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Financial Summary of the Principality in 1907

In 1907, the Principality of Bulgaria presented a detailed financial statement showing the amounts owed to the government, the payments already made, and the remaining balances. These figures reveal a well-managed economy with careful attention to both debts and assets.

Sums Owed to the Government

The following table shows the various sums due to the Bulgarian Government on January 1, 1907, including loans, reserve funds, and amounts advanced to private individuals.

By the Sublime Porte:

Originally: 46,777,500 francs

Paid off by Dec. 31, 1906: 14,140,500 francs

Remaining: 32,637,000 francs

Unconverted Consols of the 6% Loan (1888):

Originally: 30,000,000 francs

Paid off: 8,655,000 francs

Remaining: 21,345,000 francs

Reserve Fund of the 5% Loan (1902):

Originally: 124,962,500 francs

Paid off: 24,176,500 francs

Remaining: 99,786,000 francs

Reserve Fund of the 5% Loan (1904):

Originally: 106,000,000 francs

Paid off: 1,850,000 francs

Remaining: 104,150,000 francs

Sums Advanced by the Government to Private Persons:

Originally: 99,980,000 francs

Paid off: 690,000 francs

Remaining: 99,290,000 francs

Various Current Accounts:

Remaining: 15,155,616 francs

Total Liabilities and Balances: 377,030,235 francs

The 1907 Budget Plan

The Budget for 1907 outlined both the expected revenues and expenditures of the Principality. The total approved expenditure for the year amounted to 121,969,441 francs Istanbul Daily Tours, distributed among the main ministries as follows:

Civil List: 2,581,620 francs

Public Debt: 32,187,764 francs

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Religions: 5,482,117 francs

Ministry of the Interior: 8,164,365 francs

Ministry of Public Instruction: 11,381,975 francs

Ministry of Finance: 7,913,890 francs

Ministry of Justice: 4,656,538 francs

Ministry of War: 28,820,804 francs

Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture: 5,535,959 francs

Ministry of Public Works, Roads, and Communications: 14,986,889 francs

The total expenditure reached 121,969,441 francs, with a small budget surplus of 13,559 francs, bringing the total balance to 121,983,000 francs.

Sources of Revenue

To cover these expenses, the ministries were authorized to collect taxes and fees according to the country’s laws. The total expected revenue for 1907 was 121,983,000 francs, made up of:

Direct Taxes: 41,380,000 francs

Indirect Taxes: 36,890,000 francs

State Privileges: 10,650,000 francs

The financial records of 1907 demonstrate that Bulgaria’s economy was efficiently managed. With its expenditures fully covered by revenues and a modest surplus remaining, the Principality entered the new year with a balanced and stable financial outlook.

#Financial Summary of the Principality in 1907

Family Size in Bulgaria

Large and Patriarchal Families

One of the most interesting aspects of Bulgarian society in the early 20th century is the size of families. The table of family sizes shows how many members usually lived together. A remarkable feature is the large number of big families, sometimes made up of many generations. These groups often lived under the same roof and worked on land that was owned jointly. Such families were known as patriarchal groups, where one elder, usually the father or grandfather, was the head of the household.

In earlier times, these large families were more common. However, the law of succession, which divided land among heirs, slowly reduced the number of such groups. Over time, rural properties became split among children and grandchildren, which made families smaller and more independent.

Statistics on Family Size

The census records show that while small families of one to four members were common, there were also many households with six, seven, or even more members. For example, more than 110,000 families had five members, and over 105,000 families had six members. Some households even reached 15 to 20 members, though these were rare. This demonstrates how deeply family life was connected with agriculture, where many hands were needed to work the fields Istanbul Tour Guides.

Nationalities in Bulgaria

Bulgarian Majority and Minorities

The census also recorded the nationalities living in the Principality. Bulgarians formed the vast majority, with more than 3.9 million people. Alongside them lived smaller groups such as Turks (29,037), Greeks (7,257), Romanians (2,095), Italians (1,137), and others. Foreign nationals such as Russians, Austro-Hungarians, Germans, French, Swiss, and British were also present, though in small numbers.

This diversity shows that Bulgaria, even in its early years as a modern state, had a mix of communities, some of them merchants, diplomats, or craftsmen who had settled there.

Birthplaces of the Population

Another way to view the population is by birthplace. Most people, nearly 3.9 million, were born in Bulgaria. Others came from nearby countries such as Turkey (87,474), Romania (13,542), Russia (7,341), and Serbia (4,438). A smaller number were born in countries like Austria-Hungary, Greece, Italy, Germany, and France. This mixture reflects migration patterns and the ties Bulgaria had with neighboring lands.

