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Planet X discovered two supermassive black holes!
https://phys.org/news/2017-06-groundbreaking-discovery-orbiting-supermassive-black.html
This is why Mr. Fry will always have a seat at my table.
Amen.
I was having a conversation about religion with this guy and he asked me what I would do if I got into heaven and had to sit next to God. I told him I wouldn’t take the seat.
Flying fish, strange as it sounds, have aerodynamic prowess comparable to hawks. The fish aren’t true fliers, but they do glide for hundreds of meters using their large pectoral and pelvic fins as wings. Wind tunnel research shows the fish have their maximum lift at an angle of attack around 30-35 degrees, matching their typical take-off angle (top). Their best gliding performance occurs when they’re roughly parallel to the water (middle). The researchers even found that the fish use ground effect to enhance their lift. Although their aerodynamics allow flying fish to get out of reach of their aquatic predators, the fish must be wary of flying too high, as this makes them a target for frigatebirds (bottom). These acrobatic seabirds can’t get wet, but they have some impressive aerodynamics of their own to help make up for it. (Image credit: BBC Earth, source; research credit: H. Park and H. Choi; see also SciAm)
4ft 8.5"
Why 4 FEET 8.5 Inches is Very Important
Fascinating Stuff …
Railroad Tracks The U.S. Standard railroad gauge (distance between the rails) is 4 feet, 8.5 inches.
That’s an exceedingly odd number.
Why was that gauge used?
Because that’s the way they built them in England, and English expatriates designed the U.S. Railroads.
Why did the English build them like that?
Because the first rail lines were built by the same people who built the pre-railroad tramways, and that’s the gauge they used.
Why did ‘they’ use that gauge then?
Because the people who built the tramways used the same jigs and tools that they had used for building wagons, which used that wheel spacing.
Why did the wagons have that particular Odd wheel spacing?
Well, if they tried to use any other spacing, the wagon wheels would break on some of the old, long distance roads in England, because that’s the spacing of the wheel ruts.
So, who built those old rutted roads?
Imperial Rome built the first long distance roads in Europe (including England) for their legions. Those roads have been used ever since.
And the ruts in the roads? Roman war chariots formed the initial ruts, which everyone else had to match for fear of destroying their wagon wheels.
Since the chariots were made for Imperial Rome, they were all alike in the matter of wheel spacing.
Therefore, the United States standard railroad gauge of 4 feet, 8.5 inches is derived from the original specifications for an Imperial Roman war chariot.
In other words, bureaucracies live forever.
So the next time you are handed a specification, procedure, or process, and wonder, ‘What horse’s ass came up with this?’, you may be exactly right.
Imperial Roman army chariots were made just wide enough to accommodate the rear ends of two war horses.
Now, the twist to the story:
When you see a Space Shuttle sitting on its launch pad, you will notice that there are two big booster rockets attached to the sides of the main fuel tank. These are solid rocket boosters, or SRBs.
The SRBs are made by Thiokol at their factory in Utah.
The engineers who designed the SRBs would have preferred to make them a bit larger, but the SRBs had to be shipped by train from the factory to the launch site.
The railroad line from the factory happens to run through a tunnel in the mountains and the SRBs had to fit through that tunnel.
The tunnel is slightly wider than the railroad track, and the railroad track, as you now know, is about as wide as two horses’ behinds.
So, a major Space Shuttle design feature of what is arguably the world’s most advanced transportation system was determined over two thousand years ago by the width of a horse’s ass.
And you thought being a horse’s ass wasn’t important!
Now you know, Horses’ Asses control almost everything.
Explains a whole lot of stuff, doesn’t it?
This is the single most mind blowing fact I’ve read on tumblr, every day is a school day-thank you.
Nice history lesson!
My daughter and I were just discussing this very subject.
As an evolutionary biologist: where do you draw the line between a colonial species and multicellularity. And what about multicellular clonal colony spp like port man o' war
I think sometimes in evolutionary biology we focus a little too much on definition. What’s fascinating about ctenophores and cnidarians is that they show that within metazoan animals, there are multiple evolutionary solutions to how to develop a work system, whether we’re talking about digestion, resource gathering, or signaling. I think they make an interesting model for how systems like multicellular bauplans could have followed an alternate path.
Also, that’s about as deep an answer as I could possibly give this question because I study vertebrates and jellies are just fucking WEIRD.
