Konstrukcje gramatyczne - matura rozszerzona
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1. Neither Paul nor Janek is/ (are) honest
— Ani Paul ani Janek nie jest uczciwy
2. Neither of us – zwrotu tego używamy w odniesieniu do dwóch osób – żaden z dwóch
I have two brothers , neither of them is slim.
3. None of us – zwrotu tego używamy jeżeli w zdaniu odnosimy się do grupy większej niż 2 osoby
None of us is prepared to the exam.
4. Either …………….or ………albo, albo .
Either I will go to the sea, or I will go to the lake.
Albo pojadę nad morze, lub pojadę nad jezioro.
5. It is no use crying – nie ma sensu płakać
W tej konstrukcji używamy czasownika z końcówką ing.
6. There is no point in crying - nie ma sensu płakać
There is no point in breaking up
W tej konstrukcji używamy czasownika z końcówką ing.
7. If only I could swim – życzenia na terażniejszość - Past Simple – Gdybym tylko umiała pływać
If only I shared the room with Robert
If only I had a laptop- gdybym tylko miała laptopa
If only I lived in France- gdybym tylko mieszkał we Francji
8. If only I had learnt that earlier- Gdybym tylko nauczył się tego wcześniej- żałujemy czegoś z przeszłości - Past Perfect
If only I hadn’t answered back that teacher.
Życzenia na przeszłość past perfect ( had + 3 forma lube d )
9. I wish I had a dog - chcałbym mieć psa= żałuję ze nie mam psa
Jeżeli wyrażamy życzenie odnośnie sytuacji terażniejszej stosujemy czas Past Simple
I wish I knew French - Chcialbym znać francuski
I wish I could sign up for/ join that gym. Żałuję, że nie mogę zapisać się na siłownię/ Chciałbym zapisać się siłownię.
10. I wish I had bought it . – żałuję że tego nie kupiłem
Jeżeli, żalujemy czegoś z przeszłości stosujemy Past Perfect (had + 3 forma lub ed )
I wish I hadn’t been at the event .
I wish I had invited Robert
!!! Jeżeli zaczynamy tłumaczenie od żałuję
To jeżeli w polskiej wersji jest przeczenie to w angiel. twierdzenie
! !She wished she learnt French – czasownik wish odmienia się przez czasy
Does she wish she had a laptop?- czy ona żałuje ,że nie ma laptopa
11. I wish you would stop smoking. Wish + would – życzenie na przyszłość, jesli chcemy zmienić jakąs sytuację, kogoś zachowanie, które nas irytuje
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12. Konstrukcje strony biernej
It is said that he is rich = he is said to be rich – mówi się
It is believed that he is talented= he is believed to be talented- uważa, wierzy się
They say he writes novels=it is said that he writes novels= he is said to write novels
They think he lives in Alaska= it is thought that he lives= he is thought to live
13. Jeżeli czynność odbywa się na tej samej płaszczyżnie czasowej, np. w danym zdaniu zastosowane sa czasy Simple Present- Simple Present to używamy – to be, to do, to write , itd. Jeżeli czynność odbywa się na różnych płaszczyznach czasowych np. Simple Present- Simple Past to używamy – to have done, to have been, to have written itd.
— They say he cheats – It is said that he cheats- he is said to cheat
Ta sama płaszczyzna czasowa - Present Simple , Present Simple = to cheat - to plus forma podstawowa czasownika
— They say he skip classes- it is said that he skip classes= he is said to skip classes
— They believe he escaped- it is believed that he escaped= he is believed to have escaped
Rózne zastosowanie czasów- to have + III forma lub ed
- They say he wrote – it is said that he wrote – he is said to have written
- They believe he discovered- he is believed to have discovered
- They estimated he had misused the device- It Is estimated he had misused…..He is estimated to have misused
- They said he had mistaken - He was said to have mistaken
14. Przypuszczenie odnośnie przeszłości. Jeżeli chcemy wyrazić przypuszczenie odnośnie przeszłości, np. że coś prawdopodobnie się wydarzyło, stosujemy konstrikcję:
Modal + have + III forma lub ed
She must have forgotten – On na pewno zapomniała
She must have lost – Ona na pewno zgubiła
She might have overslept- Ona prawdopodobnie zaspała
! Ale - She had to do it- Ona musiała to zrobić , przymus
! Ważne jest aby rozróżnić przymus od przypuszczenia
She is late. It is so like her. She must have overslept.- przypuszczenie
She had to submit the documents on Friday. It was the deadline. - przymus
She must have done – na pewno tak
She might have done – prawdopodobnie tak
She can’t have done – na pewno nie
She might not have done – prawdopodobnie nie
She could have done - mogłabyła to zrobić
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— Czasownik should !!! I should have done it – czasownik should jeśli chodzi o formę przeszłą korzysta z konstrukcji modal have i 3 forma lub ed
I should have done it a long time ago.
