Issa Freeworld

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Internet harassment

Welcome back to my weekly post, I would like to take this week's topic on online harassment and its negative impacts on digital citizens, also known as the toxic side of the internet and social media. Online harassment can simply be understood as receiving hateful and mean messages, dead threats, on any form of digital device. Many of the techniques used in networked harassment, such as doxing (publishing personal information online), revenge porn or image based abuse (spreading intimate photos beyond their origins), social shaming, and intimidation (Marwick & Caplan, 2018). Researchers found  41% of Americans have been personally subjected to harassing behavior online, and an even larger share (66%) has witnessed these behaviours directed at others. Further, harassment is often focused on personal or physical characteristics; political views, gender, physical appearance and race are among the most common (Pew 2017). With a doubt that online harassment can cause lots of harm to the mental health of the person receiving them, it can result in depression, low self-esteem, anxiety, trauma, etc. However, cyberbullying and online harassment also damage the economy, according to ABC, they could cost Australians an estimated 3.7 billion dollars on medical bills and loss of incomes, that is a big number and could cause serious impact on Australian economy. 

People experiencing online harassment are most likely content creators, they are most likely to receive hurtful comments. Most serious of all is internet trolling, it damages their self-esteem and reputation, internet trolling unfortunately has repercussions in their offline-lives. Many social media platforms realise this and have tried to prevent online harassment happening to content creators, such as Instagram and Facebook that allow their users to report inappropriate comments, Youtube lets their content creators to delay potentially negative comments, etc. Online harassment has been taken more seriously in the last decade to protect the digital community. Yet, they haven’t had an efficient way to completely stop this, and digital citizens 

The most recent incident is the suicide of Hana Kimura, a Japanese professional wrestler who became famous after joining the Netflix reality show “Terrace House”. After leaving the show, she constantly received negative comments about her actions and behaviour on the show, although her behaviours were absolutely normal, maybe just not as mature for her age. But the question I want to ask, does she really deserve to be bullied? Everybody grows at different rates, so does Hanna. She posted her last photos of her cat with the goodbye caption “I love you, have a long, happy life, I’m sorry” on Instagram, that was her last goodbye to this world and also to people who bullied her. She apologies for not meeting people’s expectations, for not being the cast that people don’t want to see. This has become a reminder for everyone about cyberbullying, and also the language digital citizens used to comment about one another. So please remember this ,sometimes a comment doesn’t sound offensive to yourself, does not mean the same for others, people should be more mindful of what they put out on the internet. 

Even though online harassment is a serious topic, yet there hasn’t been much action from the justice system to protect the people from cyberbullying. Something could be done to prevent online harassment from happening, such as Criminal Code Act 1995 (e.g. using a carriage service to make a threat; using a carriage service to menace, harass or cause offence); Enhancing Online Safety for Children Act, 2014. As the world moves into a digital based time, it’s very important for authorities and digital citizens to take cyberbullying more seriously and should act to hold people accountable for their bad behaviours online.

Reference:

Milne.E , Week 11lecture, Swinburne University, 2020.

 (2020). Hana Kimura: grief as Japanese wrestler and reality show member dies aged 22. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/24/hana-kimura-grief-as-japanese-wrestler-and-reality-show-member-dies-aged-22 [Accessed 6 Jun. 2020].

Alice E. Marwick & Robyn Caplan, 'Drinking male tears: language, the manosphere, and networked harassment'  Feminist Media Studies Volume 18, 2018 - Issue 4: Pages 543-559 

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Gaming, ESports and Aniamal Crossing

Welcome back y’all to my blog, so we have been going through the good and bad side of Instagram, how social media has affected politics, etc. This week, we look another the part of the digital world where, I assume, everyone enjoys most. That is video games and ESports. 

History

So where did all this begin? - it started when Dr. Edward Uhler Condon introduced the first computer game based on the mathematical game of nim in 1940. In 1967, Ralph Baer revealed the first prototype of a console called “Brown Box”, it opened a whole new revenue for gaming and was the beginning of gaming console revolutions. Sega and Taito were the very first companies to bring video games into the public’s interest in the period of 1966 and 1967, and it’s known as “Arcade” today. Arcade machines were “acceptable for adults as arcade machines were often located in bars next to pool tables and slot machines” (Hardwicks, 2020).

