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| Aoife | 25 | Ireland | LC 2018 | Gaeilge, Deutsch, Italiano, Français, 日本語 |

[deutsian]

Reported Speech - Mögen, Sollen, and Wollen.

Hey guys another grammar post, this time we’ll be talking about the uses of mögen, sollen, and wollen with reference to reported speech. This is something really meant for those at a B2/C1+ level & primarily those who read newspapers.

First of all, Konjunktiv I isn’t going to be explained in this post, so you might wanna give that a quick read if you’re unaware, and secondly… enjoy the post!

Wait what do you mean by reported speech?

Reported speech is simply reporting what someone else has said, and appears quite often in newspapers with the Konjunktiv I mood. Mögen, Sollen, and Wollen can all be used to modify the tone of the reported speech.

Mögen

Mögen is used in reported speech to show a polite request. You may either use the Konjunktiv I or Konjunktiv II form, but möchten is more common than mögen in 3rd person plural.

Ex:  Sie bat dich, du mögest/möchtest so schnell wie möglich zurückrufen. Tr:  She asked you to call back as soon as possible [polite tone].

Ex: Er hat zu ihr gesagt, dass sie sich ein bisschen beeilen möge/möchte. Tr: He told her that she ought to speed up a bit [polite tone].

Sollen

i) When reporting on commands, sollen is stronger than mögen and suggests a command as opposed to a polite request. You can also use Konjunktiv I or Konjunktiv II here, but solle is more common than sollte.

Ex: Die Polizei befahl den Leuten, sie sollen/sollten weitergehen. Tr: The police ordered the people to carry on [walking].

Ex: Er verlangt von ihr, sie solle/sollte sich ein bisschen beeilen. Tr: He demanded that she hurry up [command tone].

ii) When reporting on speech, sollen is the most neutral option and suggests that the reporter doesn’t know whether the speaker’s claims are true/false. In fact, the claims don’t even have to come from the speaker themselves - no judgement is made. Either Konjunktiv I or Indikativ is possible.

Ex: Lisa soll/solle schwanger sein. = Man behauptet, dass Lisa schwanger ist. Tr: It’s reported that Lisa is pregnant.

Ex: Ich habe gehört, dass er jetzt irgendwo im Ausland leben soll/solle. Tr:  I’ve heard that he’s currently living somewhere abroad.

Wollen

When reporting on speech, wollen is the least neutral of these options and suggests that the truth of the statement is doubtful. Unlike sollen, the claim being doubted does normally come from the speaker. Once again, either Konjunktiv I or Indikativ are possibly - the latter way more common.

Ex: Lisa will/wolle schwanger sein = Lisa behauptet, dass sie schwanger ist. Tr: Lisa claims that she is pregnant.

Ex: Mark will/wolle der jüngste Läufer sein = Mark behauptet, dass er der jüngste Läufer ist. Tr: Mark claims that he’s the youngest runner.

There you have it! If you’re interested in finding out more about how modal verbs go beyond their usual meaning, look upp Subjektive Bedeutungen Modalverben.

Enjoy! :)

[wickedlittlecritta]

congrats to the irish for refusing to give the english language a name

(source: Thirty-Two Words for Field by Manchán Magan)

[briosca-sa-speir]

About that Buffy episode featuring the summoning spell as Gaeilge...

So. In the episode ‘Fear Itself’, Buffy and her friends are stuck in a haunted house. At some point, trying to take on a demon called Gachnar, they find a book containing its summoning spell.

A new special bus lane is to open in Dublin today despite the [illegible bit] traffic congestion predicted as a result. The AA campaigned against the introduction [illegible bit] stating that it would require special facilities, including additional car parks. Other news from this week, there is a report that the [?] have refused permission to german Gachnar from Ranafast [illegible bit]. The Gachnar Board have expressed their disappointment at the situation.

I wonder if this was on purpose or just some madlad messing with the showmakers 🤷🏻‍♀️

[gaeilge-rules]

Dia duit! Taitníonn do blog go mór liom, go raibh maith agat as d'obair, tá gach rud an-suimiúil!! Is Francach mé, thosaigh mé Gaeilge a fhoghlaim 3 bliana ó shin, níl mé 100% líofa fós ach tá mé ag obair an-chrua! Ba mhaith liom níos mó úrscéalta a léamh trí Gaeilge, an bhfuil aon "recommendations" agat? Léigh mé Faye ach cheap mé go raibh sé ró-easca. Chuala mé faoi "Cúpla", an bhfuil sé go maith? Go raibh maith agat!

Fáilte romhat! Táim an-sásta go bhfuil tú ag baint suntais as an mblag! Tá Gaeilge an-mhaith agat tar éis trí bliana! I bhfad níos fearr ná mo chuid Fraincíse. Níor chuala mé faoi ‘Cúpla’ riamh ach tá cúpla molta agam ó thaobh na leabhar de.