Różnica między : I needn't have done a I didn't need to do it.
I needn't have done it- nie musialem tego robić, ale zrobilem
I didn't need to do it- nie musialem tego robić,i nie zrobilem
I needn't have bought so much food for the party, but I did as my mum didn't tell me that she had already bought all the food.
I didn't need to write the review for yesterday as my teacher had changed the deadline.
15. Po przysłówkach : when, as soon as (jak tylko), as long as (pod warunkiem że) , before, if, after , until , provided that, providing that (pod warunkiem że) , in case nie używamy czasu Future tylko Simple Present
When I finish writing it, I will watch “you can dance “
When he finishes writing it, he will watch
As long as you promise to give it back soon, I will lend you my car.
16. Despite, in spite of + ing- pomimo
Despite being alone- pomimo
Despite + ing/ lub rzeczownik
Despite being late- pomimo, że sie spóżniłam
In spite of + ing / lub rzeczownik
In spite of not liking - mimo, że nie lubię
Although I don’t like - mimo że nie lubię
Even though I don’t like - mimo że nie lubię
Po wyrazach although, even though używamy formy czasownikowej, odmieniamy przez dany czas gramatyczny
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Konstrukcji tej używamy, jeśli chcemy zlecić komuś wykonanie jakieś czynności
Have sth done/ get sth done
I had the roof mended- naprawiono mi dach - Past Simple
I will have the roof mended- naprawię dach/ naprawią mi dach - Future Simple
I have had the roof mended- naprawiono mi dach
17. High time - Najwyższy czas- w tej konstrukcji stosujemy czas Past Simple
It is high time she went down to work
18. Had better – lepiej- w tej konstrukcji używamy formy podstawowej czasownika
You had better not lie - przeczenie
Jeżeli mówimy o sobie, o tym co my wolimy używamy formy podstawowej czasownika
I would rather work here than there
Jeżeli mówimy, że wolimy aby ktoś inny coś zrobił stosyjemy czas Past Simple
I would rather you worked here
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20. Ogólne upodobania – prefer ing to ing
I prefer learning English to learning German
21. As if / as though – jakgdydby-generalnie w zastosowaniu tej konstrukcji "cofamy się o czas do tyłu"
He behaves as if he was the most important person.
Ona zachowuje sie jak gdyby była najważniejszą osobą, a nie jest
He behaves as if he had seen a ghost
On zachowuje się jakgdyby zobaczył ducha.
Konstrukcja strony biernej to : czasownik być + 3 forma lub ed
This plant is grown in this country. Present Simple
She was assessed really severely- Past Simple
She has been promoted- Present Perfect
It will be fixed soon- Future Simple
It is being considered- Present Continuous
It might be changed - czasownik modalny
She had been rejected - Past Perfect
1. Neither Mark nor Greg ( be) .............................keen on goingon that expedition
2. There is no point in ( revise) .....................................it.
3. If only I ( can ) ..............................speak French fuently.But I can't.
4.I wish I (can ) .............................speak Greek fluently.But I can't.