Languages Spoken

Vernacular Languages

Language statistics also reveal the multicultural character of the country. The majority of people spoke Bulgarian (over 3.2 million). However, many spoke Turkish (497,820), Greek (69,761), Jewish dialects (36,455), Armenian (13,494), and Tatar (16,270). Smaller groups spoke Russian, Serbian, Croatian, Polish, Czech, and other Slavic languages.

These figures highlight the linguistic richness of Bulgaria, where different traditions and cultures coexisted within one state.

At the start of the 20th century, Bulgaria had a growing population characterized by strong family ties, a clear Bulgarian majority, and many small minority communities. Large households reflected the agricultural way of life, while the presence of different nationalities and languages showed that Bulgaria was part of a wider network of peoples in the Balkans and Europe.

#Family Size in Bulgaria

Introduction

On April 12, 1877, the Imperial Government of Russia sent a circular note to the representatives of the Great Powers in St. Petersburg. In this note, Russia declared that all peaceful efforts to improve the terrible conditions of the Bulgarians under Ottoman rule had failed. Therefore, Russia announced that it was declaring war against Turkey.

This war, known as the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), had great importance for the future of Bulgaria. The conflict ended with the signing of the Treaty of San Stefano on March 3, 1878, near Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) Turkey Sightseeing.

The Treaty of San Stefano

The Treaty of San Stefano was a turning point. It reestablished, after nearly five centuries of Ottoman domination, the Bulgarian state, which had once been powerful during the Middle Ages. Although the borders of the new Bulgaria did not exactly follow those of the empire under Tsar Simeon the Great, they gave hope for national revival.

However, this treaty was soon modified by another international agreement: the Treaty of Berlin.

The Treaty of Berlin

Signed on July 13, 1878, the Treaty of Berlin redefined the borders of Bulgaria, making them smaller than those set in San Stefano. The treaty described Bulgaria’s borders in detail:

North: the right bank of the Danube River, from the Timok River to the Black Sea.

East: the Black Sea up to the Gulf of Aliman.

South: a line across the Strandja and Rhodope Mountains, the Arda River, the Rila Mountains, and the Ossogovo heights.

West: the watershed of the Morava River up to the Timok River.

The Creation of Eastern Rumelia

South of Bulgaria, a new province called Eastern Rumelia was created. It included parts of the Danube Vilayet and the Adrianople Vilayet. The capital of Eastern Rumelia was Plovdiv (Philippopolis).

Although it remained formally part of the Ottoman Empire, Eastern Rumelia was given special privileges. It had its own Christian governor and a national assembly, similar to the system used on the island of Samos.

The Union with Bulgaria

In 1885, a revolution in Plovdiv declared the union of Eastern Rumelia with the Principality of Bulgaria. This union was later confirmed by the Conference of Constantinople in 1886. It marked a major step toward the full independence and unification of the Bulgarian nation.

#Introduction

Veccus and the Tower of Anemas

A New Prisoner in the 13th Century

In the century following the imprisonment of Emperor Andronicus I, another important figure appeared in the history of the Tower of Anemas. This was John Veccus, who at the time served as Chartophylax of Hagia Sophia, one of the highest administrative offices of the great church. Later, he would become Patriarch of Constantinople. His imprisonment reveals the deep struggles within the Byzantine Empire, not only between emperors and nobles but also between churchmen and imperial policy.

Opposition to Church Union

Veccus incurred the anger of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos because of his strong opposition to the proposed union of the Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholic Churches. Michael, who had recently restored Byzantine rule in Constantinople after the Latin occupation, hoped that securing the Pope’s support would protect his fragile throne Private Balkan Tours.

At a special assembly called to discuss the matter, Veccus—chosen as the spokesman for the Orthodox opponents because of his intelligence and eloquence—spoke boldly. He declared that the Latins were heretics and that any attempt at church union was unacceptable. His words were powerful and won popular approval, but they deeply offended the emperor.

Michael, however, did not want to openly punish a man who had become a champion of Orthodoxy in the eyes of the people. Instead, he searched for another reason to prosecute Veccus.

The Marriage Dispute

An opportunity soon arose. The emperor had arranged a marriage between his daughter, Princess Anna, and the second son of the King of Serbia. This alliance was meant to strengthen Michael’s political position. Veccus was part of the official escort, along with the Patriarch of Constantinople, responsible for delivering the bride to her new home.

When the delegation reached the city of Beroea, Veccus, following private instructions from the empress, traveled ahead to examine the Serbian court. What he discovered shocked him. The lifestyle of the Serbian rulers seemed too simple and rustic compared to the luxury of Constantinople.

