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@historicalmatters
by Giuliano Bartolomeo
May 21st 1904: FIFA founded
On this day in 1904, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) was founded in Paris. The English Football Association was founded in 1863, which inspired calls for an international federation of the sport. The first official international football match took place in Brussels between Belgium and France in May 1904, and there plans were set for a founding assembly; the British association was initially unwilling to participate. The meeting which established FIFA was attended by representatives from football clubs from seven European countries. After the association’s establishment, the terms of the organisation were decided, which included disallowing players from playing simultaneously for different national associations, and an annual free for each participating association. FIFA grew rapidly, with more countries joining every year, and in the 1910s the organisation expanded beyond Europe by including South Africa, Argentina, Chile, and the United States. After football was included in the Olympics for the first time, FIFA began the push for a world championship. In 1930, the first FIFA World Cup was hosted in Uruguay, which won Olympic gold in 1924 and 1928. The association expanded from there, and now includes 209 member associations and earns billions of dollars annually. FIFA is one of the most powerful international sports bodies in the world, and has become increasingly controversial due to corruption allegations.
May 17th 1954: Brown v. Board of Education
On this day in 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down its unanimous decision in the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. The decision declared racial segregation in schools unconstitutional, striking down the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ segregation which had been enshrined in the 1896 decision Plessy v. Ferguson. The Brown case had been bought by African-American parents, including Oliver L. Brown, against Topeka’s educational segregation. It was argued before the Court by the chief legal counsel of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Thurgood Marshall, who went on to become the first African-American Supreme Court justice in 1967. The Court, led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, declared that segregation violates the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The landmark decision is often considered the start of the Civil Rights Movement, which fought for racial integration and full equality for African-Americans. The movement transformed American society, leading to the end of legal segregation and landmark legislation such as the Civil Rights Act (1964) and Voting Rights Act (1965). However, the mission of the movement, so eloquently expressed by Dr. King, to achieve full equality, is far from over.
“We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal” - Warren’s opinion for the Court
The 100th Anniversary of the Sinking of the RMS Lusitania
Cunard Line Brochure Cover, 4/1914
Passenger Certificate, 3/18/1915
File unit: In the Matter of the Petition of the Cunard Steamship Company, Limited, as Owner of the Steamship LUSITANIA for Limitation of its Liability. Series: Admiralty Case Files, 1790 - 1966
The pride of the Cunard Line, the ocean liner RMS Lusitania left New York City with over 1,900 passengers and crew on its fateful final voyage 100 years ago on May 1, 1915.
The Lusitania was a luxury ocean liner, advertised by the Cunard Line as one of the fastest in the world. The most expensive cabin on the Lusitania would cost nearly $47,000 today for a one way ticket. During its last voyage from New York to Liverpool the ship had a top speed of about 21 knots, as opposed to its usual 25 knots in an effort to conserve coal.
Passengers were informed by a war clause on their tickets that a war was being fought by the United Kingdom. World War I had raged in Europe since the previous summer, and while the United States was still officially neutral, passenger ships leaving the US were thought to be carrying supplies to the British.
However, the war clause merely stated that arrival, departure, routes, and ports of call were subject to change, not that the Lusitania was a potential target for German U-boats. Besides that, most thought that the Lusitania was simply too fast for a German submarine to catch…
via National Archives Education on Facebook
Watch for more posts on the 100th Anniversary of the Sinking of the Lusitania.
February 2nd 1922: Ulysses published
On this day in 1922, the novel Ulysses by Irish author James Joyce was published in Paris. The publication of his most famous work coincided with Joyce’s fortieth birthday. It was originally published as a series of stories in The Little Review journal, and in 1922 one thousand copies were published by Sylvia Beach at Shakespeare and Company. The novel focuses on the character of Leopold Bloom on an ordinary day in Dublin - June 16th 1904. Bloom’s experiences mirror the Greek story of The Odyssey by Homer. Joyce fans around the world celebrate June 16th as ‘Bloomsday’. Ulysses is considered a hallmark of modernist literature, known for its distinctive stream-of-consciousness writing style. The novel is also distinguished by impressive length of around 265,000 words, split into three parts and eighteen ‘episodes’. Ulysses caused controversy at the time, and was censored and even banned in the US and UK for obscenity. Joyce, himself a Dublin native, wrote throughout his life, including poetry, plays, and journalism. The author died in Zurich in January 1941 aged 59.