Edit: Translation - You’re welcome. I am very happy you’re getting some benefit from the blog. You have great Irish after three years! Much better than my own French. I haven’t ever heard of ‘Cúpla’  but I have a couple of book recommendations.

Úrscéalta ar churaclam na scoileanna in Éirinn Faoi 15bl. Hurlamaboc – Éilís Ní Dhuibne Murdair ar an Dart – Ruaidhrí Ó Báille Tromluí – Áine Ní Ghlinn Aililiú Bop Siúáidí - Ruaidhrí Ó Báille Mholfainn Áine Ní Ghlinn go ginearálta mar údar – an-chuid scríofa aicí

Aois 10-18 Aisling nó Iníon A – Éilís Ní Dhuibhne Níor leigh mé an leabhar seo ach chuala mé rudaí maithe faoi – ábhar dúshlánach An Garda Cósta – Máire Ní Dhufaigh An Uaigh – Laoise Ní Chléirigh Nóinín – Máire Zepf Seo úrscéal scríofa mar dhán Tubaiste ar an Titanic – Máire Zepf

Aistriúcháin Seo na leabhair a aistríodh ó Bhéarla go Gaeilge Things Fall Apart - Chinua Achebe (Titeann Rudaí as a Chéile) An-dúshlánach – ní mholfainn é gan ardchaighdeán Ghaeilge Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone – J.K. Rowling (Harry Potter agus an Orchloch) The Hobbit – J.R.R Tolkien (An Hobad, nó, Anonn Agus ar Ais Arís) Artemis Fowl – Eoin Colfer (Aistriúchán leis an ainm céanna) *Under the Hawthorne Tree – Marita Conlon-McKenna (Faoin Sceach Gheal)* Scéal íontach lonnaithe in Éirinn i rith na 1840idí Na mílte leabhar le hEnid Blyton

Litríocht (Leibhéal Choláiste) Cré na Cille – Máirtín Ó Cadhain An Triail – Máire Ní Ghráda Cuairt an Mheáin Oíche – Brian Merriman Tóraíocht Dhiarmada agus Ghráinne – Neasa Ní Shéaghdha (eagarthóir)

Leabhair Ghrafacha An Táin – Colmán Ó Raghallaigh Agus an-chuid scéálta eile leis an bhfear seo Sraith CÚ – Paul Bolger agus Barry Devlin Corp an Duine Uasail – Pénélope Bagieu An Béal Bocht – Myles na gCopaleen agus John McCloskey

I wrote this answer in Irish but if people want translations I can do that too.

[coffeeworldsasaki]

I hate French in the way that when I read it I understand so much and when I hear it it's just a bunch of weird noises with no sense for my ears

[everythingfox]

“Being a kitten is pretty exhausting..”

(via)

[irishwordseveryday]

hello! i'm not irish nor do i have an irish heritage (much to my knowledge, but i highly doubt it) yet i find the language quite interesting and would love to keep learning it. i found the PDF version of "teach yourself irish" and although as far as i've checked it's really useful, i enjoy working with paper much more. i was wondering if you have any recommendations of a book i could buy online that is for beginners/foreigners? thank very much! :D

hey there!! ive been learning Irish since i was a chungwan so i can’t really advise BUT here is a list of resources and books etc for beginner learners - i have heard great things about Gaeilge Gan Stró

as ive studied irish ive found Briathra Na Gaeilge to be a GREAT reference book for verbs, might be a bit maze-like but it’s excellent

other than that the ó siochfhradha dictionary (or any other irish-published dictionary, although i recommend the ó siochfhrada one) is a godsend. as irish is taught for an exam here most textbooks are not great for fluency so i wouldnt recommend. craic le litriú is fun for vocab but it is targeted at 8 - 12 year olds so a little childish heh . as always, tg4 and Raidió na Life / Raidió Rí-Rá / Raidió na Gaeltachta are great teachers

GOOD LUCK LEARNING IRISH i’m sure you’ll EXCEL hope you have fun <3 go n-eirí an bóthair leat!!

[fugghut]

english: heres a word for when you meet, heres one for when you leave

irish: okay so idk what to tell you but gods with you right now and also maybe the virgin mary

[an-fiach-dubh]

english: goodbye! see ya!

irish, ominously: safe…. oh go homeward safe… have safety for a while.