5. If I (can) .......................speak French more fluently, I (get) ..............................that job . But I can't
6. If I (can) .......................speak French more fluently, I (get) ..............................that job . But I couldn't
7. I wish I ( be) .....................better at French but I wasn't.
8. I wish I (be) ......................better at French but I am not.
9. If only I (revise) .........................the material more thoroughly, I would have been given a better mark.
10. She is said to ( be) ..................a talented artist.She writes brilliant poetry.
11. She is said to (be) ....................a talented artist.She wrote brilliant poetry.
12. She is said to (write) ........................in several languages. In fact, she is learning a new one.
13. She is said to (write) .......................in several languages. In fact,she knew 4 of them.
14. It is said that she (leave) ...........................him without a sinle word. It was last year.
15. Where is John? He ( must forget) .......................about the meeting. I am sure.
16. Where is John? He (might forget) .......................about the meeting. Probably he forgot.
17. You should (visit) ...................................your aunt a long time ago.
18. It is a shame you didn't vist me.We could (have)..........................a lot of fun.
19. She is unlikely ( win) ........................the ski competition.
20. She (can ) ..............................paint when she was 8 years old.
21. She ( be ) ..............................able to extend her visa and she was so satisfied that day.
22. She ( have to) ..........................extend her visa last year.
23. I am taking my umbrella in case it (rain) .....................................
24.But for your (stand up) ..............................for me, I would have been beaten up by those bullies.
25. If you ( not stand up) ............................for me, those bullies (beat ) ..............................me up.
26. If I (be) .........................bored, I often ( read) ...............................books.
27. If I ( have) .........................more time , I ( read) .........................more books.
28. If I (have ) ...........................more time at university, I ( read) .........................more books.But I didn't.
29. I would rather ( go) .........................alone than (ask) .....................for your favour.
30. I would rather you ( not cheat) ..........................on my tests.
32. I would rather you ( not cheat) ............................yesterday.
33. I prefer (read) .......................to (watch) .................................films.
34. Despite ( share) .........................the flat with her, I will not invite her to my party.
25. Although I (share) ....................the flat with her, I will not invite her to my party.
26. She told me (clean) ....................my room.
27. She told me ( not smoke ) ..........................in the office.
28.I want to know where you (live) ......................Can you give me your address.?
29. I want to know where and when you (buy) ..............................it
30.Rice ( grow) ....................... in China by local farmers.
31.The Witcher ( write) .............................by Sapkowski.
31. I (give)..........................a promotion and I am so excited.
32. My bathroom ( refurbish) .....................................................now.
32 a. I (refurbish) ...............................my bathroom ...........................now.
33. She behaves as if she ( know) ..........................................everything.
34. She behaves as though she ( lose) ....................................everything. I know that it was a setback for her. yet I think she exaggerates.
35. I ( not need) ................................to stand in that awful queue as my mum had already bought the food.
36. I (not need stand) .............................in that awful queue as when I reached the cash register my mum phoned me to tell me she had already bought the food.
37. It is high time you ( move out) ..................................you dont't pay the bills.
38. You had better ( listen ) .........................to me.
39. I ( test) ..........................my blood...........................now.
40. I (test) ........................my blood............................... yesterday.
41. I refuse............................(tell) you that.
42. I admit ...................................( be) there.
43. I regret ...................................( tell) you that as you told my secret to everyone.
44. I apologise for...........................( make) that mistake.
45. By midnight I ( know) .............................the results of my exam.
46. On Monday I ( do).............................................yoga for 7 years now.
47. As soon as I (hear) ..............................the news, I broke to tears.
48. I (read) .............................Lalka for 2 weeks now.
49. I (read) ..............................the book twice.
50. When ..................you (read) ...........................the book.?
51.I will phone when I ........................(know) the results.
Rozszerzoan zwroty Match
1. owing to a) pod warunkiem że
7. although g) prawdopodobnie
9. as if / though i) z powodu
10. provided that j) pomimo
11. as long as k) pod warunkiem że
12. supposing l) na wszelki wypadek
13. unlike m) w przeciwieństwie do
14. contrary to n) w przeciwieństwie do
Wstaw powyższe zwroty do zdań.
1. She is ............................to win the race. Nobody can catch up with her.
2. You can borrow that bike.......................you give it back tomorrow.
3. She behaved ...............................she had lost all her world.
4. .............................you won a lot of money, what would you do?
5. .............................thick fog, the flights were cancelled.
6. Take your umbrella, .................................it rains.
7. .....................she gets down to work, she will fail the exams.
8. ..........................liking her, I will not invite her.
9.............................I don't like her, I share her point of view.
