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Turns out Christopher Columbus wasn't brave, he was just really bad at math. SUBSCRIBE to get the latest truTV content: http://bit.ly/truTVSubscribe Check Ad...
Adam Ruins Everything is a TV show on truTV that dispels the myths of “common knowledge” widely held by the public. On this video, he is in an animated segment correcting the misconceptions on Christopher Colombus and how they became widely known in the United States.
European Precursors to Slavery- Spain: The Colombus aid terms of exploration
Who participated in making this legal? Fernando de Aragon and Isabel de Castilla (King and queen of Spain at the time)
What did the terms say? Columbus promised the monarchs of Spain riches and conversion of the natives to Catholicism in exchange for them financing his trip, including a crew, three ships (named Pinta, Niña, and Santa Maria), and provisions.
Where was this made law? The kingdom of Spain
When was it made law? Christopher Columbus reached the American continent in the islands of the Antilles in October 1492, so the deal had to be ratified months prior to this date.
How it affected people? The “discovery” of Colombus eventually led to the massive establishment of the Atlantic Slave Trade and the Middle Passage, non-counting all the suffering Africans endured both on, and outside the British, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies.
Why is it important for the topic & African American history?
Colombus did not return from his voyages to America with the riches the monarchs of Spain probably expected, but the repercussions of those trips made Spain the superpower of Europe at the time. This supports the notion that the reason slavery was sustained as long as it did in many countries was that it was financially sustainable, as inhumane and brutal as it was, and still is in some parts of the world.
*Video is from CrashCourse´s YouTUbe channel, and it also features explanations on Zheng He and Vasco da Gama, other great achieving explorers from Colombus´s time.
Vasco da Gama was the first European to open a sea-based trade route to India.
Who participated in making this legal? Prince Henry the Navigator (but Vasco da Gama was significantly important) and King Manuel of Portugal
What the law says? Prince Henry was a patron of sailors, particularly a navigation school at Sagres. Vasco da Gama was the first sailor who accomplished one of Henry´s desired goals, a route to the Indian oceans to enter the lucrative spice trade.
Where was this made law? The kingdom of Portugal
When was it made law? According to BBC, Vasco and his crew sailed from Lisboa on July 8, 1497, on their first trip to India. He returned two years later, having found a route and the king was pleased. On his third voyage to India (1502, presumably), da Gama had a new mission, to consolidate Portugal´s dominance on the route (Winser, 2011).
How it affected people? Vasco was the first sailor who rounded the African coast and went on to reach the Indian coastline (the port outpost of Calicut) to take control of the Indian trade for Portugal. However, they did not settle in Africa because “they were already powerful empires in the region.” Instead, they created a “naval, trading post empire” by capturing and controlling coastal cities. The Portuguese did not have enough people to maintain control forever, so they relied on extortion.
Why is it important for the topic & African American history?
Portuguese interaction with Africa was the first step for Europeans to gain trade control, Vasco da Gama began this step by taking control of African ports by intimidating them with the cannons of his ships, boarding outgoing ships and forcing them to buy permits to trade in those cities they “controlled”. Portugal´s maneuvers inspired Spain to make another great voyage, the most famous exploration worldwide, Christopher Colombus´s. The “discovery” of Colombus eventually led to the massive establishment of the Atlantic Slave Trade and the Middle Passage, non-counting all the suffering Africans endured both on, and outside the British, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies.
John Green teaches you about the first four Crusades embarked upon by European Christians in the 12th and 13th centuries
Who participated in making this legal? More than 35´000 people volunteered for the fourth crusade.
What the law says? …
Where was this made law? No law was made. The armies were excommunicated by the Pope, which was the equivalent of being outlaws, as soon as he got ord of the siege of Zara on November 1202. The Pope Innocencio III eventually saw the crusaders as being coerced by the Venetians and withdrew the excommunication in February 1203, according to Wikipedia. Maybe this helped settle in the lack of consequences for making slaves out of war prisoners.
When was it made law? No official law was apparently made.
What happened in it? Nobles knew from previous crusades than a trip to Anatolia by foot would be harsh, so they asked the Venetians to build ships. They got 500 ships, but only about 11´000 people went on the trip to Venice because others basically bailed on the adventure. When they got there, there was not enough money to pay for the ships, so they cut a deal with the Venetians; “seize the city of Zara and we will fare you to Anatolia.” They agreed and the Pope excommunicated (expelled from Catholic church) both the army and the Venetians because Zara was a Christian city. The party failed in their quest to take Zara.
Yet, Alexius III, a would-be Byzantine emperor, hired them to help him take Constantinople. It was taking him a while to pay the promised money, so even before he paid the crusaders, another noble- Mourtzouphlos- defeated Alexius III, leaving the Crusaders stranded and penniless in Constantinople.