[gwendolynlerman]

Languages of Europe

Irish (Gaeilge)

Basic facts

Number of native speakers: no official figure, about 100,000

Official language: Ireland, European Union (EU)

Minority language: Northern Ireland

Language of diaspora: Argentina, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, United States

Alphabet: Latin, 26 letters

Grammatical cases: 3

Linguistic typology: inflectional, initial consonant mutation, VSO

Language family: Indo-European, Celtic

Number of dialects: 3

Longest word: príomhfheidhmeannach (chief executive) - 21 letters

History

4th century - written Irish first attested

5th century - Primitive Irish transitioned into Old Irish

597 - oldest literary text in Irish

10th century - Middle Irish

12th century - Middle Irish evolved into modern Irish in Ireland, into Scottish Gaelic in Scotland and into the Manx language in the Isle of Manx

13th century - Early Modern Irish

1366 - ban of Irish by the English occupation

17th century - Modern Irish

1922 - independence of Ireland

Irish is unusual in that, like English, fluent learners outnumber native speakers, and studies have shown that about one third of those who speak it daily are not native speakers. On the other hand, some native Irish speakers living in English-speaking parts of Ireland (known as the Galltacht, the “area of foreign speech”) may rarely have the opportunity of speaking Irish. There is a rather extreme form of politeness in vogue–the entry of one English-speaking monoglot can make a room full of Irish speakers switch to English. The areas where Irish remains the community language are known as the Gaeltacht.

Writing system and pronunciation

These are the letters that make up the alphabet: a á b c d e é f g h i í l m n o ó p r s t u ú.

Grammar

Irish grammar is very complex. There is extensive initial mutation, i.e. the beginnings of words change, for example a cosa (her legs), a chosa (his legs); a gcosa (their legs). There is no verb “to have”, but the verb “to be” reflects both the ser/estar distinction of Spanish and the jest/bywa distinction of Polish.

Nouns decline for 3 numbers (singular, dual, plural), 2 genders (masculine, feminine), and 4 cases (nominative-patient, vocative, genitive, prepositional-locative).

Adjectives agree with nouns in number, gender, and case. They generally follow nouns, though some precede or prefix nouns.

Verbs conjugate for 3 tenses (past, present, future), 2 aspects (simple, habitual), 2 numbers (singular, plural), 4 moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative), 2 relative forms (the present and future relative), and in some verbs, independent and dependent forms.

Irish has separate sets of numerals for counting humans and non-humans.

In common with Hungarian, Irish describes one of a pair as “half”.

Dialects

Irish is represented by several traditional dialects and by various varieties of “urban” Irish. The latter have acquired lives of their own and a growing number of native speakers. Differences between the dialects are felt in stress, intonation, vocabulary and structural features.

Roughly speaking, the three major dialect areas coincide with the provinces of Munster (Cúige Mumhan), Connacht (Cúige Chonnacht) and Ulster (Cúige Uladh).

[catchymemes]

[theartofangirling]

some memes I made to express my current frustrations with academia feel free to add your own

[allthingslinguistic]

How to explain linguistics to your friends and family this holiday season

This time of year often involves leaving the cozy sanctuary of your linguistics department where everyone knows what a wug is and spending quality time with your non-linguist friends and family. Who, bless ‘em, are often a little bit confused about linguistics. So I’ve compiled a list of common questions and some resources to help you answer them. And if you end up needing a break, check out the linguistmas tag and my extensive archive of linguist humour, or contribute to the linguistics baked goods or handcrafts files. 

What is linguistics exactly? 

Explaining what linguistics is using geology and biology analogies Brain surgeon analogy Car analogy Botany analogy Subfields of linguistics explained using toy metaphors “Becoming conscious of previously unconscious phenomena is one of the principle joys of linguistic work”

So, you’re a linguist? How many languages do you know? 

Why linguists hate being asked how many languages they know Learning languages linguistically Turning “how many languages do you know?” into a good conversation using Gricean Maxims 

Wow, linguistics, I guess I’d better watch my grammar around you, right?

8 myths about language and linguistics On the interplay between copyediting and descriptivism We each have an idiolect, and they’re all okay How to have a conversation about language differences without being a prescriptivist

People these days with their texting and their emoji and their phones, what’s that even doing to language? 

I literally wrote you a whole book about that

But, if you’re pressed for time, you could hand ‘em off a few of my articles instead

That’s not even in the dictionary! So many people are degrading language these days! 

Anne Curzan on what makes a word “real” xkcd on kids and text abbreviations and on grammar police vs fashion police Erin McKean, actual lexicographer, on what it means when a word isn’t in the dictionary The kilogram model of language and what’s wrong with the America’s ugliest accent challenge Language is open source Which English you speak has nothing to do with how smart you are People have been complaining about kids degrading language since the Middle Ages The many problems with the idea that emoji are in any way threatening the English language Kids these days aren’t ruining language

Don’t you just hate it when people say…?