The Serbian king, unimpressed by Byzantine customs, pointed to his elder son’s wife—dressed plainly and spinning wool—and declared, “This is how we treat our brides!” The contrast between the modest Serbian ways and the refined Byzantine traditions convinced Veccus that Anna would not be happy in such an environment.

Embarrassing Incidents in Serbia

Further events strengthened his doubts. The embassy sent by the Serbian king to greet Anna was attacked by brigands, while the Byzantine envoys themselves awoke one morning to find their prized horses stolen. To Veccus, these incidents proved that Serbia was not a safe or suitable place for a Byzantine princess.

Believing he was acting wisely, Veccus brought Anna back to Constantinople. But Emperor Michael, angered by the failure of his carefully arranged marriage alliance, used this act as a pretext to punish him.

Thus, Veccus, the outspoken defender of Orthodoxy, fell into disgrace. His return of Princess Anna to Constantinople provided Michael VIII with the excuse he needed. The emperor could now imprison Veccus in the Tower of Anemas, officially on charges of political disobedience, but in reality for daring to oppose the imperial plan of church union.

#Veccus and the Tower of Anemas

Prisoners of the Tower of Anemas

Georgius of Trebizond and Emperor Andronicus

Georgius, Duke of Trebizond

Before Michael Anemas received his pardon and release, another famous figure was imprisoned in the Tower of Anemas. This was Georgius, Duke of Trebizond, who in 1107 attempted to make his province independent from the Byzantine Empire. In some ways, his actions foreshadowed the later creation of the Empire of Trebizond in the thirteenth century.

Georgius proved to be a difficult and rebellious prisoner. He constantly cursed his imperial master and showed no signs of repentance. To win him over, his old friend Caesar Nikephoros Bryennios, husband of the historian Anna Komnene, visited him many times. At first, all efforts failed. Georgius refused every attempt at reconciliation. Yet, over time, the long years of confinement wore him down. His defiance slowly gave way to exhaustion and despair. Finally, he submitted to imperial authority. In reward for his surrender, he was released, restored to favor, and even granted wealth and honors.

The Imprisonment of Andronicus Komnenos

The next and most notorious prisoner of the tower was Emperor Andronicus I Komnenos. He was remembered in Byzantine history for his cruelty, corruption, and tyranny. In 1185, his brutal rule sparked an uprising in Constantinople. When he tried to flee, he was captured and thrown into the Tower of Anemas Private Balkan Tours.

This was not Andronicus’s first time in prison. During the reign of Emperor Manuel Komnenos, he had been arrested twice but managed to escape each time. The Tower of Anemas, however, was to be his last place of confinement. From there he emerged only to face one of the most violent deaths ever recorded in Byzantine history.

Humiliation and Torture

After his capture, Andronicus was treated like a wild animal. He was chained by the neck and feet and dragged before his successor, Emperor Isaac II Angelos. Instead of showing mercy, the new regime unleashed the fury of the people. Andronicus was beaten, spat upon, struck in the face, and mocked. His hair and beard were torn out by the roots. His teeth were knocked out, and his right hand was cut off with an axe. Then he was thrown back into his cell without food, water, or medical care.

When he was finally brought out for execution, his humiliation continued. Dressed as a slave, blind in one eye, he was forced to ride a sickly camel through the streets of Constantinople. The citizens, enraged by his years of tyranny, hurled insults and abuse as he passed. The parade ended in the Hippodrome, the great arena of the capital.

The Death of a Tyrant

At the Hippodrome, Andronicus was tied upside down by his feet between two columns decorated with figures of a wolf and a hyena—symbols of his cruelty. Despite his suffering, he endured with quiet dignity, crying out, “Kyrie Eleison—Lord, have mercy. Why do You break the bruised reed?” But his pleas fell on deaf ears. No pity was shown.

Finally, three men stepped forward and killed him with their swords, competing to display their skill. Thus ended the life of one of Byzantium’s most infamous emperors. His brutal death reflected not only the hatred of his subjects but also the dark extremes of Byzantine justice.

#Prisoners of the Tower of Anemas

Sarajevo The Damascus of the North

Sarajevo has often been compared to the ancient cities of Jerusalem and Damascus. In fact, it is sometimes called “the Damascus of the North.” This comparison fits the older part of the city, which features narrow streets, mosques, and bazaars that resemble those found in historic Middle Eastern towns.

However, the newer parts of Sarajevo feel very different. They are more like towns in Germany or Italy, with modern buildings, clean roads, and organized layouts. This mix of styles shows Sarajevo’s unique blend of Eastern tradition and Western progress.

A City of Religious and Cultural Diversity

Sarajevo is known for its religious diversity. The city has many mosques, complete with domes and minarets, as well as churches for people of all religions. There are also synagogues and Catholic cathedrals, all existing side by side—a clear sign of the city’s tolerant spirit.

