Dapaan

Native Kashmiri speaker. 23. I speak English, Urdu/Hindi, French, and Persian besides.

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puog

noun: destruction

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gonmaath

(n.) a skilled professional singer

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What do you want to know about Kashmiri?

I’m keeping busy these days but if there’s anything about Kashmiri you’d like me to write about, just ask!

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i love your kasheer lessons! i am very thankful for them!

np :) happy to help

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Possessive Phrases in Kashmiri

N.B. ì represents /ɨ/, è represents /ə/, y represents palatalisation of the following sound. Thus, e.g., ìyk is [ɨkʲ]

Phrases describing possession (X’s Y) in Kashmiri fall into three classes depending on the characteristics of the possessor (the X). Unlike in Hindustani, where -kā/kī/kē is broadly used to form all possessive phrases, Kashmiri has three sets of suffixes for the possessor which is usually followed by the possessed entity. The suffixes change to agree with the possessed object (Y) in gender and number. So, the simplest structure looks like this:

To this, you can add a case suffix to the entities, to yield a structure like this:

The three types of the possessor which comprise the classes are as follows:

Proper nouns

Inanimate singular nouns which ending in a consonant

All other nouns

Proper Nouns

Proper nouns use the ending -UN which is changed for gender and number to agree with the possessed entity.

Examples:

Burhan-un shur (masculine singular object) Burhan’s child

Burhan-ìyn shuyr (masculine plural object) Burhan’s children

Burhan-ìyn koor (feminine singular object) Burhan’s daughter

Burhan-ìni kuori (feminine plural object) Burhan’s daughters

Note that the gender of the possessor (Burhan) doesn’t matter. We could just as well say:

Sheel-un shur

Sheel-ìyn shuyr and so on…

Inanimate singular nouns which end in a consonant

Inanimate nouns refer to objects devoid of life (animacy). In this class fall only such objects which are singular and end in a consonant. Some such words would be dramun (m. grass), bar (m. door), waan (m. shop), phot (m. a kind of large basket). The suffix -UK is used which, again, declines for the possessed object.

waan-uk rang (masculine singular object) “the shop’s colour”

dramun-ìyk vèthìr (masculine plural object) “the grass’ leaves, leaves of grass”

bar-ic haangkal (feminine singular object) “the door’s chain, the door-chain”

phot-ici khanji (feminine plural object) “the phot’s pieces”

All other nouns

All nouns which fail to fall into the first two classes are grouped here. An interesting feature of this class is the variation of the suffix -HUND with -SUND.

-SUND is used when the possessor is in the dative case. This may be apparent at first and may take some practice. We’ll use lèḍkì (m. boy) and koor (f. girl). Watch:

lèḍkì sund garì (masculine singular object) “the boy’s house/home”

kuor-i hìnz kitaab (feminine singular object) “the girl’s book”

lèḍk-an hìynd mèayl (masculine plural object) “the boys’ fathers”

kuor-en hìnzi maaji (feminine plural object) “the girls’ mothers”

(Ignore the change from koor to kuor. It’s an unrelated process which doesn’t need to bother us here).

The possessors take a case — the dative and this causes the -hund to change to -sund in our first example.

To see this more clearly, we can add an adjective (which also take endings in Kashmiri). So:

tshèṭ-is lèḍkì-sund garì “the house of the short boy”

The adjective tshoṭ/tshèṭ- (short) takes the singular dative suffix -is which also influences the change from -hund to -sund.

(Source, my own: https://medium.com/@kashmirilang/possessive-phrases-56161ae30fbc)

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Writing long vowels in Kuoshur (Kashmiri) in Perso-Arabic and Devanagari.

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Possessive Phrases in Kashmiri

N.B. ì represents /ɨ/, è represents /ə/, y represents palatalisation of the following sound. Thus, e.g., ìyk is [ɨkʲ]

Phrases describing possession (X’s Y) in Kashmiri fall into three classes depending on the characteristics of the possessor (the X). Unlike in Hindustani, where -kā/kī/kē is broadly used to form all possessive phrases, Kashmiri has three sets of suffixes for the possessor which is usually followed by the possessed entity. The suffixes change to agree with the possessed object (Y) in gender and number. So, the simplest structure looks like this:

To this, you can add a case suffix to the entities, to yield a structure like this:

The three types of the possessor which comprise the classes are as follows:

Proper nouns

Inanimate singular nouns which ending in a consonant

All other nouns

Proper Nouns

Proper nouns use the ending -UN which is changed for gender and number to agree with the possessed entity.

