organisms' cell walls. Additional structural polysaccharides that contain modified glucose molecules that are employed in the production of peptidoglycan or chitin include N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM). Lipids ● Lipids can also contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, although their primary building blocks are carbon and hydrogen. They serve as food for living things, store carbon and energy, support membrane structure, and serve as hormones, drugs, flavors, and colours. ● Long-chain hydrocarbons with a carboxylic acid functional group are fatty acids. They are hydrophobic due to their very lengthy nonpolar hydrocarbon chains Unsaturated fatty acids are those with double bonds; saturated fatty acids are those without double bonds. ● Chemical bonds between fatty acids and glycerol produce structurally necessary lipids like phospholipids and triglycerides. Triglycerides are hydrophobic molecules made up of three fatty acids bound to glycerol. Phospholipids are amphipathic and capable of building specifically useful large scale structures because they include both hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains and polar head groups. ● The large-scale structures that make up biological membranes are phospholipid bilayers, which include an intermediate hydrophobic layer between their hydrophilic exterior and inner surfaces that are appropriate for watery settings. Most animals' cell membranes and subcellular elements like vesicles are built on top of these bilayers. ● Isoprenoids, which are lipids made from isoprene molecules, have a wide range of industrial and medical uses. ● Sebum, which is formed by sebaceous glands in the skin, is an example of a material that contains wax; a wax is a long-chain isoprenoid that is often water resistant. Steroids are lipids with intricate, ringed structures that serve as hormones and structural elements of cell membranes. One example of a sterol is cholesterol. Sterols are a subclass of steroids that have a hydroxyl group at a particular place on one of the molecule's rings. ● Hopanoids, which resemble cholesterol structurally, are produced by bacteria to fortify their membranes. Ergosterol, a substance that strengthens, is produced by protozoa and fungi Proteins ● Little chemicals called amino acids are necessary for all living. Each has a carbon atom to which are attached a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, and an amine group. The features of the fourth bonded group, denoted by R, vary depending on the amino acid in terms of chemical composition, size, polarity, and charge. ● Peptides are polymers created by joining amino acids together through the process of dehydration synthesis. Peptide bonds are the connections between the connected amino acids. Between a few and several amino acids may be linked together. ● Proteins are polymers created by joining a huge number of amino acids together. They serve as structural elements, nutrients, and enzymes as well as storage molecules for carbon, nitrogen, and energy in a cell. ● A protein's structure is a key factor in determining how it performs, and it may be divided into four categories: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. A protein's higher-order structure and biological function may be lost if denaturation damages the protein's natural structure. ● Certain proteins are made up of a number of different protein subunits; these subunits interact to produce the quaternary structure of the protein complex. ● Conjugated proteins have a non-polypeptide part that might be a lipid fraction or a portion of carbohydrates (creating a glycoprotein) (forming a lipoprotein). These proteins play a crucial role in membrane structure Microorganisms Can Be Identified Using Biochemistry ●In a clinical laboratory, accurate bacterial identification is crucial for the diagnosis and control of epidemics, pandemics, and food poisoning brought on by bacterial outbreaks. ● The phenotypic identification of microorganisms involves using observable traits, including profiles of structural components such as lipids, biosynthetic products such as sugars or amino acids, or storage compounds such as poly-β- hydroxybutyrate. ● When a microorganism is examined using matrix aided laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry, its distinctive mass spectrum can be used to identify it (MALDI-TOF). ● By analyzing the lipid profiles of microbes, such as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) or phospholipid-derived fatty acids (PLFA), it is possible to identify them. ● Proteomic analysis, which examines all of an organism's accumulated proteins, can also be used to identify bacteria. ● Lectins or antibodies can attach to glycoproteins in the plasma membrane or cell wall structures, which can then be utilized to identify a particular organism. 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Critical Understanding on Microbial Growth Dynamics

  BIO 320 - MICROBIOLOGY Chapter 9 - Microbial Growth Growth of Microbes The majority of bacterial cells divide by binary fission. The population's time of doubling is referred to as the generation time in bacterial growth. The growth pattern of cells in closed systems comprises four phases: lag, logarithmic (exponential), stationary, and death. Direct viable cell counting is one method for counting cells. Serial dilutions are plated onto or onto agar using the spread plate and pour plate procedures, respectively, to enable the counting of viable cells that develop into colony-forming units. Live cell counting in diluted solutions is done via membrane filtration. Without utilizing solid medium, the most probable cell number (MPN) approach enables calculation of cell counts in cultures. By assessing the turbidity of a culture or the metabolic activity of living cells, indirect approaches can be utilized to determine culture density. Multiple nucleoid creation in cells, asymmetric division, such as in budding, and the development of hyphae and terminal spores are further patterns of cell division. Communities of bacteria entwined in an extracellular polymeric material form biofilms. Planktonic cells become sessile and adhere to a substrate to create a biofilm. By quorum sensing, cells in biofilms communicate with one another to coordinate their activity. Biofilms are frequently found in nature and on surfaces inside the human body, where they may be helpful or lead to dangerous illnesses. Antibiotics and cleaning agents are frequently ineffective against pathogens linked with biofilms. The Need for Oxygen in Microbial Growth Both aerobic and anaerobic settings may be found in a variety of natural habitats, including many locations both within and outside the human body. Different microorganisms have different needs for molecular oxygen. Aerobic respiration is required for all organisms, and oxygen serves as the last electron acceptor in this process. Without oxygen, they cannot expand. Oxygen prevents obligatory anaerobes from growing. They rely on anaerobic respiration and fermentation that uses a final electron acceptor other than oxygen. Facultative anaerobes may develop without oxygen yet exhibit superior growth when it is present. Aerotolerant anaerobes may grow in the presence of oxygen even when they do not engage in aerobic respiration. Catalase enzyme tests are often negative for aerotolerant anaerobes. Microaerophiles require oxygen for growth, however at a lower level than the air's 21% oxygen content. The oxygen level that fosters an organism's quickest pace of development is known as its optimal oxygen concentration. The lowest and greatest oxygen levels that an organism will tolerate are known as the minimum permissive oxygen concentration and maximum permissive oxygen concentration, respectively. The primary enzymes involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species are peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. A cell that can withstand oxygen often has superoxide dismutase. Cells that engage in aerobic respiration and generate more ROS typically exhibit all three enzymes A capnophile is an organism that needs a greater concentration of CO2 than the atmosphere to grow. pH's Effects on Microbiological Growth Neutrophils are typically seen in bacteria. They thrive on neutral soil with a pH of about 7.0. Acidophiles thrive at a pH level close to 3.0. Alkaliphiles are creatures that thrive best when the pH is between 8 and 10.5. Around neutral pH, extreme acidophiles and alkaliphiles only develop slowly or not at all. The pH that is ideal for microorganism development. Below the minimum growth pH and above the maximum growth pH, growth happens slowly or not at all. Temperature and Microbial growth Microorganisms may survive in a variety of natural habitats and have evolved to withstand a broad range of temperatures. Extremes of heat and cold require the development of modifications to biological systems and macromolecules The optimal temperature range for psychrophiles to grow is 0–15 °C, while the optimal temperature range for psychrotrophs is 4–25 °C. Mesophiles thrive in temperatures between 20 to 45 °C, which are considered to be mild. Mesophiles are often pathogens. Thermophiles and hyperthermophiles are organisms that can survive in temperatures higher than 50 °C. Changes in the lipid and protein content of the membrane are necessary for adaptations to cold and hot temperatures. Other Environmental Factors that have an Impact on Growth Halotolerant organisms may develop and reproduce in the presence of high salt concentrations but do not require it for growth, in contrast to halophiles who require a high salt concentration in the medium. Halotolerant microorganisms infect goods preserved in salt, which makes them a significant source of foodborne diseases. Bacteria that use photosynthesis rely on visible light for energy. With very few exceptions, most bacteria need a lot of moisture to flourish Growth Medium for Bacteria Chemically defined media only contain substances that are recognized to be chemical. Selective media encourage some germs to flourish while preventing others from doing so. Enriched medium includes additional nutrients that a particular organism requires to develop. Differential media aid in the differentiation of bacteria based on the color of the colony or the alteration in the medium.   Read the full article