Acrade machines set the foundation for multiplayer and competitive gaming today, people used to compare the highest scores of the same video games. However, “multiplayer gaming was limited to players on competing on the same screen. Until 1973, when “Empires” developed by PLATO was first introduced to the gaming community, it allows up to 8 players at once to play on the same setting and interact with each other from different screen. And “Empires” was the foundation of ESports today. 

https://medium.com/@retrogamingloft77/90s-arcade-fighting-games-my-top-5-ac37c4be616d

ESports

The Esports industry has grown tremendously since 2015, when it was “more than 800,000 people who had heard about it” (Influencer Marketing Hub, 2019). This number, however, grew rapidly over the next 4 years, up to 2019, it was recorded that “estimated 1.57 billion people” acknowledge or have learned of the industry. As the population of Esports grows, it helps the ESports industry generate $1148.8 millions worldwide in 2019, and this number is expected to grow much more in the coming years. Youtube, Twitch and Facebook are platforms that contribute to spear the popularity of esports, they provide streamers/players to share their gaming experience as an entertaining format. You may ask “why don’t people just play video games  instead of watching other people play?”- Well the answer for that question is watching others play video games is to obtain the skills and hopefully, replicate them to your own experience. Streaming platforms also provide the ability to interact with other viewers and also your favourite streamers, it creates a connecting feeling to the gaming community. The number of viewers on Twitch and other platforms has risen tremendously during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown due to the fact that those platforms offer the sense of community and interaction while they are needed most. 

https://www.smh.com.au/sport/how-esports-could-make-their-way-to-the-olympics-games-20171002-gysjws.html

Talking about the gaming and COVID-19 pandemic, we must talk about Animal Crossing: New Horizons developed by Nintendo, the biggest hit of 2020 due to the right timing factor.

Animal Crossing: New Horizons 

I would like to describe Animal Crossing as The Sims and Minecraft crossover. Animal crossing provides the ability to decorate and customise your own island how you want it which encourages  the creativity of players. The idea of anthropomorphic animals, catching bugs and fishes, make the video visually appealing to young audiences, with the cartoon-like graphic, Animal Crossing win a thousand people’s hearts. The entire concept of Animal crossing is so simple, yet it’s so fun and relaxing, especially, with all the craziness going on around the world. The factor that makes Animal Crossing become a  big hit players can visit other players’ islands, that create a sense of interaction which is needed the most during lockdown. Along with the hype of Animal Crossing, a company in Japan attempts to hold a virtual meeting through Animal Crossing, however, it doesn’t succeed due to factors such as unable to send external files/images, can’t chat privately and difficult to remember user names, etc. It’s somehow fun to try, entertaining and creative.

https://www.arabnews.jp/en/arts-culture/article_15746/

Reference:

Techcrunch.com. (2020). TechCrunch is now a part of Verizon Media. [online] Available at: https://techcrunch.com/2015/10/31/the-history-of-gaming-an-evolving-community/ [Accessed 25 May 2020].

Gamedesigning.org. (2020). [online] Available at: https://www.gamedesigning.org/gaming/culture/ [Accessed 25 May 2020].

Money In Sport. (2019). Esports industry to reach $1.1B global revenue in 2019. [online] Available at: https://moneyinsport.com/esports-global-revenue-2019/ [Accessed 25 May 2020].

Arabnews.jp. (2020). Japanese company attempts virtual work meeting through Nintendo’s Animal Crossing｜Arab News Japan . [online] Available at: https://www.arabnews.jp/en/arts-culture/article_15746/ [Accessed 25 May 2020].

Hardwicks. T, 2020,  Week 10 Lecture, Swinburne University,

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Digital Activism

Let’s look at how digital activists and political campaigners use the advantage of social media to make a difference. Social media has offered the minority group the ability to speak up for themselves, express their political opinions and reach out to millions of people around the globe, which is impossible with old media. Social media has opened a new revenue for activism, in the form of clicking, liking and sharing as the development of the digital era.