In the newer districts, you will find modern buildings such as offices, apartment blocks, and government institutions. One of the most impressive is the Rathaus, or City Hall, which is a beautiful example of Oriental-style architecture. It looks as though it could have come straight from Constantinople (Istanbul) or Algiers.

Another grand building is the Scheriatschule, a law school with an imposing design. There is also a historic citadel, once the residence of the Turkish governor. It is now a mix of different architectural styles and is surrounded by a high stone wall. Today, it houses Austrian soldiers, whose colorful uniforms are a lively sight in the city.

Military Exchange and Cultural Integration

In Budapest, the capital of Hungary, it is common to see Bosnian soldiers marching in parades. These young men are well-trained, proud, and wear their uniforms with honor. There are about 7,000 Bosnian troops serving in Austria and Hungary, while an equal number of Austrian troops are stationed in Bosnia.

This exchange of soldiers is part of a clever plan by the government. According to Bosnian law, every healthy man must serve in the military for five years once he turns eighteen—two years in active duty and three years in reserve.

Learning, Marrying, and Returning Home

During their two years of active duty, Bosnian soldiers live in Austria or Hungary. There, they are exposed to new ideas, learn the German language, and often make friends—sometimes even marrying Austrian women. The government supports these marriages by offering special benefits, such as extra pay and reduced duties. Married couples are allowed to live together in the military barracks, and the wives are given jobs such as cooks or laundresses.

After their service, these young men return to Bosnia with new skills, loyalty to the empire, and often with Austrian wives. This strengthens ties between Bosnia and Austria and helps create a more united society Sofia Daily Tours .

Austrian Soldiers in Bosnia

On the other side of the exchange, Austrian soldiers stationed in Bosnia also form close connections with the locals. Many of them marry Bosnian women and choose to stay in the region permanently. The Austrian government encourages this as well, offering similar rewards and incentives.

This system of cultural and social exchange has proven very successful in building mutual understanding, loyalty, and peaceful coexistence between two different but connected regions of the empire.

#Sarajevo The Damascus of the North

Laws for Foreigners in Turkey

The Rule of Extra-Territoriality

In Turkey, a special legal system called extra-territoriality is used for foreign citizens. This means that people from other countries living in Turkey are not judged by Turkish law. Instead, they are judged by the laws of their own country. These foreigners are also tried in courts held by their own diplomats and consuls. It does not matter if the person who brings the complaint (the plaintiff) is Turkish or not. What matters is the nationality of the accused (defendant).

So, if a French citizen commits a crime in Turkey, such as theft or even murder, they are tried under French law, not Turkish law. Their case is heard in the French embassy or consulate. Small crimes are usually handled by consuls, while more serious crimes are dealt with by a minister or ambassador of the same nationality. Turkish police and judges do not take part in these trials at all.

Turkish Law Based on Religion and Tradition

Turkish law is very different from Western legal systems. It is based mainly on religion, especially the teachings of Islam. The main source of law is the Koran, the holy book of Muslims. It also includes the teachings of important early Muslim leaders, called Khalifs, and other scholars of Islam.

Another major source of Turkish law is the Sheik-ul-Islam, the head of the Islamic religious system. People can ask this religious leader legal questions, and his answers become part of the law. His decisions are final and can overrule any judge in the country.

Legal Books and Royal Orders

These religious laws and decisions are written and organized into a book. This legal book is divided into sections such as:

Business and trade laws, Criminal laws, Religious and everyday rules

The Turkish legal system also includes firmans, which are orders given by the Sultan. These orders may allow or forbid specific actions and are meant to guide the people. In addition to this, there are police rules and regulations, which are usually the same every year unless changed Guided Tour Ephesus.

The Role of Islamic Legal Experts

There is a group of Islamic legal experts called the kazaskers. They are similar to judges and lawyers. These experts help the Sheik-ul-Islam by researching and preparing legal opinions or summaries for him to review and sign.

There is also another small court called the Ulema, which handles minor legal issues. All of these parts together form the full picture of how traditional Turkish and Islamic law work in the Ottoman Empire.

#Laws for Foreigners in Turkey

Research on the Roman Baths and Amphitheater of Pergamon

By Lea Geisler, Hüseyin Çınarlık, and Neele Menter

Technical University of Berlin, Institute of Architecture, Department of Historic Building Research and Monument Preservation

Exploring Ancient Roman Architecture in Pergamon

In recent years, students and researchers from the Technical University of Berlin have been working on the Roman-era buildings of Pergamon, an ancient city in present-day Türkiye. This work is part of the TransPergMicro project, led by the German Archaeological Institute in Istanbul (DAI).