Examples:

Burhan-un shur (masculine singular object) Burhan’s child

Burhan-ìyn shuyr (masculine plural object) Burhan’s children

Burhan-ìyn koor (feminine singular object) Burhan’s daughter

Burhan-ìni kuori (feminine plural object) Burhan’s daughters

Note that the gender of the possessor (Burhan) doesn’t matter. We could just as well say:

Sheel-un shur

Sheel-ìyn shuyr and so on…

Inanimate singular nouns which end in a consonant

Inanimate nouns refer to objects devoid of life (animacy). In this class fall only such objects which are singular and end in a consonant. Some such words would be dramun (m. grass), bar (m. door), waan (m. shop), phot (m. a kind of large basket). The suffix -UK is used which, again, declines for the possessed object.

waan-uk rang (masculine singular object) “the shop’s colour”

dramun-ìyk vèthìr (masculine plural object) “the grass’ leaves, leaves of grass”

bar-ic haangkal (feminine singular object) “the door’s chain, the door-chain”

phot-ici khanji (feminine plural object) “the phot’s pieces”

All other nouns

All nouns which fail to fall into the first two classes are grouped here. An interesting feature of this class is the variation of the suffix -HUND with -SUND.

-SUND is used when the possessor is in the dative case. This may be apparent at first and may take some practice. We’ll use lèḍkì (m. boy) and koor (f. girl). Watch:

lèḍkì sund garì (masculine singular object) “the boy’s house/home”

kuor-i hìnz kitaab (feminine singular object) “the girl’s book”

lèḍk-an hìynd mèayl (masculine plural object) “the boys’ fathers”

kuor-en hìnzi maaji (feminine plural object) “the girls’ mothers”

(Ignore the change from koor to kuor. It’s an unrelated process which doesn’t need to bother us here).

The possessors take a case — the dative and this causes the -hund to change to -sund in our first example.

To see this more clearly, we can add an adjective (which also take endings in Kashmiri). So:

tshèṭ-is lèḍkì-sund garì “the house of the short boy”

The adjective tshoṭ/tshèṭ- (short) takes the singular dative suffix -is which also influences the change from -hund to -sund.

(Source, my own: https://medium.com/@kashmirilang/possessive-phrases-56161ae30fbc)

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Uncommon Language Langblrs

please reblog if you blog OR speak these languages (AND TELL ME WHICH ONE):

Persian

Punjabi

Hindi

(any Indo-Iranian language, really)

Indonesian

HUGE BONUS POINTS FOR

Okinawan (Uchinaguchi)

Hawaiian (ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi)

Madlivian (Dhivehi)

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Urdu and Kashmiri native speaker here.

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Pluralisation in Kashmiri

Pluralisation in Kashmiri can be an involved process involved both consonantal and vocalic mutation. There are two genders, both with two major sub-declensions. Here is an overview of the pluralisation process in Kashmiri with some common nouns. All plurals here are in the nominative/absolutive case. There is considerable syncretism in some declensions.

koor, f. girl, daughter

seer, f. brick

káŧ, f. (young) girl

tsoŧ, f. bread, roti

muol, m. father

hol, m. bent

kitaab, m. book

Feminine nouns

koor > kuori An -i was added and the stem vowel changes form oo to uo.

seer > seari Again, an -i was added and the stem vowel mutates.

káŧ > kaci Other than the suffix and vowel mutation, the stem final consonant becomes a palatal affricate, moving from a voiceless retroflex plosive to a voiceless alveolar affricate.

tsoŧ > tswaci Vowel and consonant mutations and vocalic suffix.

Masculine nouns

muol > maelj Vowel mutation and palatalisation of the final consonant.

hol > hálj Vowel mutation and palatalisation.

kitaab > kitaab(ú) A loanword, kitaab doesn’t undergo either mutation or palatalisation, but stays the same. However, with loanwords a final ú is sometimes heard.

Index of characters

oo denotes /uː/

ee denotes /iː/

ŧ denotes /ʈ/

á denotes /ə/

ú denotes /ɨ/

uo is a long /oː/ like diphthong

ea is a long /eː/ like diphthong

ae is a long /ə:/ like diphthong

-j indicates palatalisation of the preceding consonant. Front high vowels (i and e) always palatalise the preceding consonant and I often don’t denote them.

c denotes /t͡ʃ/

P.S. If there is any aspect of Kashmiri, you’d like me to talk about, let me know. :)