January 19th 1809: Poe born On this day in 1809, the American poet and writer Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts. The young Poe barely knew his parents, with his father leaving the family and his mother passing away when he was just three years old. He lived with another couple as foster-parents, and was forced to gamble to pay for his tuition at the University of Virginia, which he had to drop out of due to financial difficulties. He soon joined the army and was even accepted into West Point, though he was expelled after a year. After leaving the academy, Poe turned his full attention to his writing. He then traveled around Northern cities, including New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore; it was in Baltimore, in 1836, that he married his young cousin Virginia. In Richmond, Poe worked as a critic for various magazines, occasionally publishing his original work which included short stories and poems. In 1841, Poe published his ‘Murders in the Rue Morgue’, which many consider the beginning of the genre of detective fiction. His most famous work, the poem ‘The Raven’, was published in 1845 to critical praise. Sadly, his wife died from tuberculosis two years later, leaving the writer grief-stricken and nearly destitute, as he never had great financial success. On October 3rd, he was found ill in Baltimore and taken to hospital, where he died on October 7th aged 40. It is still unknown what his precise cause of death was, but alcoholism is widely believed to have played a part. While not appreciated in his lifetime, Poe is now considered one of the great American writers.
"Lord, help my poor soul" - Poe’s last words
November 24, 1963: Lee Harvey Oswald Is Shot
On this day in 1963, President Kennedy’s accused assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, was killed by Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub owner in the Dallas police station.
Watch FRONTLINE’s “Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald?” to learn more about the man at the center of the political crime of the 20th century.
Photo: Lee Harvey Oswald is shot by Jack Ruby as Oswald is moved by police, November 24, 1963 (Jack Beers Jr., Dallas Morning News photographer).
November 17th 594: Gregory of Tours dies On this day in 594, French bishop and writer Gregory of Tours died. Born into a prominent family which boasted many bishops, Gregory soon also joined the clergy. He was appointed bishop of Tours by King Sigebert and Queen Brunhild in 573. Gregory lived during an unstable time in the Merovingian realm, with the murder of Sigebert leading to Tours coming under the rule of his brother Chilperic who ruled the west Frankish kingdom. After Chilperic’s own murder, control of Tours shifted several more times. Gregory was forced to adapt and mute his criticism as leaders came and went while still protecting his people from the wars that ravaged their land. As part of his role as bishop, Gregory undertook tasks such as restoration of churches, promotion of cults and working with church legislation. Gregory’s greatest legacy is his ten volume Historia Francorum which tells the history of the Frankish people, and provides modern historians with invaluable insights into his era, and numerous other writings and hagiographies. After his death in 594 the popular Gregory was readily embraced as a saint by the people of Tours, with November 17th as his feast day.
Portrait of an old samurai, Japan, circa 1890, courtesy of Harvard Library.
1932, Chinese-American pilots Hazel Ying Lee and Virginia Wong (via You May Not Know About The First Chinese Americans, But You Should)
September 2nd 1945: Vietnamese Proclamation of Independence
On this day in 1945 the Vietnamese Proclamation of Independence was issued. The Proclamation, written by communist revolutionary Ho Chi Minh, was first announced in public at the Ba Đình flower garden in Hanoi. Vietnam had been a colony of France since the 19th century, but revolutionary forces were able to take hold following the occupation of the country by the Japanese during World War Two. The Proclamation itself began with a direct quote from the US Declaration of Independence and liberally quoted from French revolutionary texts to highlight the hypocrisy of brutal and repressive French imperialism. The Communists’ Proclamation made no reference to Marx or Lenin but despite its praise of the American Founding Fathers and attempts to appeal to them, the Cold War driven United States was determined to destroy this new communist state. The US therefore supported France in their attempt to reassert control in the ensuing Indochina War. However the French were no match for Ho Chi Minh’s well-organised guerilla forces, and suffered humiliating defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954. The war ended with the Geneva Accords which divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel into a communist North and Western-friendly South. After years of struggle and unrest between the two, and the steadily increasing presence of US advisers, full scale war broke out and by 1965 the US had decidedly entered the conflict on the side of the South. The Americans underestimated the determination of the North Vietnamese and eventually withdrew from the war that had killed millions of people. Shortly after in April 1975, thirty years after the initial proclamation of independence, Saigon fell to the communists and Vietnam was reunited as an independent communist state.