We all have seen the #Blacklivesmatter at some point and somewhere on the internet. Most recently, the hashtag has been rising up again due to the incident of Ahmaud Arbey, whose 25 years old African-American jogger was allergically shot and killed by a white law enforcement officer and his son. The incident happened in early Feburary 2020, however, the case wasn't looked at until a video footage of Ahmaud Arbey getting shot got leaked on social media with the #Blacklivematter. The video caught attention of million of people around the world, and gain public attention which pushes the case to the top of the list to be look at, the FBI also get involved to investigate the case. This has given birth to a new movement on social media, #IRunWithAhmaud, as the way joggers around the world pay tribute to Ahmaud.

#BlackLivesMatter is just one of the example of activism on social media, #Metoo movement, it is the way survivors of sexual assaulted help building awareness of sexual harassment within the work environment.

In conclusion, social media has become a powerful tool for minority group to let the world to hear their voice, from the #BlackLivesMater movement to political viewpoints. More than ever, social media help people more connected and bonded because of their personal stories/perspective. #BlackLivesMattter is an evidence showing that social media has the potential to make a difference, so as the Metoo movement. Both movement has been making changes and real impacts in society.

Reference:

Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. (2018). 2. An analysis of #BlackLivesMatter and other Twitter hashtags related to political or social issues. [online] Available at: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/07/11/an-analysis-of-blacklivesmatter-and-other-twitter-hashtags-related-to-political-or-social-issues/ [Accessed 19 May 2020].

Evelyn, K. (2020). Ahmaud Arbery killing reignites debate over sharing graphic viral videos. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/may/07/ahmaud-arbery-video-shooting-sharing-viral [Accessed 19 May 2020].

Rees. A. (2020). Digital and Online Activism | Responsibility. [online] Available at: https://en.reset.org/knowledge/digital-and-online-activism [Accessed 19 May 2020].

Roberts.F . (2019). How Black Lives Matter Changed the Way Americans Fight for Freedom. [online] Available at: https://www.aclu.org/blog/racial-justice/race-and-criminal-justice/how-black-lives-matter-changed-way-americans-fight [Accessed 19 May 2020].

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This photo was taken by me back in 2019, I named it Love The Way You Are because I often see people don’t feel happy about the way they are. I do believe everyone is beautiful in their own way and should worry less about what/how the social media define beauty.

[parlonsensemble]

Extending on the idea of beauty standards, it is interesting to explore not only how these differ across platforms but also how they differ across countries.

A group of researchers have tried to examine this by asking female graphic designers from 18 different countries to Photoshop a model’s figure according to what they feel would be most attractive to their country’s citizens (read full article here). This was the result:

In seeing the sometimes stark differences here (a brilliant comparison would be China and Spain), it must be noted that while certain platforms may have a particular ‘aesthetic’ (which is in part influenced by its affordances, ie. methods of using it), these practices must be viewed in relation to wider cultural norms and traditions.

[issafreeworld]

This is very interesting and accurate as I come from Vietnam, we have different standard and definition of beauty. I agree that cultural perspective does influence on the way people’s view of beauty,

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Digital Health and Cosmetic Surgery on Visual Social Media

In the digital world, it’s very casual for you to run into a sexualised post, it’s almost highly unavoidable, especially om Instagram. It can be defined as “pornification” which means their photos is extremely sexualised. The purpose of this is to maximise the numbers of “like” on a post (Drenten et, 2019). A study of 172 female influencers conducted by Drenten Et, showing that these influencers often present themselves as porn-chic or ‘fuckable’ to gain attention on Instagram (Drenten, 2019). The most relevant example is Kylie Jenner’s Instagram page, she has 175 millions followers, she is well-known for her ‘amazing’ body, or at least that’s what the Internet assumes. This example isn’t to put Kylie in the spotlight, many other influencers and fashion brands do so, it has become a marketing tool to help them promote their products. 

https://www.instagram.com/kyliejenner/

These ideal images on Instagram contribute to the suffering of people with BDD (Body Dysmorphic Disorder), a mental health issue that makes people “fixated on their imperfections” (Adkins, 2018). Constant exposure to altered images can lead to an unhealthy pressure to achieve unrealistic body types (adkins, 2018). These images create insecurities in younger audiences who haven't fully developed their personalities and a lot more about their body types. This can result in people reaching out for plastic surgery as the solution to achieve the ideal body image. 

