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As the response to Virtual Window:From Alberti to Microsoft is that The Le Murate in Florence. This example can be a means to understand of relationship between technology and reality in architecture way.

Zhaoyi

Art works and games as examples for changing viewpoints/perspectives that bring specific and virtual visual experience.

Inspired by The Virtual Window_from alberti to microsoft by Anne Friedberg.

Ziqi

Interesting quotes of The Virtual Window_from alberti to microsoft by Anne Friedberg & Alberti's Approach to Antiquity in Architecture by Rudolf Wittkower

Regularly executing the Riker maneuver

#star trek tng #star trek the next generation #william t riker #will riker #commander riker #riker maneuver #there is only one way to sit down on a stool and it's this. i don't make the rules it's just science

Give me your tired, your poor

Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free

The wretched refuse of your teeming shore

Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me

I lift my lamp beside the golden door!

- Poet Emma Lazarus, "The New Colossus," 1883, inscribed beneath the Statue of Liberty in 1903

-Georgia

The Indians of All Tribes spoke to what we now call environmental racism, i.e. that people of color face environmental injustice. The “Proclamation of the Indians of All Tribes” recognized environmental issues in Indian Country. After claiming the island, the Indians of All Tribes compared the environmental conditions on reservations to the former prison, 'this so-called Alcatraz Island is more than suitable as an Indian Reservation, as determined by the white man’s own standards.'

https://www.ucpress.edu/blog/56876/the-occupation-of-alcatraz-island-and-environmental-injustice-in-indian-country/

Allison

#islandsasmicrocosms #carceralstate #nohinterland #exile

Sorting Architecture: Ellis Island - Arsuaga Reading

The architecture of Ellis Island, and how it deliberately cordoned off, guided, and sorted immigrants brings to mind a high school project where we were tasked with designing a “machine” that would sort marbles based on size. In both scenarios physical conditions like walls, stairs, fences (or plastic, sticks, and cardboard) would force the people (or marbles) in different routes based on perceived characteristics. The idea of architecture being an active machine to separate people is fascinating, and completely matches the rhetoric of eugenics that was making its way into immigration policy at the time. And just like how the marble sorting only deals with size and not color, the fact that Ellis Island administration was only looking for specific traits meant that many others went overlooked in the system of the building; which supported the effect of dehumanization that the space had.

-Justin WG

“Type can thus be thought of as the frame within which change operates, a necessary term to the continuing dialectic required by history...For Rossi the logic of architectural form lies in a definition of type based on the juxtaposition of memory and reason. Insofar as architecture retains the memory of those first moments in which man asserted and established his presence in the world through building activity, so type retains the reason of form itself. The type preserves and defines the internal logic of forms, not by techniques or programs-in fact, the type can be called ‘functionally indifferent.’”

Type are certain rules that guide both totality and the details of every composition, which looks back to history, recalls origins. In the process of making, architect reinterprets and changes the past. Type is a way to trace history, understand the link between present with the past.

Rui

According to idealism-a philosophy based on the "subject"- we cannot assess the cognitive value of artistic activity, meaning a body of objective, transmissible knowledge on which this activity is based.

“...as Giorgio Grassi points out, examples from the more distant past and more recent works are compared based on their form, going beyond the human, economic, political and religious motives usually attributed to them.

Through the idea of type, then, we are seeking an approach to architecture that is somewhat indifferent to chronology.”

#timeless nature of type

Typologies

“Typological analysis tends to uncover a host of inclusions and intersections that reflect the complex network of links and ties that traverse the human imagination. But, from the perspective of those who aspire to gain knowledge of the materials that make up architecture in order to use them with a higher degree of self-awareness, the complexity of theoretical construction is far from being an obstacle or impurity; it is proof that theory cannot be separated from the reality that constitutes its object. Indeed, it is the same complexity that dominates the formal world of architecture, in which examples echo each other and experiences develop via a process characterised by overlapping and mixing.”- VARIATIONS OF IDENTITY

- Lannie (Yajie Lan)

Response of "Variations of Identity"

"As it includes the historical component of the architectural fact, this terminology seems to contradict our definition of type as permanent and protected from the passing of time. But this is not the case: when we rid these names of their circumstantial adjectivization, their structural condition is immediately revealed"

"But the value of this design is not restricted"

The only reason a great deal of thing are restricted to certain time periods or places is because of how we classify, name, or sort certain typologies.

-CR

#doesn't have to be only them #we can use it too

“Architectural types are created by humans and stem from our efforts to make the deep structure of the material world recognisable and intelligible. We, humankind, are leading this exploration on various fronts, always with our own rational means. To do this, we create tools, theories and classification criteria, which are then expressed in all intellectual production, including architecture.”

To abide by this explanation of moving on from one type of architecture to another due to ‘natural’ changes that we will try to make sense of implies that there is an element of impersonating nature in order to solve problems that nature itself forces upon us. Therefore, is architecture simply about perfecting the art of trading punches with nature with no end in sight? Is it then possible to accept the failings of an architectural style to prevent the failings of the next one from showing?

Quotation from the article THE NORMALISATION OF BODIES AND SPACE by Andrea Bagnato

Why speak of land reclamation today?

1. Politics

In Italy, land reclamation and the control of malaria were an aspect of the long process of ‘territorializing’ the peninsula, in which an array of ‘fragmented’ (difficult to access and exploit) natural areas were progressively replaced with ‘flat’ landscapes. As these non-flat environments (marshes, but also forests and terraced terrains) disappeared, so did the cultural practices and social formations that they supported. This necessarily led to some conflict; hence the history of land reclamation was also a story of struggles between different modes of production.

2. Current environmental awareness.

As productive as the reclaimed regions may be today, we know that they suffered a drastic loss of biodiversity and the introduction of invasive species; that the dried soil is only fertile thanks to the use of fertilizers and pesticides that pollute that same soil and water; that these areas are now more vulnerable to drought, due to the disappearance of the native vegetation; and finally that, without marshes and wetlands, the coasts are more exposed to erosion from the sea.

* Other Quotation：the idea of the marshlands as a place of outlaws feeding the ‘plague’ of brigands (therefore represented as a natural rather than political and social phenomenon) which required ‘resanitization.’

- Lannie (Yajie Lan)

“On the other hand, the drained areas provided the ground upon which a new biopolitical subject could be cultivated: no longer the bourgeois citizen of the liberal state, but the hardworking and disciplined worker (for the regime, cities were places of potential subversion). In this outlook, women were seen exclusively as serving reproductive purposes, to produce sons to boost the military ranks. The analogy between the fertility of the land and that of women is one of the most powerful of all the Fascist images.”

--THE NORMALISATION OF BODIES AND SPACE Andrea Bagnato

This quote illustrate the facist image of land reclamation, which is tightly entangled with military, politics and monetary interest. In this quote, the author juxtapose the land/ground with people --- workers and women, further explain the uncivil nature of the land reclamation.

“As productive as the reclaimed regions may be today, we know that they suffered a drastic loss of biodiversity and the introduction of invasive species; that the dried soil is only fertile thanks to the use of fertilizers and pesticides that pollute that same soil and water; that these areas are now more vulnerable to drought, due to the disappearance of the native vegetation; and finally that, without marshes and wetlands, the coasts are more exposed to erosion from the sea.”

“… the need to construct a pleasant heritage environment has all but crippled cities such as Florence. They seem increasingly incapable pf functioning for any purpose other than tourism.”

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