Amide

this is created for you to know more about the organic compound, AMIDE.

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this blog is all made by Roylyne Angelic C. Beating of Gr. 9 St. Francis

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Amide is a functional group that contains a nitrogen atom and carbonyl group. As we will see, they can be derived from a different functional group called a carboxylic acid.

Amide is also the name for the inorganic anion NH2. It is the conjugate base of ammonia (NH3).

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TYPES OF AMIDE

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THREE TYPES OF AMIDE:

There are three types of amide: the primary amide, secondary amide and the tertiary amide.

A primary (1°) amide is an amide in the molecule of which the nitrogen atom is bonded to only one carbon atom.

A secondary (2°) amide is an amide in the molecule of which the nitrogen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms 

A tertiary (3°) amide is an amide in the molecule of which the nitrogen atom is bonded to three carbon atoms

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ADVANTAGES / USES

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Acetylcysteine, also known as N-acetylcysteine or N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), is a medication used to treat paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose and to loosen thick mucus such as in cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is available by intravenous, by mouth, or inhaled as a mist. Common side effects include nausea and vomiting when taken by mouth. The skin may occasionally become red and itchy with either form. A non immune type of anaphylaxis may also occur. It appears to be safe in pregnancy. It works by increasing glutathione levels and binding with the toxic break down products of paracetamol.

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ADVANTAGES / USES

Paracetamol overdose

Intravenous and oral formulations of acetylcysteine are available for the treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose. In the treatment of acetaminophen overdose, acetylcysteine acts to maintain or replenish depleted glutathione reserves in the liver and enhance non-toxic metabolism of acetaminophen.

Mucolytic therapy

Inhaled acetylcysteine is indicated for mucolytic therapy as an adjuvant in respiratory conditions with excessive and/or thick mucus production. Such conditions include emphysema, bronchitis, tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, amyloidosis, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and inhalation injury in children who have burns. It is also used post-operatively, as a diagnostic aid, and in tracheotomy care. 

Nephroprotective agent

Oral acetylcysteine is used for the prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy (a form of acute kidney failure).

Hemorrhagic cystitis

Acetylcysteine has been used for cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis, although mesna is generally preferred due to the ability of acetylcysteine to diminish the effectiveness of cyclophosphamide

Acetylcysteine is used in the treatment of interstitial lung disease to prevent disease progression

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OTHER USES

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Amide Occurrences and Other Uses

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THE PENICILLIN

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Penicillin V is an antibiotic in the penicillin group of drugs. It fights bacteria in your body.

Penicillin V is used to treat many different types of infections caused by bacteria, such as ear infections,.

Penicillin V may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide.

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RISK FACTORS / DISADVANTAGES

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RISK FACTORS / DISADVANTAGES

The most commonly reported adverse effects for IV formulations of acetylcysteine are rash, urticaria, and pruritis. Up to 18% of patients have been reported to experience anaphylaxis reaction, which are defined as rash, hypotension, wheezing, and/or shortness of breath. Lower rates of anaphylactoid reactions have been reported with slower rates of infusion.

Adverse effects for inhalational formulations of acetylcysteine include nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, fever, rhinorrhea, drowsiness, clamminess, chest tightness, and bronchoconstriction. Through infrequent, bronchospasm has been reported to occur unpredictably in some patients.

Adverse effects for oral formulations of acetylcysteine have been reported to include nausea, vomiting, rash, and fever.

Antioxidants are widely used to protect cells from damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The concept that antioxidants can help fight cancer is deeply rooted in the general population, promoted by the food supplement industry, and supported by some scientific studies.However, clinical trials have reported inconsistent results.] High levels of ROS or prolonged stress upregulates p53 and provokes a pro-oxidant response to further increase ROS, which subsequently elicits the p53-dependent apoptotic processes to eliminate damaged cells. Thus, antioxidants can accelerate tumor growth by disrupting the ROS-p53 axis apoptosis, and autophagy, processes. Because somatic mutations in p53 occur late in tumor progression, antioxidants may accelerate the growth of early tumors or precancerous lesions in high-risk populations such as smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who receive NAC to relieve mucus production. Large doses in a mouse model showed that acetylcysteine could potentially cause damage to the heart and lungs. They found that acetylcysteine was metabolized to S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (SNOAC), which increased blood pressure in the lungs and right ventricle of the heart (pulmonary artery hypertension) in mice treated with acetylcysteine.

Although N-acetylcysteine prevented liver damage when taken before alcohol, when taken 4 hours after alcohol it actually made liver damage worse in a dose-dependent fashion.

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