The research focuses on the Upper Gymnasion Terrace, where two large bath complexes—the East and West Baths—have been studied. These buildings are valuable for understanding Roman construction technology, building materials, and construction methods Sofia City Tour.

Construction Methods and Building Phases

The study closely examines how these baths were built. By analyzing the types of stones, bricks, mortar, and other materials used, the researchers can trace the steps of construction. This also helps them understand the different phases of construction.

Some parts of the buildings were built in earlier times, while others were added later. The way the walls were layered and the materials used give important clues about how the construction process was managed.

The Relationship Between Building and Nature

Another focus of the study is the connection between the buildings and the landscape. The East and West Baths were built on a high terrace overlooking Pergamon, and the builders had to adapt to the hilly terrain. The team also investigates how much stone and other natural resources were used, where they were taken from, and how they were transported. This helps us understand the economic and environmental impact of building large structures in ancient times.

The Amphitheater of Pergamon A Rare and Impressive Structure

One of the most important and rare buildings in Pergamon is its Amphitheater. Amphitheaters were a unique Roman invention and are symbols of Roman culture and architecture. Surprisingly, only a few have been found in Anatolia (modern-day Türkiye).

In addition to Pergamon, the only known amphitheaters in this region are located in:

Kyzikos (near Erdek, Balıkesir)

Anazarbos (in Kozan, Adana)

Mastaura (in Nazilli, Aydın)

These buildings are not only architectural wonders, but they also show how the Romans used land and resources. The amphitheater of Pergamon stands out because of its large scale and strategic location, making it an excellent case for studying land use, material consumption, and urban planning during Roman times.

#Research on the Roman Baths and Amphitheater of Pergamon

Bansko Bulgaria’s Top Winter Resort

While Sofia’s Mount Vitosha offers fun and affordable skiing for a day trip, it doesn’t match the variety and excitement found in Bansko, Bulgaria’s leading winter resort. Located about 150 km southeast of Sofia, Bansko is easy to reach and well worth the trip.

If you’re planning a visit, make sure to check out the brand new “Bansko In Your Pocket” guide. It has all the essential info you’ll need for your trip. You can also visit www.inyourpocket.com and click on “Bansko” to learn more.

Sofia in Winter A City Break That’s Gaining Popularity

When people think of a winter vacation, they usually imagine visiting galleries, browsing museums, and doing some seasonal shopping. Sofia might not be the first city that comes to mind, but that’s starting to change Coastal Bulgaria Holidays.

The Bulgarian capital is quickly becoming a great off-season destination. Each month, more attractions in the city are gaining “must-see” status, making Sofia an exciting option for winter travelers.

Revamped Museums Worth Visiting

Sofia’s National Archaeological Museum has transformed from a dull place full of old artifacts into one of Europe’s best historical collections. Visitors can now enjoy beautifully arranged rooms filled with stunning treasures from Bulgaria’s long past.

Even better, the Military History Museum had a major upgrade in 2007. It is now a modern, tourist-friendly museum that takes visitors on a journey through over 150 years of Bulgarian military history. It’s a top spot for history lovers.

Shopping in Sofia Unique and Unexpected

Sofia is experiencing a retail transformation. While it’s not packed with high-end international fashion chains, it offers something different: quirky, unusual, and sometimes bizarre Bulgarian-made products.

If you’re interested in local crafts and one-of-a-kind items you won’t find anywhere else, our Shopping Guide on page 56 is a great place to start. It’s not about fashion trends—it’s about discovering something unique.

Ice Skating A Seasonal Highlight

Winter fun in Sofia doesn’t stop indoors. A popular outdoor activity during the cold months is ice skating. Temporary ice rinks appear around the city, adding a festive spirit to the downtown area.

One of the most visited rinks is right in front of the National Theatre, offering a magical atmosphere surrounded by beautiful buildings. Another favorite is the new rink at Lake Ariana, located in the northeast corner of Borisova Gradina Park. Both are perfect for enjoying the winter charm of Sofia.

City or Slopes – Bulgaria Has It All

Whether you’re drawn to the snowy slopes of Bansko or the cultural charm of Sofia, Bulgaria offers great value and variety for winter travelers. From skiing and skating to museums and shopping, there’s something for everyone this season.

#Bansko Bulgaria’s Top Winter Resort

Bulgaria’s Dream Faces Challenges

Tsar Ferdinand of Bulgaria and his advisors clearly understand how difficult it is to unite Bulgaria with its neighboring regions. They know that Austria wants the city of Salonica, and they are also aware of the competing claims made by Italy, Serbia, and Greece.