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Analyzing Microorganisms' Impact on Health and Industry

    Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. This field of study is essential for understanding the role of microorganisms in human health, environmental processes, and many industrial applications. Microbiology has revolutionized modern science and has led to numerous breakthroughs in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. One of the most significant contributions of microbiology is in the field of medicine. The discovery of antibiotics, which are drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, has transformed modern medicine. Antibiotics have saved countless lives by treating bacterial infections such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and sepsis. Furthermore, microbiology has enabled the development of vaccines, which have virtually eradicated many infectious diseases such as polio, measles, and smallpox. Microbiology also plays a crucial role in understanding environmental processes. Microorganisms are essential to the functioning of ecosystems, and their activities influence the cycling of nutrients, decomposition of organic matter, and even weather patterns. Microbes are used in wastewater treatment plants to break down organic matter and clean water. In addition, microbiology has led to the development of bioremediation techniques, which use microorganisms to clean up environmental pollutants such as oil spills and toxic waste. Microbiology also has significant applications in industry. For example, microorganisms are used in the production of fermented foods like cheese, yogurt, and beer. They are also used in the production of antibiotics, enzymes, and other chemicals. In addition, microbiology has led to the development of genetic engineering techniques, which allow scientists to manipulate the DNA of microorganisms for industrial and medical applications. In conclusion, microbiology is a critical field of study that has had a profound impact on modern science. It has transformed medicine, improved environmental management, and contributed to the development of many industrial applications. As our understanding of microorganisms continues to grow, the potential applications of microbiology are vast and exciting Read the full article

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Microbiology Applications and Microbial Classification

  Microbiology What is microbiology? The applications and medical challenges Classification, identification and naming of micro-organisms -Define the term microbiology Microbiology is the study of microbes, either living organism or non-living entites that cannot be seen with the naked eye. - Discuss some of the applications of microbiology as well as the present and future challenges in medical microbiology Food production, bioremediation, synthesis of numerous products and genetic engineering Challenges in medical Microbiology- Infectious disease remains a threat with new and old diseases appearing from being able to spread easily - Define the living organisms that exist in the microbial world Domain Eukarya- Single-celled Eukarya:Algae,Fungi and Protozoa Multi-celled Eukarya: Algae, fungi and Helminths The Microbial World Living organisms and non-living infectious agents -Name the three domains of all living organisms and the properties that distinguish them from one another Bacteria-Prokaryotes(unicellular) Archaea-Prokaryotes(unicellular) Both are single-celled organisms (unicellular) Share many of the same characteristics Contain no membrane bound nucleus Termed prokaryotes = pre nucleus - Pro = pre - karyote= nucleus Do not contain any other organelles Cytoplasm is surrounded by rigid cell wall Multiply by binary fission - One cell divides into two - Each cell is genetically identical to the first Very different to human cells Eucarya- Eukaryotes Organisms contain membrane bound nucleus Termed eukaryote = true nucleus - Eu= true - karyote= nucleus Contains internal organelles Making organism more complex Example = mitochondria May be unicellular or multicellular -Describe the classification and structure of the protozoa and fungi Fungi -Eukaryotes with a cell wall Yeast:Unicellular Moulds: Multicellular, cells organised into string-like filaments eg. Penicillin Some fungi can exist as yeast or mould eg. Thrush -Define the term mycoses Diseases caused by fungi - Define taxonomy and describe how microorganisms are named and classified The scientific study of how living things are classified by hierarchical Epecies, genus, family, order, class, Phylum, Kingdom and Domain Distinguish between viruses, viroids and prions and explain the reasons why they are not organisms -Describe the 3 types of non-living infectious agents Viruses are nonliving strand of genetic material that cannot replicate on its own, has a nucleic acid core, a protein coat, and can invade cells and alter cellular function Prions and Viroids are two other pathogens that are even smaller and simpler than viruses Normal Flora - Describe the types of relationships that exist between microorganisms and their hosts Organisms can have variety of relationships Symbiotic relationships can be one of several forms Mutualism – Association in which both partners benefit Bacteria and synthesis of vitamins K and B Commensalism – Association in which one partner benefits and other is unharmed Flora living on skin Parasitism – Association in which the microbe benefits at expense of the host Pathogenic infection - Define the term “Normal Flora”. Microorganisms that reside in or on the body without causing disease - Explain the difference between resident flora and temporary flora Resident flora typically inhabit body sites for extended periods Transient flora are temporary - They form associations for a short time and are replaced - Describe the functions of normal flora and how they are influenced - List the locations of the body where you would find high populations of normal flora Prokaryotic Cell -Describe the common bacterial shapes -Describe how prokaryotic cells divide - Define a biofilm -Describe the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane - Describe the bacterial cell wall -Describe peptidoglycan and explain the difference between gram +ve and gram –ve cell walls. -Describe the function of bacterial lysozymes. - Describe bacterial capsules, slime layers, flagella and pili Internal Structure of Prokaryotic Cell - Describe the bacterial chromosome - Describe the bacterial ribosome - Define the term plasmid - Describe the bacterial endospore. -Identify the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Microscope Techniques Dyes, Staining and classification - Discuss the strategies used to identify and classify prokaryotes - Describe the principles of the Gram stain -Define the terms obligate aerobe, microaerophile, facultative anaerobe, aerotolerant anaerobe and obligate anaerobe Viruses - Define the term obligate intracellular parasite/pathogen - Describe the general structure of a virion - Identify organisms that viruses infect - List the properties that distinguish viruses from living cells - Describe the general mechanisms of animal virus replication - Discuss the classification of animal viruses - Distinguish between acute and persistent viral infections - Describe latent, chronic and slow viral infections - Briefly explain how viruses cause tumours -Explain how SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19   Read the full article

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The Guide to Microbial Nutrition and Growth Concepts

    Chapter 7 - Microbial Nutrition and Growth Guide Notes 1. List the essential nutrients of a bacterial cell (CHOPNS) - Carbon - Hydrogen - Oxygen - Phosphate - Nitrogen - Sulfur 2. Differentiate between macronutrients and micronutrients - Macronutrients is need in large amounts and plays a huge role in the metabolism and cell structures ¥ Such as carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids - Micronutrients or trace minerals is need in a small amount; involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure ¥ Mainly metals such as Iron, nickels 3. List and define four different terms that describe an organism's sources of carbon and energy - Phototrophs: gets it energy from the sun rays; microbes that photosynthesize - Chemotrophs: gets it energy from chemicals - Heterotrophs: Must obtain C in organic form (nutritionally dependent on other living things) - Autotrophs (self-feeder): Uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source (not nutritionally dependent on other living things) 4. Define saprobe and parasite, and explain why these terms can be an oversimplification - Saprobe: feeds off dead organism ¥ Basically decomposers; Fungi - Parasite: feed off LIVE organism; Live on the bodies of living animals or plants ¥ Lives on host and benefit from it, most don’t kill their host - These two terms saprobes and parasites are kind of oversimplification because for example parasites means organisms living on the host and getting benefit from the host it can be externally living organisms like lice, worms and it can be even disease-causing microbes. 5. Name two types of passive transport and three types of active transport. Define active and passive transport - Passive Transport (DOESN’T NEED ENERGY) ¥ Simple Diffusion: Moving from high concentration to a lower concentration level ¥ Facilitated diffusion: the movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels - Active Transport (NEED ENERGY- moving from low concentration to high concentration) ¥ Sodium-Potassium pump: moving NA+ ions and K+ into the cells ¥ Endocytosis: the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane 1. Phagocytosis 2. Pinocytosis 3. Micropinocytosis 4. Receptor Mediated ¥ Exocytosis: describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell 6. Summarize three ways in which microorganisms’ function in the presence of oxygen - Those who use oxygen and can detoxify it - Can neither use oxygen nor detoxify it - Do not use oxygen but can detoxify it 7. Identify physical factors that microbes must contend with in the environment - pH - Osmotic Pressure - Radiation - Hydrostatic atmospheric pressure 8. Summarize the steps of binary fission; name another method of reproduction used by other bacterial species - 1. Parent cells enlarges - 2. Chromosomes are duplicated - 3. Cell envelope pulls together in the center of the cell to form a spetum - 4. Cell divides into two daughter cells Read the full article

