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Implement a Factory Design Pattern using C#

In this tutorial, you will learn the factory design pattern and implement a factory design pattern using C# to create objects of similar types dynamically.Read the tutorial on Faramira Read the full article

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Implement A* Pathfinding in Mazes in Unity2D

This tutorial will show how to implement A* pathfinding in mazes in Unity2D by applying a generic pathfinder. We are not limited to using A* alone. We can use any pathfinders (A*, Djikstra or Greedy-best first) that come with the generic Pathfinder. This tutorial is Part 2 of my tutorials on mazes. In the first part, Implement Mazes in Unity2D, we learnt how to implement mazes in Unity2D by applying the backtracking algorithm with an explicit stack. In this tutorial, we will use the generated maze and apply Pathfinding to it.Read the complete tutorial on Faramira. Read the full article

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Implement Mazes in Unity2D

This tutorial will show how to implement mazes in Unity2D by applying the backtracking algorithm with an explicit stack.Read the complete tutorial on Faramira Read the full article

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Reusable Finite State Machine using C++

This tutorial will implement a reusable Finite State Machine using C++. We will then illustrate the concept by applying the implemented Finite State Machine in a few example use cases.Read the tutorial on Faramira Read the full article

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Flocking and Boids Simulation in Unity2D

Flocking and Boids Simulation

https://youtu.be/hWeO5tvGjQ0 The video shows my experimentation with Flocking and Boids Simulation in Unity2D using Coroutines. The rules include Cohesion, Alignment, Separation, Obstacle Avoidance and Flee from Predator. Find the source codes in the GitHub repository https://github.com/shamim-akhtar/flocking-unity Click to View in WebGL Contact me

Read My Other Tutorials

- Implement Constant Size Sprite in Unity2D - Implement Camera Pan and Zoom Controls in Unity2D - Implement Drag and Drop Item in Unity - Graph-Based Pathfinding Using C# in Unity - 2D Grid-Based Pathfinding Using C# and Unity - 8-Puzzle Problem Using A* in C# and Unity - Create a Jigsaw Puzzle Game in Unity - Implement a Generic Pathfinder in Unity using C# - Create a Jigsaw Puzzle Game in Unity - Generic Finite State Machine Using C# - Implement Bezier Curve using C# in Unity - Create a Jigsaw Tile from an Existing Image - Create a Jigsaw Board from an Existing Image - Solving 8 puzzle problem using A* star search - A Configurable Third-Person Camera in Unity - Player Controls With Finite State Machine Using C# in Unity - Finite State Machine Using C# Delegates in Unity - Enemy Behaviour With Finite State Machine Using C# Delegates in Unity - Augmented Reality – Fire Effect using Vuforia and Unity - Implementing a Finite State Machine Using C# in Unity - Solving 8 puzzle problem using A* star search in C++ - What Are C# Delegates And How To Use Them - How to Generate Mazes Using Depth-First Algorithm Read the full article

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Runtime Depth Sorting of Sprites in a Layer

In this tutorial, we will learn to implement runtime depth sorting of sprites in a layer. Typically, you can associate a RenderOrder to a sprite in Unity editor. However, there may be situations where you would want to reorder the sprite render order, and set the correct z value at runtime based on the sprite that you select or pick in-game.Read the tutorial on Faramira Read the full article

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Implement Constant Size Sprite in Unity2D

In this tutorial, we will learn to implement a constant size sprite in Unity2D so that zooming in or zooming out won't change the sprite's size.Read the tutorial on Faramira Read the full article

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Implement Camera Pan and Zoom Controls in Unity2D

In this tutorial, we will learn to implement camera pan and zoom controls in Unity2D. We sometimes require independent camera controls in many 2D applications, where the camera is not attached to the main character. These applications include RTS games, Simulation games, GIS specific applications and many more. This tutorial will implement a camera pan and zoom controls in Unity2D.Read the article on Faramira Read the full article

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Pathfinding Using C# in Unity

Pathfinding Using C# in Unity

Pathfinding Using C# in Unity. In this four-part series of tutorials, I go in-depth to solving the pathfinding problem using C# in Unity. Try the WebGL Pathfinding Playground to experiment. #gamedevelopment #unity #pathfinding Read on Faramira Read the full article

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Implement Drag and Drop Item in Unity

In this tutorial, we will implement a drag and drop item functionality in Unity. We will drag a UI item and drop it to instantiate a prefab on a 3D scene.Read the tutorial on Faramira