Obstacles, But Not Impossible

Even though there are many challenges to creating a “Great Bulgaria,” the leaders in Sofia do not believe these problems are impossible to overcome. History in the Balkans has shown that surprising things can happen.

Surprising Events in the Past

Before 1885, no one would have believed that Bulgaria could take control of Eastern Roumelia without fighting a war—but it happened. Before October 5 of this year, people would have laughed at the idea that Bulgaria could declare independence from the Ottoman Empire without causing a Balkan war—but that also came true. These events are now officially recorded in government history Guided Tours Turkey.

A New Opportunity Ahead

There are signs that Bulgaria’s leaders believe a new opportunity is coming. They think the powerful countries of Europe might soon realign in a way that allows Tsar Ferdinand more freedom to deal with the Macedonian issue.

The Macedonian Question Isn’t So Complicated

Although many politicians loudly argue about the situation in Macedonia, the Bulgarian government believes the problem is not as complex as it seems. They remain hopeful that the dream of a united Bulgarian nation can still come true.

#Bulgaria’s Dream Faces Challenges

Abandoned Villages and the Rise of Socialist Art

As a result of forced collectivization and economic control, many villages began to lose their populations. Young people moved to cities in search of jobs or simply to escape the harsh conditions in rural areas. Photos from this period show many abandoned village houses—a powerful image of the disruption caused by government policies.

At the same time, socialist realism art was promoted to show leaders like Vulko Chervenkov as heroic figures. This type of art was meant to inspire loyalty to the Communist Party and glorify state power, even while people’s everyday lives were becoming more difficult.

Expropriation of Private Property in Industry, Trade, and Banking

In addition to farming, the communist regime also targeted industry, trade, and banking. In spring 1946, the Bulgarian Communist Party began a campaign to support the “dictatorship of the proletariat.” This meant removing private ownership from all parts of the economy Istanbul Tours Guide.

On 8 September 1946, the government passed the Confiscation of Property Act. According to Article 1, all property—land, buildings, money, and even shares—that had been acquired since 1935 could be taken by the state. The law described any form of private business as “profiteering,” and thus illegal.

The goal was to destroy the financial power of people the regime saw as enemies. As Alexander Girginov of the Democratic Party said, the law was used to economically eliminate those not loyal to the government.

Nationalization A Soviet-Style Economy

By the end of 1947, Bulgaria had become a single-party state, closely modeled after the Soviet Union. Private businesses, industries, and banks were nationalized. This was described by Georgi Dimitrov, Communist Party leader and head of the Comintern, as one of the most important steps in turning capitalism into socialism.

From agriculture to industry, the Bulgarian Communist Party reshaped the entire economy and society, often through force, fear, and strict control.

#Abandoned Villages and the Rise of Socialist Art

Visit of Key Figures to Bulgaria (1926)

In 1926, Ellen Gleditsch, the Chairwoman of the International Federation of University Women, along with Ms. Klem and Ekaterina Zlatoustova, visited Bulgaria. Zlatoustova was an important figure, having worked in Italy as a delegate in the Italian-Bulgarian Mixed Arbitration Court in Rome. She was also elected to the board of the International Federation of Women Jurists in 1936 and nominated to the Committee on the Status of Women with the League of Nations in 1938.

Leadership of the Lawyers’ Section

The Lawyers’ Section of the Bulgarian Association of University Women (BAUW) had several important leaders. The third chairwoman of this section was Fany Kesyakova, a Bulgarian female jurist. She graduated in law from Sofia University and worked as a secretary in private companies and foreign diplomatic missions.

Focus on Professional Rights of Women Jurists

The main goal of the Lawyers’ Section was to fight for the professional and political rights of Bulgarian women jurists. Dimitrana Ivanova, the leader of the Bulgarian Women’s Union in the inter-war period, and Vera Zlatareva, a leader of the Lawyers’ Section, were key figures in the fight for women’s inclusion in the legal profession. Their efforts were great examples of women’s activism Holidays Bulgaria.

In 1929, the International Federation of Women Jurists began to support these women’s efforts. However, despite the support, the Federation was unable to intervene because the issue was considered a constitutional law problem, not a labor issue, as argued by powerful male politicians of the time.

Legal Struggles and Women’s Suffrage

At first, the Lawyers’ Section focused on a legal battle against the Lawyers’ Act and tried to gain political support for changing the Legal Structure Act. However, after the authoritarian regime took power in 1934, the Ministers of Justice refused to discuss this issue with the BAUW. As a result, the section shifted its focus to another key goal: demanding women’s suffrage.