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Report on Achievement of Self-Directed Learning Contract Outcomes This report outlines the objectives that I set in my self-directed learning contract for my practicum in IAM Disability Supports. It covers accomplishments, issues faced, and the learning process that happened while on the placement and offers an evaluation of the development process, along with the factors that might have influenced the development. Why I Chose My Objectives The objectives for this placement were not random but were picked based on my personal goal and IAM Disability Supports Inc.'s strategic plan. Given my relatively short employment background in the disability sector, I focused on the organizational structure of the place. It became critical for me to understand these frameworks to fit in the group and contribute positively so that I would be fully ready to address clients' expectations. Another goal was to obtain a deep understanding of compliance with applicable rules, such as those of the NDIS sector. The NDIS has become integrated into service delivery within the sector, and knowledge of its specifications is crucial for providing care within the legal and ethical framework. Such compliance skills are paramount underlying skills in establishing relationships with clients, guaranteeing their rights, and also running the organization responsibly. Third, the areas that may need some enhancement include Client involvement, Support planning, and administration. These practical skills enable me to engage with clients and provide input to care planning and coordination services related to the delivery of care to patients. Expanding my perspective on budgeting, teamwork, and quality improvement complemented the objective, thus completing my knowledge of operational and strategic views of the disability sector. Approach to Carrying Out Objectives Achieving these objectives meant ensuring structured learning occurred based on set syllabi, undertaking direct practice, and engaging in reflective practice. During the initial stage of the placement, I attended several orientation meetings where I was offered information concerning the goals, a set of principles, and the organization's general working procedures. The foundation enabled me to see how IAM Disability Supports responds to its clients' needs while offering its services. I conducted active compliance training, reading through numerous NDIS documents and consulting other organization employees. These sessions provided me with the knowledge I need to embark on risk management, client rights, and the legalities of service delivery. I followed experienced colleagues to understand strategies for engaging and supporting clients. These were good opportunities to apply theoretical issues in practice. I was involved in developing the care plans, which involved risk, support, emergency plans, and care goals, with the client as the focus. To accomplish their goals, the ability of administrators to learn hands-on activities such as organizing client files and records as well as entry of data was enhanced. These tasks stressed punctuality and pointed out that working with documents and papers requires a high level of confidentiality and security. To develop budgeting knowledge, I engaged in financial discussions, examined clients' budgets and oversaw supervisors' efficient resource allocation. Enhanced collaboration, working in groups and teams through regular contributions to team meetings and project discussions, engaging in different cooperative group tasks and case analysis. Lastly, I participated in quality improvement activities in the organization, whereby I collected internal audit reports from clients and made recommendations on how the process could be made easier. Gaining these insights was made possible by the efforts that pushed the system to improve the delivery of high-quality services. Struggles Faced in Achieving Objectives I encountered some obstacles while arranging the placement during my period of activity. One of the critical challenges included the lack of an adequate appreciation of the compliance requirements regarding the NDIS. As previously stated, there was a lot of documentation accompanied by technical language that could be confusing at first, hence calling for additional comprehension. One of them was the ability to work with the organization's Client Relationship Management (CRM) system. The system was rather intense but reasonably sound: it offered different features for handling the client's information, which could be used only after practising with the program. This learning curve was steep because my previous encounters with similar systems were limited at the beginning of my study. As I tried to handle a number of tasks, including administrative work, interacting with clients, and working with the team, I realized that one of the largest issues was time management. Flexibility is inherent in the work environment, and I sometimes had to change my current tasks, which would then throw off the schedule. Furthermore, managing relationships in a team proved to be an issue. Communicating with other professionals who had different approaches to communication, demands, and working tempo was particularly challenging. At times, there were miscommunications, which meant I had to come up with some good ways to improve communication and collaboration. Overcoming Challenges In this regard, I was proactive and always on the lookout for solutions to these challenges. Thus, for the requirements of NDIS, individual summary notes were developed that presented the key informational patterns in simplified forms. I also went to supervisors and engaged in group discussions to ask questions and rectify my misconceptions. For the CRM system, I took self-training, worked on the system, and asked others to review trial entries. Such an approach enabled me to gradually gain confidence in and speed up my work with client information. Management of time was addressed through effectiveness, working on selective tasks, and choosing and implementing the right working strategies like organizing the working schedule, working on the right tasks and coming up with some goals and objectives working in harmony with a spending plan of time like a checklist and working calendar. Through learning what was important or not and asking for help from others where possible, I progressively began to handle multiple tasks better. Specifically, for team dynamics, time was spent noticing other people's communication styles and changing the interaction patterns. I appreciated others, maintained a proper attitude when receiving feedback, and thus can readily listen and work with others. Both paid off my immediate problems and, in the long run, helped to improve my interpersonal skills. Resources Available Through the Placement Organization I had many rich supports at IAM Disability Supports that proved to be most beneficial in my learning process. The organization checked items such as offering training programs that included compliance courses, clients' rights, and all the available risks. In addition to the above-stated sessions, the students were provided with written material covering all the areas of concern. These documents were very useful, especially during my placement. Another main support source was staff support from staff members who had worked on similar projects before. Colleagues always supervised and mentored me during the research, and assistance was offered whenever required. Such support helped me overcome appalling situations and be confident in my capabilities. The CRM Organization's CRM, which at first was difficult to use, proved worth handling clients' data, monitoring workflow, and keeping records. Its functionality remains an enlightening demonstration of how to use technology best to improve service delivery. Professional interaction through group debriefs helped develop an understanding of how the organization made what particular decision and helped build cohesiveness. These forums also underscored the importance of solving problems in organizations and how teamwork and other teams can bring about solutions to organizational issues. Main Themes That Emerged I have identified key themes relevant to the settings or organization of IAM Disability Supports during my placement. - Person-Centered Care: This principle formed the basis of all clients' related activities. Each care plan and service delivery was centred on the client's needs, desires, and objectives. Seeing it in action was very reassuring and highlighted the roles of empathy, attenuated respect, and patient-centred care in translating into good results. - Compliance and Ethical Practice: The focus on meeting the NDIS standards re-asserted the organization's best ethical and professional practice guidelines to the members. The goal remained to promote client protection and accountability to clients and their rights and ensure safety within the firm. - Teamwork and Communication: Everyone involved had to work towards a common purpose and ensure that others understood what they were doing. A Favourable organizational culture and employee interaction patterns ensured that the organization delivered services in a healthy work culture. - Continuous Improvement: The method stressed the evaluation and improvement of continuous quality assurance procedures. I actively participated in these processes, identifying that minor change contributes to more profound enhancements in service provision and organizational performance. Performance Evaluation Having reviewed my learning contract, I captured most of what was expected of me. I learned a lot about how organizations function and state and federal compliance requirements to effectively engage in care planning and audits. As a client engagement skillset, I participated in support planning and direct communications with clients. Administrative efficiency was evident in the management of client file records, data entry, and documentation. I was able to participate in budget considerations and financial planning, which shows the applicability of the theoretical material. Some of them included time management and issues arising from a team setting. During my stay, Early intervention in specific areas of weakness showed a positive result. By the end of the placement, I enhanced interpersonal skills and contacts, timely and efficient prioritization skills and acquired more working culture flexibility. Self- and career- advancement This placement was life-changing, more so because it brought much-needed changes in terms of personal and professional development. At the individual level, I learnt better communication, problem-solving, and flexibility to work under pressure. These attributes will prove helpful to me not only in my professional but also in my personal life. In my profession, the placement allowed me to gain more insight into the disability sector and attain a valuable set of skills involving actual work with clients, company regulations, and a number of organizational procedures. I acquired greater appreciation for the workings of the service delivery system and how organizations need to adapt to clients' needs and requirements as well as best practices. Career Options and Directions The placement has also expanded my career options and cemented my choice of interest area, which is the disability sector. I have NDIS Service Coordination skills, and I am now looking at acquiring higher training in actually coordinating the NDIS in order to take up more challenging positions within the service delivery and compliance streams. Further, I am indulging in organizational development, quality assurance, and training development. These areas are connected with my strengths and interests in terms of initiating improvement and ameliorating services delivered. Families and Their Effects Two factors that I determined were key to my success included working relationships formed during my placement. I received quite constructive feedback from supervisors and gained some advice and encouragement from other performers. These relations established at SPC helped establish a good, supportive, and cooperative kindergarten for my learning. You politely mean, but this is (again) equally helpful: learning how clients approach and work and then reaffirming how they deserve our respect and attentiveness in listening. I believe that such relationships are useful, and they only strengthened my decision to continue making a change in the disability field. Read the full article