In defence of “unnecessary” words Every argument you’ll ever need for singular “they” (plus the Canadian government’s support of it, why do we even have gendered pronouns, and a comparison with singular “you”) In defence of hyperbolic “literally” Vocal fry and can we stop hating on how young women talk? When it comes to Rachel Jeantel, who’s really on trial here?  Can we just, like, get over the way women talk? Move over Shakespeare, teen girls are the real language disruptors The problem with talking about “sounding gay” Why Chaucer said “ax” instead of “ask” and why some still do An interview with Alexandra D’Arcy about why “like” is so interesting

____ isn’t a real language! 

Indigenous languages, literacy, and the myth of the “unwritten language” What if we talked about monolingual White children the way we talk about low-income children of color? Myth-busting about sign languages The strange reason deaf children aren’t taught sign language

______ [insert other linguistics myth here]

An advice thread I wrote about cheerful mythbusting and playing “I’m a linguist, ama” at parties

A linguistics degree? What are you going to do with that?

Check out the linguistics jobs series to help think about options beyond academia, or send people there to reassure them that options exist. 

What kinds of gifts can I give the linguist in my life?

An extensive list of pop linguistics books and lingfic (be sure to read the comments!) Here are linguistics merch/gift guide roundups from 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and Lingthusiasm merch: IPA scarves and descriptivist t-shirts, bags, and mugs

So I know this young person who might be interested in linguistics. Do you have any advice for them?

Any of the books in the list of books! How to teach yourself linguistics online for free  Intrigued by the linguistics in Arrival? Here’s what to check out next

Specifically for high schoolers: How to participate in the international linguistics olympiad and Linguistics resources for high school teachers

Advice on finding a linguistics undergrad, whether to go to grad school for linguistics (and more advice), and how to pick a linguistics graduate program

Tell me something interesting about linguistics! 

My go-to at parties is the script in Explaining English plurals to non-linguists, or put on any episode of Lingthusiasm.  

For a longer list of linguistic writing pitched at non-linguists, try here for articles I’ve written, here for other blogs, or here for some of my top blog posts. To write your own, see advice for writing pop linguistics articles and how pop linguistics differs from teaching and pop science. Or go for linguistics videos,  linguistically-relevant games, or this list of linguistics and language podcasts.  

[allthingslinguistic]

Revised and updated for another year, now with more internet linguistics! 

[cryptidious]

Protip: Munster Irish speakers say anso and ansan instead of anseo and ansin, and so and san. Seo and sin are used if they come after a word that ends slender, but never anseo or ansin.

Also, cén fáth isn’t used. Conathaobh is. And gaeilge is called gaelinn.

+ most notably they use the synthetic endings of verbs. Cheap mé = do cheapas.

[fieryfalcon]

One overlooked language learning tip: get arrested by your target language country’s secret police

[gaeilge-rules]

Found this far funnier than I should have

[anthony-the-theatre-ghost]

Wait, so is “Sean” supposed to be pronounced more like “John” or more like “Shawn”?

[peigslayers]

‘Shawn’ usually but there’s no really good way of spelling a j name with Irish phonetics so 'sh’ is the compromise the tweeter went with. Also John is the normal anglicised version of Seán

[gaeilge-rules]

how did you learn irish? and any tips fot someone who wants to learn it?

Immersion! I got the easy route of learning the basics in primary school and then attending secondary school entirely through the language.

Duolingo isn't going to get you fluent but it is a really good start to your journey. If you can find classes near you with Conradh or anyone else they can be helpful to give you a commitment to stick to. Once you have a grasp of the basics, practice is the best way. Watch Irish language TV programming, listen to Irish language artists, speak with other learners or Irish speakers and read books at your comprehension. Bookmark teanglann on your browser

If you're in college, your university might also offer classes depending on the country and what course you're studying

P.s. follow Irish language speakers on Twitter, there's more of them than you think

[evies-studyblr]

Nathanna cainta- líontóirí

Key oral filler phrases.

Bhuel, mar is eol duit - Well, as you know

Mar a dúirt mé cheana - As I said already

Mar a fheiceann tú - As you can see

De ghnáth - usually

Ó am go ham, ó am go chéile, anois is arís - From time to time

Caithfidh mé a rá go… - I have to say that…

Chun na fírinne a rá - To tell the truth

Chun a bheith macánta - To be honest

Dáiríre - Seriously

Dar ndóigh, ar ndóigh - Of course

Áfach - However

Cinnte - Surely

Caithfidh mé smaoineamh ar an gceist sin - I have to think about that

É sin ráite - That said

Dá bhrí sin - Therefore

Ar an gcéad dul síos - First of all

Ar lámh amháin - On the one hand

… ach ar an lámh eile - On the other hand

Maidir le… leis an… leis na.... - With regards to