https://online.king.edu/news/social-media-and-body-image/

Instagram has turned into a marketing tool in recent years for many businesses and industries, the cosmetic surgery industry is one of them. There is a lack of  education and understanding of when  “shopping”  around  for  plastic  surgeons (Robert G Dorfman, Elbert E Vaca, Eitezaz Mahmood, Neil A Fine and Clark F Schierl, 2018). A lot more people seeking aesthetic surgery to improve their appearance on Instagram and other social media (Robert G Dorfman, Elbert E Vaca, Eitezaz Mahmood, Neil A Fine and Clark F Schierl, 2018).  The study at Oxford University on Plastic surgery related on Hashtag Utilisation on Instagram suggests that only 17.8% post about plastic surgery are from ABPS and RCPSC board-certified surgeons and 80.4% of the posts are from physicians. This raises another problem that people who want  plastic surgery, could often run into unprofessional plastic surgeons, that could cause unexpected consequences. The study also suggests that 37.0% of posts by plastic surgeons were self-promoting, there are stories such as plastic surgeons reaching out for influencers and offering them surgery at a cheap price.

Therefore, it’s important to build awareness and educate digital citizens on plastic surgery, provide them with proper information. On the audience’s side, especially young audience, they should keep in mind that everything people show them on social media  is a persona, influencers has the ability of choose what you can and cannot see on social media, be more aware and more collective of the information.

References:

Robert G Dorfman, Elbert E Vaca, Eitezaz Mahmood, Neil A Fine and Clark F Schierle, ‘Plastic Surgery-Related Hashtag Utilization on Instagram: Implications for Education and Marketing’, Aesthetic Surgery Journal, Volume 38, Issue 3, March 2018.

Drenten et al ‘Sexualized labour in digital culture: Instagram influencers, porn chic and the monetization of attention’ Gender, Work and Organization 

King University Online, 2019, The Link Between Social Media and Body Image | King University Online, viewed on 11 March 2020,<https://online.king.edu/news/social-media-and-body-image/>.

Adkins. A, 2018, How Social Media Contributes to Body Dysmorphic Behavior — The Lexington Line, viewed on 12 March 2020,<https://www.thelexingtonline.com/blog/2018/5/7/how-social-media-contributes-to-body-dysmorphic-behaviors>.

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Slow Fashion Movement and Influencers

This week's topic, we are taking on the moment of Slow Fashion and influencers. In today's society, it’s arguably saying that your clothes and style often represent who you are and sometimes your status. For a low income student with a love for street wear, I often shop for clothes that have a trending look and low cost. Thus, I blindly follow the fast fashion movement which “denotes lower-quality, low-priced, mass-produced and machine-made garments that quickly end up in landfills” (Aishwariya, 2019). So what is the slow fashion movement and how does it affect us? - some of you might ask. Slow fashion is the term to describe items that are produced with “child labour free across the entirety of the supply chain” and “materials utilised within the production process should be less harming to the natural environment, recycled, up-cycled, and/or more durable” (Zhen, Claudia, Panayiota, 2017). Besides that, slow fashion also focuses on the quality and not seasonal trendy, that makes slow fashion items last longer and more purposeful.

Why do we need slow fashion in a time like this? Without a doubt that the fashion industry is one of the biggest industries in the world, it generates trillions of dollars every year which makes it one of the largest polluting industries in the world. The fashion industry generates 17.7 billion tons of carbon dioxide annually  due to its production, manufacturing and transportation. Besides that, fast fashion also has a serious impact on humans, especially, poor countries. The picture below shows the impacts caused by fast fashion.

On the other hand, Slow fashion involves longer and more ethical production lines, use of local materials and a focus on sustainability and quality. (Hall, 2017). It means encouraging consumers to buy less and buy wisely to reduce waste, fashion brands to use more natural materials such as silk, wool, etc because those materials have low carbon foot-print, more sustainable, recyclable. Most importantly, the slow fashion movement protects humans' right of poor people, avoiding the abuse of human resources. Therefore, slow fashion movement is extremely significant, it’s saving both our only home, Earth, and many lives around the world.

With the magic of the Internet and the raising of social media in the last decade, Influencers have the power to build awareness about fast fashion and slow fashion, spreading the benefits of the slow fashion movement. What defines an influencer? Social media influencers are people who have the ability to affect the purchasing decision of others because of his or her authority, position or relationship with his or her audience, each influence often follows a distinct niche, the size of his/her audience depends on the size of his/her topic (InfluencerMarketingHub, 2020). Influencers Kathleen| @conciounchic has been sharing her experience and knowledge on sustainable fashion since 2009. She has been actively engaged in the slow fashion since she realised women’s issues and labour trafficking in poor countries around the world.