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The Environmental Challenge of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Agriculture and Two Solutions Agriculture is a critical activity that supports human life on Earth. However, it occupies one of the leading positions in the global emission of GHG, the cause of climate change. Methane and nitrous oxide are exclusive to global atmospheric heating CO2 emissions. The highest emission volume comes from livestock farming, especially beef cattle; methane is produced through enteric fermentation and nitrous oxide because of nitrogen-based fertilizer use (Davison, 2024). However, other activities, such as land-use change from forest to pasture, lead to deforestation through carbon dioxide emission (Mancini & Antonioli, 2022). That is why greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural industry due to climate change must be combated. This essay first focuses on agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and their environmental impact. It then evaluates two potential solutions, regenerative agriculture, and lab-grown meat, and analyzing their effectiveness in addressing this critical issue. Agriculture is one of the most brutal struggles because of greenhouse gas emissions. Mattick et al. (2015) and Tuomisto et al. (2014), as cited in Mancini and Antonioli (2022), point out that livestock farming- mainly beef generates a large amount of methane. Methane is produced during enteric fermentation in ruminants because its global warming potential value is 28, more significant than carbon dioxide (Mancini & Antonioli, 2022). Ritchie (2020) also pointed out that, farming is still one of the most significant causes of emissions, and livestock is a huge part of that sector. Artificial manure intensifies farming, hence releasing nitrous oxide, a well-known GHG. Nitrous oxide, which has about 300 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide, is one of the most significant contributors to climate change (Ritchie, 2020). Equally important are those from land-use change due to agricultural production. In this regard, forests that sequent CO2 as major carbon reservoirs are cut down for pastures or agriculture. According to Davison (2024), between 1900 and 1990, agriculture contributed to deforestation, which was equal to 420 million hectares, with carbon dioxide emission and less carbon storage space. Deforestation, accompanied by large-scale land conversion for other uses, hurts species and reduces the numbers of animals and plants vital to any ecosystem. It had an intensive impact as intensive farming reduced the c-sink capacity of the soil nutrient capital through chemical leaching, and soil structure affected the water quality. FAO (2019), as cited in Davison (2024), noted that agriculture uses approximately 70 percent of the freshwater deposits in this world, whereas water-scarce areas face pressure. Such effects as emissions of greenhouse gases and overexploitation of resources are some of the important indicators that make the need for sound agricultural practices to reduce more harm more indispensable. According to NRDC (2021), regenerative agriculture is a farming system that reduces the emission of greenhouse gas and warming gases, nourishes the soil, and brings growth to higher living standards. This approach involves no-till plant, crop, and cover cropping, integrated composting, rotational grazing, and agroforestry, as well as developing programs that illustrate the building of organic carbon reserves and lessen the reliance on chemical inputs. Miralles-Wilhelm and Iseman (2021) add that crop cover minimizes soil erosion and maximizes water infiltration and soil organic matter to reduce chemical fertilizer application and prevent nitrous oxide. In a related argument, NRDC, 2021, observes that organic composting yields higher soil texture while enhancing the soil's carbon sequestration ability from various organic wastes, not inorganic fertilizer sources. No-till agriculture keeps the soil from being turned over to avoid compaction, maintain ground cover, and decrease the production of CO2 (Miralles-Wilhelm & Iseman, 2021). This increases stocking pressure on the existing pasture while the other is rested to regenerate via key processes, including grassland recovery, root growth, and carbon sequestration. Most works dealing with integrated agriculture have aimed at planting trees and crops, offering more carbon stocks, species heterogeneity, and space for wildlife to live. (Miralles-Wilhelm & Iseman, 2021).Despite the various advantages of regenerative agriculture for the environment and agriculture, it is not without disadvantages. Transitioning from conventional farming is very time-consuming, requires much energy, costs much money, and sometimes results in lower incomes. This can be very costly for the farmers, especially regarding education expenses and early investment in equipment and facilities. Although challenging, regenerative agriculture could turn farming into an earth-friendly business. Suppose enough policy and linkage to subsidies are made for this. In that case, this approach can help increase the sustainability of farmlands in the long term and fight climate change while retaining biodiversity. Lab-grown meat, or cultured meat farming, is a new intervention to reduce the impacts of no sustainable livestock production (Mancini & Antonioli, 2022). Unlike the production of meat through livestock farming, which emits greenhouse gases, harmful gases like methane and nitrous oxide take large tracts of land for grazing and use excessive water; this technology of culturing animal cells in bioreactors emits negligible amounts of greenhouse gases, does not require land clearance and water overuse. According to Mancini and Antonioli (2022), lab-grown meat can resolve some of the most important environmental concerns, such as deforestation and a decline in species, because of its ability to minimize reliance on conventional farming methods. Miralles-Wilhelm and Iseman (2021) state that cultured meat requires only a fraction of land and water compared to traditional meat; hence, this preserves ecosystems and decreases antibiotic use. This innovation also reduces wastage and the risk of zoonotic diseases, helping maintain health and the environment. Still, lab-grown meat presents challenges that many people find difficult to embrace. The production process remains energy-intensive, and the growth media used is synthetic, hence creating concerns in terms of sustainability (Mancini & Antonioli, 2022). Today, due to high production costs and technology restrictions, it stays rather expensive and non-functional for widespread consumption. However, ever-evolving technology in research and development on lab-grown meat will probably improve efficiency and lower costs, making lab-grown meat a perfect substitute for traditional meat. According to Mancini and Antonioli (2022), Consumer acceptance and policy support will be critical in meeting the needs of expanded production and making this innovation mainstream within the food chain as it transitions into the food industry. In conclusion, Agricultural emissions remain a vital threat to addressing climate change, partly occasioned by animal farming and land transformation. Two practices with the potential for our food systems to reach sustainability are regenerative agriculture and cultured or lab-grown meat. Regenerative agriculture is the practice of bettering 'soil mines,' maintaining or, in this case, replenishing natural resources while emitting the least amount of greenhouse gas. Lab-grown meat produces the idea of livestock farming by presenting a technological, non-emitting version. Nonetheless, their combined use makes farming’s sustainable approach afford potential impacts that will help minimize agriculture’s environmental impact. Regenerative agriculture enhances the crop-grow agriculture system, while cultured meat negates animal-sourced proteins. Much more needs to be done regarding research into the food systems, policies towards food systems, and consumer awareness about sustainable food systems. By adopting these progressive practices, humanity can address the dual challenge of feeding a growing population and preserving the planet for future generations. We can help create a healthier planet now and for generations to come by changing the way we farm and eat. References Davison, T. (2024, March 14). The Environmental Impact of the Food Industry. CleanHub. https://blog.cleanhub.com/food-industry-environmental-impact  Mancini, M. C., & Antonioli, F. (2022). The future of cultured meat between sustainability expectations and socio-economic challenges. In Future Foods (pp. 331-350). Academic Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323910019000244. Miralles-Wilhelm, F., and Iseman, T. (2021). Nature-based solutions in agriculture - The case and pathway for adoption. FAO and The Nature Conservancy https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/9c6d587e-1532-4252-852f-d2657634a66a/content  NRDC. (2021, November 29). Guide Regenerative Agriculture 101. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/regenerative-agriculture-101  Ritchie, H. (2020). Less meat is nearly always better than sustainable meat to reduce your carbon footprint. Science, 1-6. https://ourworldindata.org/less-meat-or-sustainable-meat  Read the full article

