The word "machine" originates from the Latin word "machina," meaning "machine, engine, military machine; device, trick; instrument," which itself comes from the Greek word "μηχανή" (mēkhanḗ), meaning "device, tool, or contrivance." The Greek word is derived from the verb "μηχανάομαι" (mēkhan.omai), which means "to contrive, to devise." Also, the Greek word is related to "mekhos" (μῆχος), meaning "means," "expedient" or “remedy.” A broader meaning of 'fabric, structure' exists in classical Latin but not in Greek usage. This meaning is from the late medieval French and adopted from the French into English in the mid-16th century. One of the earliest known uses of the word "machine" in English dates back to the late 14th century when it referred to "a construction used to perform a particular action or operate in a particular way."
By 1540, the Word was used to refer to “structure of any kind,” a Doric variant of Attic mēkhanē "device, tool, machine;" also "contrivance, cunning," traditionally (Watkins) from PIE *magh-ana- "that which enables," from root *magh- "to be able, have power." The modern sense of a "device made of moving parts for applying mechanical power" (the 1670s) probably grew out of mid-17c. senses of "apparatus, appliance" and "military siege-tower." It gradually came to be applied to an apparatus that works without the strength or skill of the workman. (Machine | Etymology of Machine by Etymonline, n.d.)
The term "machina" (plural: machinae) appears several times in Vitruvius' De Architectura, referring to different types of machines or mechanical devices used in construction and engineering. One of the primary uses of machinae is in the context of lifting and moving heavy materials during construction. He discusses various types of cranes, hoists, and lifting devices that were used to raise and position large stones, columns, and other building components, as well as constructing siege engines and other military devices, describing various types of catapults, ballistae, and other machines used for launching projectiles during warfare. He discusses the use of machines for pumping water, such as the Archimedean screw (cochlea) and various types of water wheels and mills. He also mentions machines used in theaters and other public buildings for raising and lowering curtains, scenery, and other stage equipment. (Morgan & Warren, 1914)
In ancient Greek theatre, the term “deus ex machina” was named for the convention of the God’s appearing in the sky, an effect achieved by means of a crane (Greek: mēchanē). The dramatic device dates from the 5th century BC; a god appears in Sophocles’ Philoctetes and in most of the plays of Euripides to solve a crisis by divine intervention. (Deus Ex Machina | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica, n.d.)
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