Read My Other Tutorials

- Graph-Based Pathfinding Using C# in Unity - 2D Grid-Based Pathfinding Using C# and Unity - 8-Puzzle Problem Using A* in C# and Unity - Create a Jigsaw Puzzle Game in Unity - Implement a Generic Pathfinder in Unity using C# - Create a Jigsaw Puzzle Game in Unity - Generic Finite State Machine Using C# - Implement Bezier Curve using C# in Unity - Create a Jigsaw Tile from an Existing Image - Create a Jigsaw Board from an Existing Image - Solving 8 puzzle problem using A* star search - A Configurable Third-Person Camera in Unity - Player Controls With Finite State Machine Using C# in Unity - Finite State Machine Using C# Delegates in Unity - Enemy Behaviour With Finite State Machine Using C# Delegates in Unity - Augmented Reality – Fire Effect using Vuforia and Unity - Implementing a Finite State Machine Using C# in Unity - Solving 8 puzzle problem using A* star search in C++ - What Are C# Delegates And How To Use Them - How to Generate Mazes Using Depth-First Algorithm Read the full article

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Graph-Based Pathfinding Using C# in Unity

This tutorial will solve graph-based pathfinding using C# in Unity by applying a generic pathfinder.This tutorial is Part 4 of my tutorial series on Pathfinding Using C# in Unity.Read the complete tutorial on Faramira. Read the full article

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2D Grid-Based Pathfinding Using C# and Unity

This tutorial will solve 2D grid-based pathfinding using C# and demonstrate the application in Unity.We will approach the solution by first modelling the problem, building the fundamental blocks and applying our generic pathfinder to solve the pathfinding problem.Read the whole tutorial on Faramira Read the full article

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Enemy Behaviour With Finite State Machine Using C# Delegates in Unity

In this tutorial, we will implement enemy behaviour with Finite State Machine using C# delegates in Unity. This is a demonstration of C# delegate based FSM that we created in Part 4 of the tutorial. Part 1 introduces a Finite State Machine and implements a generic Finite State Machine in C#. It uses the principles of inheritance and overloading to allow concrete implementations of application-specific States. Part 2 uses the Finite State Machine created in part 1 and applies to a Unity project in a simple straightforward UI implementation of a Splash Screen. This is a very simple example implementation of the FSM created in Part 1. Part 3 uses the same Finite State Machine and applies to a complex Unity project which handles multiple animation states of a 3D animated character. This is a slightly harder example implementation of the FSM created in Part 1. Part 4 uses delegates to define the functionality of the state and create the Finite State Machine. Thereafter we will demonstrate the use of the Finite State Machine by creating a simple key press based application in Unity. This is Part 5 of the tutorial. Here we will move further by demonstrating an enemy NPC behaviour, which handles multiple animation states of a 3D animated character, using the delegate based FSM created in Part 4 of the tutorial. For a better understanding please read Part 1 and Part 4 of the tutorial series before proceeding with this. Download the entire Unity Package

Configure the NPC

Download and Import the Asset We will reuse the project and the scene from our previous tutorial Part 3. For the enemy NPC we will use the following free asset from Unity Asset Store.

Once downloaded, import the asset into the project. Create the NPC's Animation Controller Go to the folder called Animations inside the Resources folder. Right-click on the Project window → Create → Animation Controller. Name it NPCAnim.

The asset comes with the following animations. We will use the Idle, Walk, Run, Skill, Attack, Damage, and Death animations.

Right click on the Animator window and create a new Blend Tree state called Movement.

Double click on Movement Blend Tree to edit. Add two new Float parameters called PosX and PosZ.

Change the Blend Type to 2D Freeform Directional and choose the PosX and PosZ parameters.

Add the Idle, Walk and Run motions into the Blend Tree.

Add four more parameters. One Bool for Attack and three Trigger for Damage, Skill and Die.

Add the Die, Skill, Damage and Attack motions in the Animator.

Movement to Damage Transition

The movement to Damage Transition is triggered by the Damage parameter. Make sure you uncheck the Has Exit Time. Also, ensure that the Damage animation is not looping. Movement to Attack Transition

The movement to Attack Transition is enabled by the Attack parameter set to true. Make sure you uncheck the Has Exit Time. Ensure that the Attack animation is looping by checking the Loop Time and Loop Pose checkboxes.

Movement to Skill Transition

The movement to Skill Transition is triggered by the Skill parameter. Make sure you uncheck the Has Exit Time. Ensure that the Attack animation is not looping by unchecking the Loop Time checkbox. Damage to Movement and Skill to Movement Transitions For Damage to Movement and Skill to Movement transitions ensure that Has Exit Time is enabled and the animations for Skill and Damage are not looping.

Attack to Movement Transition

For Attack to Movement transition disable Has Exit Time and make the transition condition set to Attack as False. Any State to Die Transition

Any State to Die transition is triggered by the Die parameter. Make sure that the animation is not set to Has Exit Time and not looping. Create Enemy Game Object Create an empty game object and name it as EnemyNPC. Set it to position 0, 0, 0. Now drag and drop the Skeleton model from Assets->Fantasy Monster->Skeleton->Character into the EnemyNPC. You will see that the Skeleton model is very small in scale in comparison with our Player game object.