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Quantitative Business Techniques: A Case Study of Mondelez The primary aim of this report is to use quantitative business techniques to analyze Mondelez International sales data and forecast future performance. The intent is to use statistical and mathematical methods to address real-world business challenges, improving our power for making data-driven decisions. As an international company engaged in the business of selling world-class snacks, Mondelez serves as a perfect subject for this study. The company's sales data and role in the global food industry are well documented (United States Securities and Exchange Commission, 2023). The study targets sales forecast for December 2024; sales data is unavailable for this month. The application of different methods, for example, the Naïve approach, 3-month moving average, weighted average, and regression analysis, provides an opportunity for the report to analyze the accuracy of each technique and outline the most effective method. Additionally, the findings in this report will provide actionable insights that can help improve sales strategies, inventory management, and demand planning. Significance of the Project Businesses today are facing a highly charged competitive environment; the ability to predict the market trends and the demands of customers accurately is important for sustaining profitability and achieving excellence in operations. Quantitative analysis is important as it provides many businesses with tools for interpreting historical data, projecting future outcomes, and developing strategic decisions (Mohajan, 2020). For a company like Mondelez, forecasting sales is important for guaranteeing that there is optimal supply when it comes to chain operations, bringing down costs, and meeting the company's demands without overproduction. This report stresses the importance of quantitative forecasting in allocating resources, planning production, and evaluating financial performance (Sheard, 2018). Leveraging data can help Mondelez maintain its competitive edge and adapt to market dynamics effectively. The Expected Steps Several steps have been taken to complete this report successfully, as outlined below. - Data Collection- The first step is sourcing the monthly sales data for 2024, from January to November. The data is to be used to forecast the December sales. The data represents revenues in millions of USD. - Method Selection-The report utilizes four forecasting methods: Naïve, the 3-month moving average, Weighted average, and regression analysis. All these methods are used to predict December sales. - Calculation of Forecasts and Accuracy- All forecasts are evaluated using the Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) to determine accuracy. - Analysis and Interpretation- The results are analyzed in a bid to identify the most accurate method and derive some actionable recommendations. - Compilation-Findings and recommendations are presented in a comprehensive report, guaranteeing clarity and relevance. Business Model Mondelez's business model centres on distributing snacks, including biscuits, chocolate, gum, candy and beverages. The company is in over 150 countries, making it a primary player in the global snack industry (United States Securities and Exchange Commission, 2023). The forecasting methods used in this report align with Mondelez's need to anticipate demand patterns. The Naïve method assumes no significant change in the monthly sales trends. Conversely, the 3-month moving average smoothens the short-term fluctuations by averaging the recent data points (Saylor, 2024). The weighted average gives higher significance to the more recent months, outlining potential seasonality and trends; regression analysis, on the other hand, identifies a linear relationship between both time and sales, providing a much broader trend perspective. Data Analysis MonthSalesJanuary3,097February3,097March3,097April210May210June210July3,068August3,068September3,068October3,068November3,068December??? Forecasting Methods - Naïve Method Formula: Ft=At−1 Where: Ft​ = Forecast for period t At−1= Actual sales of the previous period Calculation: F Dec= A Nov = 3,068 - 3-Month Moving Average Formula: Ft= At-1+At-2+At-3                                   3 Ft= Forecast for period t At-1+At-2+At-3=Sales of the three most recent months  Calculation: F Dec=A Nov +A Oct +A Sep​             3 F Dec=3,068+3,068+3,0683 =3,068                       3 - Weighted Average Formula: Ft=(W1×At−1) +(W2×At−2) +(W3×At−3) Where W1​, W2​, W3​ = Weights (50%, 30%, 20%) At−1. At−2, At−3=The actual sales of the three most recent months  Calculation: FDec=(0.5×3,068)+(0.3×3,068)+(0.2×3,068)=3,068 - Regression Analysis Formula: Y=a+bX Y=Forecasted sales X=Time Period a b regression coefficients Using the least square methods, the historical sales data calculate coefficients a and b. B (slope) will equal zero as a result of the stable values. a (intercept)=average sales=2,745.15 The Forecast for December is, therefore, Y=2,745.15+(0×X) =2,745.15 - Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) MAD= At​ = The actual sales Ft​ = The forecasted sales n = The number of periods MAD==322.85 Conclusion and Recommendations The Naïve, 3-month moving average, and weighted average methods accurately forecast Mondelez's December 2024 sales. The three-month average is the most suited for its power to deal with short-term fluctuations and the broader applicability in the dynamic sales environment. Despite its higher MAD, regression analysis provides valuable insights into the short-term trends. Mondelez can use this method to anticipate demand shifts over extended periods in its strategic planning processes. Recommendations - Operational plans-Mondelez should implement a 3-month moving average method for the monthly sales forecast to optimize inventory and production schedules. - Strategic Insight-Mondelez should use regression analysis for long-term trend evaluation and market expansion strategies. - Data Integration- Mondelez should invest more in advanced data analytic tools to refine the forecasting model and incorporate more variables, such as market trends and seasonality. - Monitoring- The forecasting models should be monitored regularly to maintain accuracy and relevance. Benefits This study has shown how quantitative analysis can help create better decision-making by providing reliable forecasts. For a multinational like Mondelez, this translates to improved supply chain efficiency through the alignment of both production and demand, improved profitability by reducing overproduction and stockouts, and a strengthened market position by proactively adapting to the shifts in demand. Integrating all these findings into the company's operations can help Mondelez sustain its leadership in the global snack industry while achieving more operational excellence. References Mohajan, H. K. (2020). Quantitative research: A successful investigation in natural and social sciences. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 50-79. Saylor. (2024, 12). Measuring forecast accuracy in a pharmacy. Retrieved from Saylor: https://learn.saylor.org/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=61391 Sheard, J. (2018). Quantitative data analysis. In Research Methods. Information, Systems, and Contexts, 429–452. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. (2023, 12 31). Mondelez International Inc. Retrieved from Sec.gov: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103982/000110398224000019/mdlz-20231231.htm#i640facc1b2034fd6abdfa8eed815a087_91 Read the full article