#Visit of Key Figures to Bulgaria (1926)

Finding Refreshment

We reached a small brook in a shady valley, where the water made a pleasant sound, inviting us to drink. We drank deeply and rested. After the hot, tiring journey across the mountains, it was nice to relax and loosen our belts. The captain, my guide, and I lay back, enjoying the moment. The Turkish soldiers walked their horses under the trees, gently patting them and talking to them before letting them drink. Then, they tied the horses to nearby branches, sat down, and rolled cigarettes for each other to share. They also rested in the shade, enjoying a well-deserved break after their long ride Customized Daily Istanbul Tours.

The Young Turkish Soldier

One Turkish soldier caught my attention. He looked strong and fair, almost like an Englishman. He could have been mistaken for a British soldier, except for the fact that he only spoke Turkish and wore the red fez. Later, he became my servant during the journey through Albania. Even though we couldn’t communicate easily, he was quick to understand what I needed. The first thing I noticed about him was that he had an excellent horse. The bond between the soldier and his horse was strong. Whenever they stopped, the soldier would stay close to his horse, petting it and talking to it.

A Quiet Moment

In the calm afternoon, my Turkish “Tommy” quietly walked away from the group and followed the brook. He came to a patch of green grass, and I watched him curiously. He took out a small piece of cloth from his jacket, about the size of a handkerchief, and carefully washed it. At first, I thought he was just cleaning something. But then he took off his riding boots and washed his feet. He was very careful with the cloth and made sure it was clean, spreading it on the green grass.

#Finding Refreshment

A Visit to the Public Gardens

The Governor invited me to join him to listen to the band. Of course, I said yes! We went to the public gardens, where four or five staff members followed us and a dozen soldiers stood nearby. The garden itself was just a small sandy area with some weak, colorless bushes. But there were chairs, small tables, drinks, and a band playing music. I had absinthe in a glass, and the Governor had his absinthe in a coffee cup. Turks take teetotalism (no alcohol) very seriously. Besides, everyone in Kirk Kilise was watching the Governor and his guest.

The Governor’s Busy Day

While we were sitting, the Governor stayed very busy. He raised his finger, and a soldier quickly jumped from behind a tree holding a telegram form. The soldier was always ready for emergencies. Soon, more telegrams arrived, followed by officers with documents. The Governor quickly looked through them and signed his initials. He seemed so busy—no other Governor in Turkey could be working harder than Galib Pasha! All the while, his eyes were searching around, looking for something that never appeared—his revolver Dragalevtsi Monastery.

A Circus Invitation

That evening, a Turkish officer came to my hotel to deliver a message. He greeted me and said the Governor had invited me to a circus. A circus in Kirk Kilise? Yes, it was a traveling circus from Germany. I agreed to go, but I was traveling light and only had clothes suitable for riding a horse.

The Journey to the Circus

With soldiers carrying lanterns, we walked through the dark streets. We passed naphtha lamps, large paintings on canvas showing men driving six horses and women dressed in glittery costumes jumping through hoops. We finally reached the big circus tent, where the light from the lamps shone brightly, and the sound of clapping came from inside. It all felt very familiar.

#A Visit to the Public Gardens

The Growth of Bulgaria and Tensions with Russia

Seven years after Bulgaria gained its independence, northern European Turkey, known as Roumelia and mainly populated by Bulgarians, joined with the southern part of Bulgaria. This unification created a larger Bulgarian state. However, Russia did not welcome this change. It was fine for Russia to help create a small Bulgarian nation from a part of the Ottoman Empire, as it was seen as a way to extend Russian influence. But a bigger Bulgaria, with its own ambitions of independence, made Russia uneasy.

Czar Alexander III of Russia did not like the idea of an expanded Bulgaria that might try to stand alone. To show his displeasure, Russia withdrew all of its officers who had helped train the Bulgarian army. The Russians believed that Bulgaria lacked the ability to defend itself without their help. During this period, tensions with neighboring Serbia escalated. Encouraged by Austria, Serbia went to war with Bulgaria. However, Bulgaria, under Prince Alexander, defeated the Serbs in battle. Bulgaria even considered taking over Serbia, but Austria stepped in, forcing Bulgaria to stop and give up some of the land it had gained. This conflict created deep resentment between Serbia and Bulgaria. Serbia felt humiliated by its defeat, while Bulgaria was angry about losing territory it had fought for Adventure Bulgaria Tour.

Bulgaria’s Struggles with Russia and Prince Alexander

Russia’s frustration with Bulgaria grew as the country began to act more independently. Russia had helped Bulgaria gain its freedom, but Bulgaria’s desire to stand alone angered the Russian government. The situation worsened when Russia kidnapped Prince Alexander, Bulgaria’s ruler, and held him captive. After public outcry from Europe, Russia released him, but continued to make life difficult for the Prince. The stress of the situation led Prince Alexander to abdicate and leave Bulgaria.