In the end, we are in a new century where we should constantly ask yourself why we need something before purchasing them. We should be more aware of how and where we spend our money because something like that can make a big difference on other lives and the environment.

 References:

Zhen Lai, Claudia E. Henninger and Panayiota J. Alevizou ‘An Exploration of Consumers’ Perceptions Towards Sustainable Fashion – A Qualitative Study in the UK’, in Sustainability in Fashion A Cradle to Upcycle Approach, edited by Henninger, C.E., Alevizou, P., Goworek, H., Ryding, D. (Palgrave: 2017).

Ourgoodbrands. (2020). The real impact of the fast fashion industry on the world. [online] Available at: https://ourgoodbrands.com/real-impact-fast-fashion-industry-world/ [Accessed 11 May 2020].

SLO active. (2019). Slow Fashion - A Guide To Sustainable & Ethical Fashion. [online] Available at: https://sloactive.com/slow-fashion-guide/ [Accessed 11 May 2020].

Influencer Marketing Hub. (2017). What is an Influencer? - Social Media Influencers Defined [Updated 2020]. [online] Available at: https://influencermarketinghub.com/what-is-an-influencer/ [Accessed 11 May 2020].

Aishwariya. 2019. Fast vs Slow Fashion. [online] Available at: https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/8460/fast-vs-slow-fashion [Accessed 11 May 2020].

Cotler.A. 2019. Why Sustainable Fashion Matters. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/ellevate/2019/10/07/why-sustainable-fashion-matters/#2ffa355071b8 [Accessed 11 May 2020].

Hall, J 2017, "Digital Kimono: Fast Fashion, Slow Fashion?", Fashion Theory, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 283-307. 

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Digital Citizenship. How is social media changing election process?

#Last week, I talked about how Tumblr behaves as a digital community and the importance of freedom of speech. This week’s topic will focus on a larger picture,  outside of Tumblr, which is Digital citizenship and how social media is changing the election process.

First, let’s look at the definition of a digital citizenship and how to become a “good” digital citizen. According to the Applied Educational System, digital citizenship is described as people use any form of digital devices, the Internet, and social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Tweet and Reddit, etc. In that saying, when you use the internet for simply checking your bank balance or contact with your family/friends/co-workers, you are a digital citizen. A “good” digital citizen are people who use the internet effectively to communicate with others, and create or consume digital information positively (Office of the eSafety Commissioner, NSW Department of Education). However, with the freedom and lack of fact-checking of any social media companies that refer themselves as platformations, it’s easy to become a “bad” digital citizen. The most recent example, the spread of myths around Covid-19 and how to prevent catching the virus, has become problematic for people sharing these myths with the good intention of helping others.

Social media has become a new platform for political campaigns to reach out to younger voters, indeed, everyone. The development of technology and the digital world have turned almost any generation into a part of the digital community.  To political campaigns, social media is a  new strategy, bringing them to victory, that however doesn’t make the old school approaches such as radio, TV and  knocking on doors inefficient, social media just simply opens a new avenue for politicians. This portrait in the American 2016 presidential election, Hillary Clinton only put up a tweet that she is running for president as the way to inform, this type of informing traditionally required press conference, media, etc, now it can be done with a simple tap. How politicians engage with voters on social media also play an important role, the way politicians interact with their supporters/voters has changed from professional to amateurism since 2012, Clinton applies the traditional style of tweeting, meanwhile Trump’s tweets are very non-traditional, controversial and unpredictable. That results in Trump’s victory of the 2016 presidential run.

As I mentioned earlier, social media platforms still lack fact-checking when it comes to misinformation and fact-checking, that could cause damage to some campaigns. Facebook is one of the examples of this, the CEO, Zuckerberg, has been pressed for the lack of fact-checking of Facebook by Congresswoman Ocasio-Cortez in 2019 at a House Financial Services Committee. Thus, fact-checking is extremely important in this saying, it creates fairness in the competition, and helps avoid the spread of fake news.