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Rationale For Your Research Project Introduction Employee turnover is a serious challenge in the aviation industry because it affects operations, financial performance, and customer satisfaction. Avelo Airlines is among the organizations in the aviation industry that are faced with the problem of high employee turnover. Avelo Airlines is one of the companies where employees stay for an average of 0.8 years (Bechervaise, 2022). As a growing low-cost carrier airline, the company needs skilled employees who can contribute to its growth in the aviation industry and make it one of the best companies that people can consider when they think of traveling. It is challenging for the company to grow at a time when employee retention is a problem. The proposed research project will focus on determining the possible causes of the high employee turnover rate at Avelo Airlines and propose strategies the company can utilize to improve employee retention. Significance of the Topic The topic is significant because a high employee turnover rate in the aviation industry needs strategic solutions because it can affect operations and contribute to the collapse of an airline. With time, a high turnover rate can make it difficult for a company to attract top talent because skilled people may be skeptical about working with a company that people hardly stay in for one year. Through the identification of the causes of employee turnover and the actionable steps that can be taken to improve the situation, the research will help Avelo Airlines implement strategies that can help it build a sustainable workforce. Focusing on the topic is also an important point of learning for other companies on the strategies they can implement to retain employees. The outcome of this project can make leaders in different companies understand what they need to do and what they should not do as far as the retention of employees is concerned. Aims and Objectives AimThe project aims to determine the factors contributing to Avelo Airlines' high employee turnover rate and propose actionable steps that the organization can take to improve employee retention. Objectives Investigate the reasons for employee turnover.Assess how the organizational practices at Avelo Airlines impact employee satisfaction and retention. Evaluate the role of leadership in the Airline’s work environment.Find out the experiences of current and former employees about Avelo’s work environment.Recommend evidence-based strategies for the company to implement and improve the rate of employee retention.   Overview of Literature Review According to CIPD (2024), employees are likely to be retained in well-managed work environments. The article adds that employees satisfied with their jobs are likely to do them for an extended period, thus making an organization experience a high rate of employee retention. Organizations have to ensure that employees understand the duties they have been assigned to do and then recognize the contributions that each employee makes.  Biason (2020) posits that the benefits that come with retaining employees such as productivity and efficiency make the retention of employees one of the major concerns in organizations. Keeping performing employees is one of the approaches organizations are using to maintain competitive advantage because such employees contribute to an organization's productivity. The article adds that job satisfaction helps in retaining talented employees because satisfied employees feel motivated to continuously work for an organization.  Hakro et al. (2021) in their survey found that organizations with inclusive and supportive work environments are doing well in retaining employees. The article also posits that a poor organizational culture is one of the major reasons that make employees consider leaving an organization to seek opportunities elsewhere. A poor organizational culture makes employees feel undervalued and makes them lack the motivation to work toward the achievement of an organization’s objectives.  According to Dwesini (2019), the hospitality industry is one of the industries experiencing the impact of organizational culture on employee turnover. Some of the companies in the industry have failed to retain employees because of poor organizational culture. The article also posits that managers are responsible for finding out the factors that contribute to employee turnover so that they can come up with effective strategies for addressing the factors.  Tian et al. (2020) emphasize the role of leadership in retaining employees. According to the article, transformational leadership mediated by organizational citizenship behavior has a positive impact on employee retention. Employees can perceive leaders’ attitudes towards employees and an organization by considering the leadership approaches that a leader applies while dealing with them. The article also adds that leaders who discriminate against their employees are unlikely to retain many employees in their organizations.  Research Question  What are the primary factors contributing to high employee turnover at Avelo Airlines, and what strategies can be implemented to make the company experience an improved rate of employee retention?The above question gives the project direction by guiding the study to focus on the factors contributing to employee turnover at Avelo Airlines. The question also makes it known that there is a problem with retaining employees at Avelo Airlines, and evidence-based practices have to be implemented so that the problem can be addressed.  Overview of Methodology The collection of primary data will involve the use of mixed methods to have a comprehensive view of the factors that lead to a high employee turnover rate at Avelo Airlines. Online surveys will be used for the quantitative research to collect information from the current employees about their experiences with the organization’s workplace culture, job satisfaction, leadership, and organizational policies. The online survey will be administered in the form of a structured questionnaire on a Survey Monkey account. Each of the questions will have a 5-point Linkert scale, and the questions will revolve around the employees’ perception of leadership at Avelo Airlines, job satisfaction, and workplace culture. To make the data collection manageable, a sample of 100 employees identified through a stratified random sampling method will be involved. The researcher intends to use a stratified random sampling approach to ensure that employees working in different departments are selected. The collected data will be analyzed through descriptive statistics and the use of regression analysis to identify relationships and trends.  The second primary research method to be used in the project is the administration of semi-structured interviews. The purpose of using semi-structured interviews is to collect in-depth insights from the current and former employees about the possible reasons for leaving or choosing to stay at Avelo Airlines. To make the administration of interviews successful, the researcher will begin by coming up with open-ended questions to which participants will be expected to respond. The researcher plans to take advantage of modern technology to conduct interviews since the target participants are in different locations and have different schedules that need not be interrupted by the research. Video-conferencing platforms and phone calls will be of great help to the researcher because they will assist in interviewing researchers remotely. A purposive sampling approach will be used in the study to identify 15 participants for the interviews. After collecting insights from participants, the researcher will use thematic analysis to analyze the information and identify recurring themes.   Ethical Considerations Ethical principles will be observed to ensure that the study protects the dignity of participants and remains credible. First, the researcher will explain the research and its aim to the participants to seek their informed consent before participating in the study. Informed consent forms will be distributed online so that the participants can agree or decline to participate in the study without being coerced. The researcher also intends to uphold the principle of confidentiality to ensure that the identities of participants are not revealed to any person. The collected data will be stored securely to ensure that no personal information of any research participant gets into the wrong hands. The researcher will also minimize harm by ensuring that the questions researchers will be asked do not intrude into their personal lives.   References Bechervaise. (2022). Big name companies with the best and worst staff retention rates. https://takeitpersonelly.com/2022/06/20/big-name-companies-with-the-best-and-worst-staff-retention-rates/ Biason, R.S. (2020). The effect of job satisfaction on employee retention. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 8(3), pp.405-413. CIPD. (2024). Employee engagement and motivation. https://www.cipd.org/en/knowledge/factsheets/engagement-factsheet/ Dwesini, N.F. (2019). Causes and prevention of high employee turnover within the hospitality industry: A literature review. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8(3), pp.1-15. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/200897091.pdf Hakro, T.H., Abbasi, K.H. & Mahesar, H.A. (2021). influence of organizational culture, supervisor behavior and HRM practices on employee turnover intentions: Study of NGOs sector of Sindh, Pakistan. Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review, 2(1), pp.97-105. https://www.rjsser.org.pk/ojs/index.php/rjsser/article/view/228 Tian, H., Iqbal, S., Akhtar, S., Qalati, S.A., Anwar, F. & Khan, M.A.S. (2020). The impact of transformational leadership on employee retention: mediation and moderation through organizational citizenship behavior and communication. Frontiers in psychology, 11, p.314. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00314/full Read the full article

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Physical Fitness Status of Youth The physical fitness status of youth is a growing concern, with obesity posing significant health risks. Lambrinou et al., (2020) have posited that childhood obesity has severe consequences on the health of the child, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and psychological problems. However, the problem of childhood obesity persists because children all over are consuming unhealthy amounts of food, spending most of their time sitting and doing little or no exercise. The article points out that the availability of nutritional food is limited, and the development of such issues is affected by socioeconomic factors. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2024) explains broad measures to combat this crisis. These considerations include using community and school-based programs to support good nutrition and physical activity. Measures to promote physical activity in schools, increase the availability of healthy foods, and minimize the promotion of unhealthy foods and products to children are stressed. Families are also expected to support a physically active lifestyle and the other aspects of FB by developing a suitable home environment. Lambrinou et al. (2020) advocate for integrated approaches combining school initiatives and family involvement. They identified some approaches in their Feel4Diabetes study, which include arranging school-based nutrition functions and giving parents information regarding meal preparation and exercise schedules. Programs designed for children and parents are more likely to create long-term changes in the children's lifestyles. In my opinion, aaddressing youth obesity requires a multifaceted approach involving education, policy changes, and community engagement. Schools should aim at physical activity, and public policies need to build health-promoting environments. However, parents are the only decisive agents of change when it comes to forming a child’s habits. Multisectoral, evaluative interventions will target this new public health threat and support youth health.   References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, May 13). Obesity Strategies: What Can Be Done. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/php/about/obesity-strategies-what-can-be-done.html Lambrinou, C.-P., Androutsos, O., Karaglani, E., Cardon, G., Huys, N., Wikström, K., Kivelä, J., Ko, W., Karuranga, E., Tsochev, K., Iotova, V., Dimova, R., De Miguel-Etayo, P., M. González-Gil, E., Tamás, H., Jancsó, Z., Liatis, S., Makrilakis, K., & Manios, Y. (2020). Effective strategies for childhood obesity prevention via school based, family involved interventions: a critical review for the development of the Feel4Diabetes-study school based component. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 20(52), 1–20. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7201517 Read the full article