Then, they went crazy. They sieged, looted, and defiled Constantinople and returned to their homeland, retaking exactly none of the Holy land they were supposed to be traveling for.
Why is it important for the topic & African American history?
While the Fourth Crusade brief detour I made did not yield the results I expected, the expedition did end up turning up with something useful. The crusade legitimized the notion that the crusades were not about pilgrimage, but that the enemies of the Catholic church had to be defeated. Relating to African American history, it shows that the institution of slavery had old roots, even before the Atlantic slave trade began.
In this video of Crash Course World History, John Green teaches about one of the least funny subjects in history: slavery. John investigates when and where slavery originated, how it changed over the centuries, and how Europeans and colonists in the Americas arrived at the idea that people could own other people based on skin color.
Who made it legal? The institution of the Catholic church heavily used the Bible to particularly justify the enslavement of Africans. One example is when Noah curses Ham; “Cursed be Canaan, the lowest of slaves shall he be to his brothers.” (Genesis 9; 25 KJB). Its boiled down version became known as the “Curse of Ham”, where Ham was black, his descendants the Africans, and thus, slavery became Biblically justified.
Another verse used was “Servants, be obedient to them that are your masters according to the flesh, with fear and trembling, in singleness of your heart, as unto Christ; not with eye-service, as men-pleasers; but as the servants of Christ, doing the will of God from the heart; with good will doing service, as to the Lord, and not to men: knowing that whatsoever good thing any man doeth, the same shall he receive of the Lord, whether he be bond or free,” (Ephesians 6; 5-7 KJB) and it is repeated, almost verbatum, in Colossians, chapter 3 (Rae, 2018).
It is imperative to note the video states that the Old World (Europe and Africa) in its entirety participated to some extent in creating slavery as we remember it. Europeans (starting as far as the ancient Greeks) believed and upheld the notion that some people are and should be treated as inherently less worthy of dignity than others. Africans had practiced slavery on their own as well (civilizations such as the Egyptians and the Muslim Arabs called Zanj) before the Europeans came into the continent.
The Spanish and the Portuguese were the geographically closest to these later Muslims and influenced their thought as well regarding these slavery-friendly attitudes. Until 1492, many Muslims lived in the Iberian peninsula, which might have influenced their views on Africans even further. However, blaming one group for all the suffering of the tragedy of the Atlantic Slave Trade would exonerate all the other groups that influenced their views and behavior from centuries ago.
What the law says? Apparently, European slave trade began with the Fourth Crusade (1204). Italians imported Armenians, Cassians, and Georgians to Italy (some were women that worked as house servants), mainly to work on sugar.
Where did this happen? Where the Italians got legal permission or if it was just accepted as a “soft law” of sorts, like a custom, is still unclear.
When did this happen? This “pre-Atlantic Slave Trade (pre-AST from now on)” slavery was, at least, in place during the fourth crusade, in the year 1204 ACE.
How did it affect the lives of people? It affected the lives of Cassians, Armenians, and Georgians that served as slaves in sugar plantations for the Italians before the Atlantic Slave Trade was established. This event was a precedent for what might be arguably the greatest mass tragedy of human history.
Why is it important for the topic and African American history? The information obtained from the video is important for the topic as an indicator of a precedent for the European-controlled slave trade, though it is still unclear how hard or soft the practice was, legally speaking. For African American history though, aside from being a precedent, it has little importance. The fourth crusade affected people from Asia (Armenians, Cassians, and Georgians) because the battles were fought there and they were taken as slaves to Italy.
Rae, N. (2018, February 23). How Christian Slaveholders Used the Bible to Justify Slavery. TIME Magazine. Retrieved from http://time.com/5171819/christianity-slavery-book-excerpt/
Introduction
As a Criminal Justice college student, I am intrigued with how the laws society constructs can shape the lives of the citizens. Laws shape the perceptions of people on how to behave and how to respond to violations of the appropriate behavior in explicit and implicit ways. I start this blog with the intent of showcasing the laws that drove Europeans of the Middle Ages to legalize the Slave trade and perpetuate it in the New World (more specifically, in the territory that is now Maryland, United States of America).
For this, I will start with the attitudes, beliefs, laws, and royal decrees that allowed Europe in general (which includes only France´s, Britain´s, and Spain´s laws) to establish and maintain the slave trade. Then, entering the Colonial Era, I will focus on how the British and French oppressed Africans legally in the North American colonies. Moving forward- through the Revolutionary, Antebellum, Civil War, and Reconstruction periods-, I will address only the laws that restricted African Americans in the colony of Maryland until 1877.