After Prince Alexander’s departure, Bulgaria was in turmoil. It was then that Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg was chosen by the Sobranje, or Parliament, to be the new ruler. Under his leadership, Bulgaria began to progress, although his rule was not without controversy.

Prince Ferdinand and His Strained Relationship with the People

Prince Ferdinand was a clever and shrewd leader. However, his intelligence and political skills were not always appreciated by the Bulgarian people. Over the years, he had many opportunities to win their hearts, but he failed to do so. Many Bulgarians believe that Prince Ferdinand does not like them or their country. His actions, such as choosing to live in other countries like Austria or France rather than in Bulgaria, only fueled this belief.

Additionally, Prince Ferdinand’s personal expenses were paid from the country’s budget, which came mostly from the taxes of Bulgarian peasants. His official allowance amounted to around a million and a quarter francs, but many Bulgarians felt that this money should be spent in Bulgaria, not in foreign cities like Vienna or Paris. As a result, Prince Ferdinand remained unpopular with many of his people. His failure to connect with them on a personal level led to ongoing dissatisfaction with his rule.

Bulgaria’s journey to independence has been marked by both progress and challenges. The country’s history is filled with struggles, both internal and external, as it worked to define itself as a nation. While Prince Ferdinand helped lead Bulgaria forward, his strained relationship with the people and his preference for life abroad made him an unpopular figure. Despite these difficulties, Bulgaria has continued to grow, driven by the determination of its people.

#The Growth of Bulgaria and Tensions with Russia

Labour Camps in Bulgaria A Historical Overview

Introduction to Labour Camps

After the establishment of the communist regime in Bulgaria, a series of labour camps were created to detain political opponents and those deemed undesirable by the government. These camps were often harsh, and the conditions were brutal. Below is a list of notable labour camps that operated in Bulgaria during this period.

Early Camps

Zeleni Dol

The first labour camp in Bulgaria after September 9, 1944, was Zeleni Dol, located in the Blagoevgrad region. This camp was established at the request of the Soviet occupying forces. It operated from September 1944 until December 1945, housing 203 people, including German citizens and women married to Bulgarians Bulgaria Private Tours Kazanlak.

Sveti Vratch Station

Another camp, known as Sveti Vratch Station, was set up near the city of Sandanski in January 1945. The details about the conditions in this camp are less documented but were similar to those in other camps.

Camps for Political Prisoners

Kutziyan Mine

The Kutziyan Mine, located near Pernik, operated from October 1945 until the end of 1949. This camp mainly confined counter-revolutionary Russians. In 1948, a large group of supporters of Nikola Petkov, leader of the agrarian party, were also interned here.

“Black Sea” Mine

The “Black Sea” Mine near Bourgas was in operation from January to April 1945. Details about this camp are scarce, but like others, it contributed to the overall oppressive atmosphere of the time.

Bogdanov Dol

Bogdanov Dol, located in the Pernik region, operated from spring 1945 until 1951. This camp also played a role in detaining those considered enemies of the state.

Notable Camps for Women

Boyana Camp

A women’s camp was established in the village of Boyana in the Tutrakan region at the beginning of 1947. This camp, along with others set up during the same year, reflected the regime’s effort to control and punish women who opposed the government.

Veliko Turnovo

Another women’s camp was established on the outskirts of Veliko Turnovo in 1947. These camps were notorious for their poor conditions and harsh treatment.

The Belene Camp

One of the most infamous camps was Belene, established by a Council of Ministers’ Decree on April 27, 1949. This camp was specifically for political opponents of the Communist Party and spread across various Danube river islands. In its first year, it housed 800 inmates, and by 1953, this number had increased to 1,917, with sentences ranging from six months to seven years. Belene was temporarily closed from September 5 to November 5, 1956, but its legacy of suffering remained.

The Lovech Camp

The Lovech camp, notorious for its harsh regime, was established in 1959. It is often referred to as “The Camp of Death.” The first 166 inmates from Belene were transferred to Lovech, where they were forced to work in a nearby stone quarry. Conditions were inhumane, and many prisoners, including intellectuals and artists, suffered extreme abuse. Many died from torture, exhaustion, or were brutally killed.

The history of labour camps in Bulgaria serves as a stark reminder of the oppression faced by many during the communist regime. These camps were not just places of detention; they were sites of suffering and cruelty, reflecting the government’s harsh measures against dissent. Understanding this dark period is crucial for recognizing the importance of human rights and freedom in society today.

#Labour Camps in Bulgaria A Historical Overview