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Background: The crime rates, imprisonment, and prisoner re-offending in the United States of America are relatively high. Two factors that contribute to the inability of some people to reintegrate include Illiteracy and criminal records  (Cage 2024). Thesis: Prisoners need to receive education to find jobs, reduce the number of returns to prison, ensure they acquire their parental responsibilities after serving their prison terms, and develop better socio-emotional skills.   History: Over the years, institutions have not pronounced and advocated for the enrolment and funding of prison education. The first attempt to subsidize college education for incarcerated students was in 1972 with the provision of the Federal Pell Grant Programme (Conway, 2023).   Again, in the 1990s, many who adopted the "lock 'em up" philosophy in the political realm succeeded in their efforts to ban the Pell Grans from being stored in gaols. Democrats, alongside Republicans, supported this law. The Second Chance Pell Pilot Programme of 2016 has helped enroll about 22,000 incarcerated scholars in over a hundred state and federal prison college-level education programs (Conway, 2023). Why Inmates  pursue higher education : According to the study carried out by Mukeredzi (2021), there are key reasons why prisoners undertake higher learning. These include the following: To attain a level of education and get a job, In order not to go back to committing crimes and to prepare for a crime-free life. In other words. As a way of diverting the mind away from issues related to custody and, most importantly, to kill time. Effects of Prison Education: Recidivism rates: Recidivism is a situation where a person returns to criminal behavior, is arrested for another crime, or is again punished for a criminal offense after having passed through some form of treatment for prior delinquency (Magee, 2021). Evaluation of correctional education during the duration of their incarceration has found that changes in recidivism rate and improved employment opportunities are positive outcomes (Kakupa et al., 2021). Some of the reasons why it has become very important to secure a job when released from prison include: First, it provides them with a source of income and shelter so that they do not go back to crime, as this will make them registered through their employers. Parenting classes: The female prison population has risen sharply over the last two decades by 700% (Phillips & Kwon, 2022). The foregoing discussion gives an overview of the many problems that incarcerated females encounter concerning custody. Some main problems are essential to jailed mothers and are of great concern, such as child removal, which, in fact, occurs where most of the stripped women are likely to lose their children. But in particular, it is the parenting classes that can be benefited greatly by the incarcerated mothers. The benefits of parenting classes include the following: Reestablishing relationships with the family through the practicing of reflective self-interpretation. To comprehend and to be comprehended. Confidence as a Parent. Sense of community: Inmates in Prison education programs featured the opportunity to learn that gives space in a community of respect and nurture where inmates learn to grow skills that resonate with their interests (Conway, 2023) Socio-emotional competences: As studies show, education improves the total personality of the inmate because reform is now possible regardless of society's rejection of an inmate (Tadić, 2024). Recommendation for prison education: For this reason, prison education should be in tandem with the adult education philosophy. Although prison education is seldom an antidote for the destructive effects of imprisonment, an adult education model can, at least minimally, buffer the distortion of confinement (Higgins, 2021). For instance, when practiced in prison , the knowledge that an inmate acquires has to be timely and put the inmate in a position to act both while in prison and when outside prison ; it cannot suffer from narration sickness. Conclusion: Education in prison should be delivered to prisoners as it decreases reincarceration  rates, assists in the acquisition of employment, helps in deserving better citizenship, Social and emotion al development, and boosts the mother's capacity to resume motherhood. The present criminal system should undoubtedly guarantee a quality education for the inmates and support for maintaining the programs. Read the full article

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Reaching Rural Appalachian Youth Through Upward Sports Upward Sports will significantly impact the lives of rural Appalachian youth. The Appalachian region comprises 13 states in eastern America and the most economically deprived communities there (Caswell et al., 2024). The most vulnerable groups in this area are children and teenagers who face many challenges in terms of poverty, lack of extracurricular activities, and community resources. These facts, therefore, render them a very suitable group to serve through sports outreach programs. Sports programs may address their growth needs and allow them to simultaneously relate to a sense of identity and belonging. Kids in rural areas of Appalachia grow up without sports programs. Other factors plaguing the region are access issues due to rural landscapes and lack of recreational facilities. It means the world to a young person's development physically, emotionally, and spiritually in this region. Programs put on by Upward Sports include structured activities designed to encourage physical health while instilling such values as teamwork, hard work, and integrity. Sport allows youngsters to gain mentorship and personal growth within a safe and caring environment. The youth population in Appalachia perpetuates higher rates of poverty and dropouts from school than national averages. According to the Appalachian Regional Commission, the region has an unemployment rate above the national average (Wu, 2022).  This represents numerous family ties to immediate financial needs rather than more extracurricular activities for children. Low-cost upward sports programming helps to fill this void and provides a vehicle for kids to experience personal development. These programs will instill better life skills other than those relating to sports and result in improved academic outcomes. Serving this population aligns with Upward Sports's mission to serve under-resourced communities. Sports programs give kids a sense of belonging and identity, vital to under-resourced communities. The mentorship, devotionals, and prayer included in the holistic approach at Upward Sports resonate with the culture and spiritual traditions of Appalachia. Many people in this area are deeply rooted in their Christian values. Thus, the faith-based approach of Upward Sports has proved culturally relevant to gaining penetration and effectiveness in outreach. Programs include athletic skills training, guidance, and emotional support for the children's development. From a biblical standpoint, the application of sports serving communities is strongly affirmed. The Apostle Paul appeals to the Isthmian Games, specifically the race, to illustrate life virtues (1 Corinthians 9:24-27, New International Version). Herein lies the value of physical activity as a metaphor for spiritual growth and dedication. Serving Appalachian youth through sports fulfills the commandment to "carry each other's burdens" (Galatians 6:2, New International Version). Upward Sports can help these children overcome personal and social hurdles through mentorship and leadership. Upward Sports empowers the poor to reflect Christ in compassion and concern toward the marginalized. In light of that, Upward Sports serves this biblical mandate through community-focused and character-driven programs. With few positive role models and little in the way of opportunities, the compassionate leadership from trained coaches and mentors will profoundly impact children in Appalachia. These programs will help the youths build relationships and character in their physical, emotional, and spiritual development. Further, socioeconomic challenges in the Appalachian region cry out for access and affordability in sports opportunities. This outreach underlines biblical service, discipline, and compassion principles. Through its emphasis on building skills and training in values, an Upward Sports experience has the potential for lifelong impacts on Appalachian youth by learning ways to exist beyond their communities. References Caswell, E. D., Hartley, S. D., Groth, C. P., Christensen, M., & Bhandari, R. (2024). Socioeconomic deprivation and suicide in Appalachia: The use of three socioeconomic deprivation indices to explain county-level suicide rates. PLoS ONE, 19(11), e0312373–e0312373. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0312373  ‌The Holy Bible, New International Version. (2011). Zondervan. Retrieved from https://www.biblegateway.com Wu, R. (2022). Transitioning Economic Statuses of Appalachian Counties during COVID-19. Atlantic Economic Journal, 50(3-4), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11293-022-09749-2  Read the full article