Select the Skeleton@Skin game object and scale it by 13, 13, 13.

Change the position of the EnemyNPC to 3, 0, 0.

Now, select the EnemyNPC game object and add the Character Controller component to it. Change the Center value for Y to be 1. See figure below.

Enemy NPC States The state diagram for our enemy NPC is given below.

Let's start with the implementation. Select the EnemyNPC game object and add a new Script component called EnemyNPC.cs. Double click and open the file in your favourite IDE. Copy the code from the previous tutorial (Part 4) for the EnemyNPC. In our previous tutorial, we used key presses to handle transitions. Here will remove those key pressed based transition and implement a simple AI system for the enemy NPC. Let's start with the data that we will require for our enemy NPC. #region NPC data // The maximum speed at which the enemy NPC can move. public float mMaxSpeed = 3.0f; // The walking speed of the enemy NPC public float mWalkSpeed = 1.5f; // The maximum viweing distance of the enemy NPC public float mViewingDistance = 10.0f; // The maximum viewing angle of the enemy NPC. public float mViewingAngle = 60.0f; // The distance at which the enemy NPC will start attacking. public float mAttackDistance = 2.0f; // The turning rate of the enemy NPC. public float mTurnRate = 500.0f; // The tags for this NPC's enemy. Usually, it will be // the player. But for other games this enemy NPC // can not only attack the player but also other NPCs. public string mEnemyTags; // The gravity. public float Gravity = -30.0f; // The transform where the head is. This will // determine the view of the enemy NPC based on // it's head (where eyes are located) public Transform mEyeLookAt; // The distance to the nearest enemy of the NPC. // In this demo, we only have our player. So // this is the distance from the enemy NPC to the // Player. public float mDistanceToNearestEnemy; // The nearest enemy of the enemy NPC. // This is in case we have more than // one player in the scene. It could also // mean other NPCs that are enemy to // this NPC. public GameObject mNearestEnemy; // The reference to the animator. Animator mAnimator; // The reference to the character controller. CharacterController mCharacterController; // The total damage count. int mDamageCount = 0; // The velocity vector. private Vector3 mVelocity = new Vector3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); // The Finite State Machine. public FSM mFsm; // The maximum damage count before the // enemy NPC dies. public int mMaxNumDamages = 5; #endregion The code above is self explanatory. These are the various variables that will be used by the Script during it's execution. Select the EnemyNPC game object and find the Head Transform node. Drag and drop it to the mEyeLookAt variable.

This will be used to calculate the LookAt direction for the enemy NPC. Do note that the forward vector for the Head is Up rather than Forward. So, we create a function that returns the forward (look at) direction for the EnemyNPC.

public Vector3 GetEyeForwardVector() { // The Up vector (green coloured vector) // is actually the forward vector for Head transform. return mEyeLookAt.up; } The Start Method void Start() { // Instead of here we could also have set as // public and then drag and drop in the editor. mAnimator = transform.GetChild(0).GetComponent(); mCharacterController = gameObject.GetComponent(); if (!mEyeLookAt) { mEyeLookAt = transform; } // The below codes are from previous tutorialPart 4. mFsm = new FSM(); mFsm.Add((int)StateTypes.IDLE, new NPCState(mFsm, StateTypes.IDLE, this)); mFsm.Add((int)StateTypes.CHASE, new NPCState(mFsm, StateTypes.CHASE, this)); mFsm.Add((int)StateTypes.ATTACK, new NPCState(mFsm, StateTypes.ATTACK, this)); mFsm.Add((int)StateTypes.DAMAGE, new NPCState(mFsm, StateTypes.DAMAGE, this)); mFsm.Add((int)StateTypes.DIE, new NPCState(mFsm, StateTypes.DIE, this)); Init_IdleState(); Init_AttackState(); Init_DieState(); Init_DamageState(); Init_ChaseState(); mFsm.SetCurrentState(mFsm.GetState((int)StateTypes.IDLE)); } In the Start method we initialize the mAnimator and mCharacterController variables. We then proceed with initializing the Finite State Machine as described in our previous tutorial. There are no changes to the Update and FixedUpdate methods. Our FSM will do most of the work. So, the Update and FixedUpdate methods remain the same for the Script. void Update() { mFsm.Update(); } void FixedUpdate() { mFsm.FixedUpdate(); }

The Enemy Tag for our Enemy NPC

We will now set the values for mEnemyTags. This will take all the tag names of game objects that are this EnemyNPC's enemy. For us, it will be the main player. So, first of all, we set the tag for our Player to be Player.