"Vietnam has the right to be a free and independent country—and in fact it is so already. And thus the entire Vietnamese people are determined to mobilize all their physical and mental strength, to sacrifice their lives and property in order to safeguard their independence and liberty" - excerpt from Vietnamese Proclamation of Independence
August 9-12, 1941: Roosevelt and Churchill map out war goals at Atlantic Conference
From August 9—12, 1941, Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill conferred in their first wartime conference. Together they drafted the Atlantic Charter, a joint declaration of the two nations’ war aims and beliefs.
The Atlantic Charter laid the foundation for the formation of the United Nations, under which, the following year, 26 nations pledged to fight a united front against Axis powers.
Learn more about all the Roosevelts with preview videos from Ken Burns’s The Roosevelts.
Photo: President Roosevelt welcomes Prime Minister Churchill aboard the USS Augusta for the Atlantic Conference, August 1941. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library.
Taizokai (Womb World) mandara, Heian period, Japanese. Hanging scroll, colour on silk.
Pictured above is the iconic Womb World mandara, the best preserved and oldest of its kind from Japan. A diagram of the cosmic universe is presented, which consists of 12 zones, each of which represent one of the dimensions of buddha nature (such as, purity, wisdom, and universal knowledge).
The arts flourished during the early Heian period in result to the emphasis Shingon placed on mediation and ritual. Artistic forms such as sculpture and painting gave followers visualizations of Buddhist deities, and allowed them to ponder presented concepts of the religion.
While difficult to view without close-up observation, note the figures holding lightening bolts. This symbolizes the power of the mind to eradicate human passion.
Here I would recommend Gardner’s Art through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives by Fred S. Kleiner, particularly the chapter ‘Japan before 1333,’ which I used for reference while writing up this post.
Photo via the Wiki Commons. This artefact is courtesy of and currently located at Kyoogokokuji (Toji), a Shingon teaching center in Kyoto, Japan.
August 5, 1962: Marilyn Monroe Dies at Age 36
On this day in 1962, American actress, model, and singer Marilyn Monroe was found dead in her home in California. Monroe’s roles in the films Niagara, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, How to Marry a Millionaire, and There’s No Business like Show Business made her one of the most famed actresses in the 1950s.
Remember the cultural icon’s career with an essay by Gloria Steinem on the American Masters’ Marilyn Monroe film page.
Photo: Wikimedia Commons
July 25, 1978: The First Test Tube Baby is Born
On this day in 1978, Louise Joy Brown, the world’s first baby to be conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF), was born to Lesley and Peter Brown in Manchester, England. The Brown family faced intense media attention regarding the ethics and legality of the experimental and revolutionary procedure. IVF has become so common that there have been over 5 million babies born this way in the past 36 years.
Learn about the history of in vitro fertilization with this American Experience timeline.
Photo: Biologist Robert Edwards holds baby Louise Brown, the first test-tube baby, on July 25, 1978. (Photo by Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images)
July 14, 1918: Theodore Roosevelt’s Youngest Son, Quentin, Killed in WWI
On this day in 1918, 20-year-old Quentin Roosevelt, Teddy’s youngest son, was shot down by German planes while flying a mission in France during WWI. Quentin was originally buried at the site of the plane crash, but after WWII, his remains were moved to the Normandy American Cemetery above Omaha Beach, next to those of his brother, General Ted Roosevelt, Jr.
Later, President Theodore Roosevelt wrote of his son in a tribute book that opened with the line, “Only those are fit to live who do not fear to die.”
Learn more about the entire Roosevelt family with preview videos from Ken Burns’s The Roosevelts.
Photo: Allies visiting Quentin Roosevelt’s Grave in France during WWI.