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Ninon Week 5 Response 2 Sepsis is a life-risking multisystem dysfunction that happens due to a dysregulated immune response to infection. The sepsis's pathophysiology starts with an infection, prompting an extreme inflammatory response (Gavelli et al., 2021). This results in widespread endothelial dysfunction, capillary leakage, and microvascular thrombosis. As time moves by, this condition advances to impaired perfusion, organ ischemia, and potentially septic shock if untreated. Key organs impacted include the lungs, liver, kidneys, and cardiovascular system. Abnormal findings in sepsis often encompass elevated inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin, leukocytosis or leukopenia, lactic acidosis, and hypotension. Reference Gavelli, F., Castello, L.M. & Avanzi, G.C. Management of sepsis and septic shock in the emergency department. Intern Emerg Med 16, 1649–1661 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-021-02735-7 Liliam Santana Hello Liliam, Osteoporosis is a musculoskeletal disease encompassing the degeneration of bones, widening the susceptibility to fractures (Fernando, 2021). Osteoporosis is often a painless illness except when there is a fracture of the bone. The modifiable risk factors of osteoporosis are smoking and binge drinking, which increase the risk of fracture and lower peak bone mass. Furthermore, smoking and drinking are associated with malnutrition because alcohol impairs the absorption of essential minerals by the body, which is crucial for bone growth. In addition, excessive consumption of caffeine reduces the rate at which calcium is absorbed in the body, reducing the density of the bone mass. Reference Fernando, D. (2021). Current Status of the Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(16), 9465. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169465 Read the full article

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Advocating for the Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation My practice's healthcare approach encompasses wellness implementation and illness-preventive programs. A monthly one-page web newsletter featuring updated health promotion advice will be distributed. The program is inexpensive as its materials are disseminated through internet forums, and users typically exhibit interest in concepts that are essentially free or low-cost. The bulletins highlighted nurses and community members who local news outlets may also interview. Healthcare professionals, including nurses, altruistically dedicate their time to educating both the public and those within the healthcare system. The predominant portion of the program's money will be designated for the manufacture of a marketing flyer. Incorporating group suggestions ensures successful results and responsibility. The initiative aims to improve health in a wide range of areas. To address Maryland's high obesity rate, the menu plan will include suggestions for monthly meals and healthy food options. Every four months, in January, May, and September, regular fitness techniques will be added. Emphasis on enhancing physical activity will be significant in January. Solicit recommendations for outdoor pursuits and advocate for physical engagement during the summer in May. The importance of adhering to a consistent workout routine during the winter season will be highlighted in September. The emphasis will be on mental health in June and November. In June, we will discuss maintaining mental health throughout the year, interacting with children outside of educational settings, and optimizing vacation time for well-being. In November, the focus will be on managing holiday stress, coping with grief during the holidays, addressing winter depression, and suicide prevention. February will emphasize cardiovascular health alongside national initiatives. Quitting smoking will be the focus of March. July is all about saving for retirement and making a solid financial plan. October will be dedicated only to raising awareness about cancer in accordance with national initiatives. Everyone has the opportunity to work three times a year during the three months that aren't normally scheduled: April, August, and December. The potential results are outlined by Tan et al. (2020) as follows: better sleep, cultural advancements that improve health, administration of naloxone, and compliance with antibiotic prescriptions. Workers and community members are urged to submit proposals for the following free month during these months. This means that April recommendations will be implemented in August, August proposals will be in December, and December ideas will be in April. The list is produced annually, specifically in May, September, and January. The concept of what the public and employees wish to see highlighted in the journal will be open for consideration each month. Workers and locals alike have the opportunity to voice their opinions and suggestions on matters pertaining to deployment in April, August, or December. June, October, and November are the months when the deadlines must be met. This idea serves as a constant reminder to both employees and the public that they can make a positive difference in the world. Even while adults are the main focus, teens are encouraged to join, and it would be easy to shift the focus to include youngsters and teens as well. The majority of the medical staff consists of nurses, who are generally well-liked members of society. Therefore, just as they educate their clients as part of their professional duties, nurses advocate for adoption and instruction (Miranda et al., 2018). A nurse distributing the newsletter and encouraging people to participate is an example of this. In February, for instance, a cardiologist or other cardiovascular health expert may give a public speech about heart health. Highlighting the work of a nurse practitioner can educate and motivate people to take charge of their own and others' cardiovascular health. Considering that nurses naturally advocate for their patients, it appears logical to expand this program to encompass the wider public. The input from employees and community members regarding design choices significantly influences the project's or initiative's development. The nurses are in charge of educating employees, motivating the public, and sharing knowledge. Some nurses might be more interested in testing and overseeing the layout and concepts, while others would prefer to concentrate on design thoughts. All team members must receive thorough instruction from the nurse when a healthcare program is being implemented. In addition, the nurse acts as a front-end specialist, communicating with patients during the project (Ramseur et al., 2018). For example, the initiative members take health education classes taught by the nurse. When planning a health education lecture, it is important to consider the needs of the audience, conduct relevant research, and formulate a clear and succinct plan to teach them. The primary goal of any counseling or training program should be the objective and nonjudgmental dissemination of information (Milstead & Short, 2019). Throughout the process of developing and implementing healthcare programs, the primary responsibility of the nurse does not alter. In the execution phase, though, she takes on a far heavier burden as the team's principal spokesperson to the public. For instance, when patients have trouble absorbing health education advice, the nurse facilitates and clarifies proper next steps. Even though nurses can provide low-income people with knowledge, resources, and tools for success, health education programs should also have components that encourage individuals to enhance their wellness. This program is mandatory for all healthcare providers in order to foster community building and solidarity. Pulmonologists and respiratory specialists might be highlighted in March by sharing their knowledge, anecdotes, or suggestions for quitting smoking. During a period aimed at increasing physical fitness, a physical therapist may offer direction on appropriate workouts and weightlifting techniques. References Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse's guide (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Miranda Neto, M. V. D., Rewa, T., Leonello, V. M., & Oliveira, M. A. D. C. (2018). Advanced practice nursing: a possibility for Primary Health Care? Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 71, 716-721. Ramseur, P., Fuchs, M. A., Edwards, P., & Humphreys, J. (2018). Implementing a structured nursing leadership development program for succession planning in a health system. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 48(1), 25–30. Tan, K. P.-S., & Li, X. (Robert). (2020). To Guilt or Vacation: Constraining Effects of Guilt on Vacation Decisions. Journal of Travel Research. Read the full article

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Navigating Uncertainty in Health Care The Uncertainty in Illness Theory (UIT) and the Reconceptualized Uncertainty in Illness Theory (RUIT) provide significant insight into the human health experience, particularly in the context of caring. These theories delve into how individuals process and respond to the ambiguity inherent in illness. UIT, developed by Mishel, characterizes uncertainty as the inability to predict outcomes due to insufficient or ambiguous information about a condition. Similarly, RUIT builds on the idea that uncertainty is not always perceived as harmful and can become part of the norm or an opportunity for growth if patients learn to adapt. Both theories support the principle of caring because they emphasize the requirements of the patients who need someone's support in their experiences of uncertainties. In practice, uncertainty in patients with acute health situations often arises during unexpected and rapid health changes. For example, a patient presenting with sudden chest pain in the emergency department might experience overwhelming uncertainty regarding their condition. This can lead to heightened anxiety, compounded by fears of life-threatening outcomes. At such times, medical personnel are needed to reduce the uncertainty and complexities of the disease through timely explanation of diagnostic procedures, as well as main and possible causes and the recommended treatment. Information support is contingent on the emotional support that is given and can help patients get a better hold on an otherwise volatile situation that they are in. In contrast, uncertainty in chronic health situations tends to be more enduring as patients face long-term conditions with fluctuating trajectories. For instance, an individual newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis might grapple with uncertainty about symptom progression, treatment efficacy, and the overall impact on their future. Here, RUIT is most applicable because patients can adapt to living with the illness knowledgeably and take charge of what they have control over, which are treatment, obtaining information about the disease, and support. Providers nurture caring by encouraging patients to look at the unknown as something that can be managed and promoting the use of change utilities. Thus, both theories highlight that addressing uncertainty is vital to caring within the human health experience, as it empowers patients to navigate their acute and chronic health situations with resilience and dignity. Read the full article