Then we select the EnemyNPC and set the value of the mEnemyTags as shown below. For our tutorial, we only have our player as the enemy of our enemy NPC. So, the size of the mEnemyTags will be 1 and the value will be Player.

Move Method We will now implement the Move method. This is for our NPC to be able to move. public virtual void Move(float speed) { Vector3 forward = transform.TransformDirection(Vector3.forward).normalized; mAnimator.SetFloat("PosZ", speed / mMaxSpeed); mVelocity = forward * speed; mVelocity.y += Gravity * Time.deltaTime; mCharacterController.Move(mVelocity * Time.deltaTime); if (mCharacterController.isGrounded && mVelocity.y mVelocity.y = 0f; } This is a simple movement towards the EnemyNPC's forward direction. MoveTowards Method MoveTowards method allows the NPC to move towards a certain point at a predefined speed. public bool MoveTowards(Vector3 tpos, float speed) { float dist = Distance(gameObject, tpos); if (dist > 1.5f) { Vector3 mpos = transform.position; Vector3 currentDirection = transform.forward; Vector3 desiredDirection = (tpos - mpos).normalized; Vector3 forward = Vector3.Scale(desiredDirection, new Vector3(1, 0, 1)).normalized; transform.rotation = Quaternion.RotateTowards(transform.rotation, Quaternion.LookRotation(forward), mTurnRate * Time.deltaTime); Move(speed); return true; // still moving } return false; //complete } GetNearestEnemyInSight Method This method finds the nearest enemy for the NPC. In our case it will find the nearest player. There is only one player so it will always be the same game object. However, in a multiplayer game or in a game where the NPC has multiple enemy tags then there could be many enemy game objects for the NPC at the same time. In that case the following method will return the nearest enemy. It also uses the parameter called useVieweingAngle which when used will use the Head's direction to determine if the EnemyNPC can see the player. public GameObject GetNearestEnemyInSight(out float distance, float viewableDistance, bool useVieweingAngle = false) { distance = viewableDistance; GameObject nearest = null; for (int t = 0; t { GameObject gos = GameObject.FindGameObjectsWithTag(mEnemyTags); for (int i = 0; i { GameObject player = gos; Vector3 diff = player.transform.position - transform.position; float curDistance = diff.magnitude; if (curDistance { diff.y = 0.0f; if (useVieweingAngle) { float angleH = Vector3.Angle(diff, GetEyeForwardVector()); if (angleH mAttackDistance) { SetState(StateTypes.CHASE); return; } SetState(StateTypes.ATTACK); return; } PlayAnimation(StateTypes.IDLE); }; } As for the logic, we find the nearest enemy (in our case the player) if within range. If the nearest enemy is valid we check if the distance is greater than the attack distance. If so then we make the NPC chase the player. This is done by setting the state to CHASE. If the distance is lesser than the attack distance then we set the state to be ATTACK. Init_AttackState Method void Init_AttackState() { NPCState state = (NPCState)mFsm.GetState((int)StateTypes.ATTACK); // Add a text message to the OnEnter and OnExit delegates. state.OnEnterDelegate += delegate () { Debug.Log("OnEnter - ATTACK"); }; state.OnExitDelegate += delegate () { Debug.Log("OnExit - ATTACK"); StopAnimation(StateTypes.ATTACK); }; state.OnUpdateDelegate += delegate () { ////Debug.Log("OnUpdate - ATTACK"); //if (Input.GetKeyDown("c")) //{ // SetState(StateTypes.CHASE); //} //else if (Input.GetKeyDown("d")) //{ // SetState(StateTypes.DAMAGE); Read the full article

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Implement a Generic Pathfinder in Unity using C#

In this tutorial, we will implement a generic pathfinder in Unity using C#. We will approach the tutorial from a basic 2D grid-based pathfinding to a more robust generic pathfinder that we can use for a graph-based data structure. We will then apply our pathfinder to a variety of pathfinding problems. Find the GitHub repository of this tutorial at https://github.com/shamim-akhtar/tutorial-pathfinding You can also view a more detailed Path Finding with examples in Pathfinding Repository Read the tutorial on Faramira Read the full article

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Generic Finite State Machine Using C#

This tutorial will implement a generic Finite State Machine using C#. We will then illustrate the concept by applying the implemented Finite State Machine using Unity in a few scenarios. Read the entire tutorial on Faramira Read the full article

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Create a Jigsaw Board from an Existing Image

In this tutorial, we will learn how to create a Jigsaw board from an existing image. This tutorial is the third tutorial from a larger tutorial on Creating a Jigsaw Puzzle Game in Unity. #gamedevelopment #Unity Read the tutorial on Faramira Read the full article

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Create a Jigsaw Tile from an Existing Image

In this tutorial, we will learn how to create a Jigsaw tile from an existing image using the Bezier curve. Read the tutorial on Faramira Read the full article