Source: https://patriotpost.us/articles/66348-aoc-hits-facebook-for-failing-to-censor-conservatives-2019-10-25

Reference:

Applied Educational Systems, I. (2020). What Is Digital Citizenship? (And How Do You Teach It?). [online] Aeseducation.com, viewed on 28th Apirl 2020, <https://www.aeseducation.com/career-readiness/what-is-digital-citizenship>.

Enli, G 2017, 'Twitter as an arena for the authentic outsider: Exploring the social media campaigns of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 presidential election', European Journal of Communication, vol 32, no 1 pp 50-61.

Maslow.J, 2019,  How is Social Media Influencing Elections?, viewed on 27 Apirl 2020, <https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/how-is-social-media-influencing-elections/>.

Milne.E, 2020, Week 7 lecture: Digital citizenship, Swinburne University of Technology.

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How does Tumblr function as a digital community?

Tumblr was founded by David Karp in 2007, it is described as a “micro-blogging” and a social networking site. Tumblr allows users to follow, re-blog, private messaging, tagging, GIFs, etc, indeed, Tumblr is not much different from Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. However, Tumblr allows users to customise their personal pages depending on their aesthetic style such as different layouts, colour themes, different type fonts, and so much more, to freely express their own unique-selves in the digital community. Tumblr encourages their users to use playful/anonymous names and doesn't require users to use their real name or proof of users' real identities which help users to stay anonymous to protect their privacies. Tumblr's users can find endless mature contents and also can post whatever they want WITH NO RESTRICTIONS.

Tumblr behaves as a modern form of public sphere, where people can come together as a public space and contribute their perspective and opinion communicatively. Tumblr gives users the freedom of speech to present their opinions/perspectives, so they can freely express their sense of humour towards serious/sensitive topics. For example, in an experiment conducted by Jessalyn Keller in 2019 about teenage girls fighting  for feminism across different social media platforms, the girls admit that Tumblr is “ the easiest digital space to practice feminism as a young person” due to its anonymity nature (Keller, 2019). The girls in the experiment describe Tumblr as a “proper black hole” and “safer” compared to other digital communities such as Twitter and Facebook. This sense of privacy allows the young feminist activists to have civil discourse, they have the ability to control what can appear on their Tumblr browsers and “control the results of interaction” (Keller, 2019). In another study conducted by Lisa M. Kruse, Dawn R. Norris & Jonathan R. Flinchum in 2017 called “Social medias as Publics Spheres” show Facebook often lacking of civil discourse, as participants describe, discussion on Facebook can quickly escalate to a “Facebook fight”, insult and disrespectful (Lisa M. Kruse, Dawn R. Norris & Jonathan R. Flinchum, 2017). The anonymity of Tumblr allows the girls in Keller’s study to share their sexism stories, and go deep in discussion about LGBTQ rights, rape culture and mainly feminist politics.

Therefore, the evidence proposes that Tumblr is a digital community where it connects people with the same mindset and perspective, and most importantly allows people to have the freedom of speech to tell their stories and share their point of view, but not feeling as a target when they express their controversial opinion.

References: 

Jessalynn Keller, “Oh, She’s a Tumblr Feminist”: Exploring the Platform Vernacular of Girls’ Social Media Feminisms, Social Media + Society Volume: 5 issue: 3, 2019.

Kruse, LM Norris, DR & Flinchum, JR 2018 Social media as a public sphere? Politics on social media, The Sociological Quarterly, 59:1, 62-84, 

Hannell. B, 2017, “Game of Thrones' War on Women": Fandom and Feminist Discourse on Tumblr, University of East Anglia (UEA), <https://www.academia.edu/33750174/_Game_of_Thrones_War_on_Women_Fandom_and_Feminist_Discourse_on_Tumblr_Fan_Studies_Network_Conference_2017_>.

Broone. B , 2012,  How Tumblr Works, HowStuffWorks, viewed on 20th Apirl 2020, <https://computer.howstuffworks.com/tumblr3.htm>.

Watercutter. A, 2019,  The Internet Needs Tumblr More Than Ever., Wired, viewed on 19 April 2020, <https://www.wired.com/story/tumblr-reinvigorated/>.Tiffany. K ,2019,  Tumblr’s First Year Without Porn,  The Atlantic, viewed on 20 April 2020, 

<https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2019/12/tumblr-year-review-2019-nsfw-ban-memes/602911/>.