I mean if you rlly wanna get down to it it could be argued that multicellularity is a form of colonialism in organisms being a collection of genetically identical individuals working together to ensure reproduction of their relatives/themselves
I really don’t have a problem with that. What’s the difference between our cells working to create systems and colonial cnidarians doing the same? Other than the developmental differences, the end result is convergent enough that it’s hard to tell the difference.
A colonial lifestyle is essentially an adaptation to boost the fitness of the individuals (unicellular or multicellular). The individuals can survive on their own, but together they’re flat-out better. Look at unicellular Chlamydomonas to the colonial Volvox (made up of unicells that very closely resemble Chlamydomonas). Think of a colony like an apartment building. Each tenant can survive without their neighbours, but it’s more efficient to live in one large building than a house.
The cells of a multicellular organism simply cannot survive on their own, and the organism requires all of its cell types to function properly. A watch with a missing gear just won’t work, and the removed gear can’t do a thing ok its own. If you’re lax with definitions, you could say multicellularity is colonialism on overdrive, as each individual becomes more and more specialized. Similar to how the best parasite doesn’t kill its host outright, and slowly becomes less harmful (maybe even becoming beneficial?)
a) this is exactly why I don’t study invertebrates, they’re too weird, you’ll never see a cat colony suddenly fusing together and b) so the real dividing line we’re talking about here is survivability of an individual cell? Does this mean that colonial organisms can start new “individuals” from an individual “cell”? I know colonial sponges can be broken apart with a simple sieve and they reconstitute themselves pretty quickly, but are there examples of colonial jellies doing the same?
Hmmm... have not heard of reconstituting jellies (though really, it's for the best).
It should be noted that there are different types of colonies. Clonal colonies are fun since all individuals in the colony are genetically identical. At which point do we consider the colony a super-organism?! And also important to note, some colonial organisms MUST form colonies to survive (like portuguese man o'war), and the individuals are unable to rejoin (animals are just too fussy compared to algae and protists).
Social colonies are also super fun, though there is no fusing of individuals into a mega-organism (I know, that's sad). You can have eusocial organisms like ants and bees with only one individual producing offspring, or complex matrilineal orca pods.
As an evolutionary biologist: where do you draw the line between a colonial species and multicellularity. And what about multicellular clonal colony spp like port man o' war
I think sometimes in evolutionary biology we focus a little too much on definition. What’s fascinating about ctenophores and cnidarians is that they show that within metazoan animals, there are multiple evolutionary solutions to how to develop a work system, whether we’re talking about digestion, resource gathering, or signaling. I think they make an interesting model for how systems like multicellular bauplans could have followed an alternate path.
Also, that’s about as deep an answer as I could possibly give this question because I study vertebrates and jellies are just fucking WEIRD.
I mean if you rlly wanna get down to it it could be argued that multicellularity is a form of colonialism in organisms being a collection of genetically identical individuals working together to ensure reproduction of their relatives/themselves
I really don’t have a problem with that. What’s the difference between our cells working to create systems and colonial cnidarians doing the same? Other than the developmental differences, the end result is convergent enough that it’s hard to tell the difference.
A colonial lifestyle is essentially an adaptation to boost the fitness of the individuals (unicellular or multicellular). The individuals can survive on their own, but together they're flat-out better. Look at unicellular Chlamydomonas to the colonial Volvox (made up of unicells that very closely resemble Chlamydomonas). Think of a colony like an apartment building. Each tenant can survive without their neighbours, but it's more efficient to live in one large building than a house.
The cells of a multicellular organism simply cannot survive on their own, and the organism requires all of its cell types to function properly. A watch with a missing gear just won't work, and the removed gear can't do a thing ok its own. If you're lax with definitions, you could say multicellularity is colonialism on overdrive, as each individual becomes more and more specialized. Similar to how the best parasite doesn't kill its host outright, and slowly becomes less harmful (maybe even becoming beneficial?)
This copepod blue our mind! Sea sapphires are tiny crustaceans that are invisible one moment, and brilliant blue the next, thanks to fancy scales that reflect incoming light. This little gem is currently in our Drifters Gallery!
Check out this cool video from @deepseanews of sea sapphires in action:
(photo: staffer Travis Johnson)
These 300-million-year-old sharks ate their own babies and pooped them out in spirals
A new study suggests that Orthacanthus sharks turned to cannibalism when food became scarce, with evidence of baby shark teeth being found in poop fossils unearthed from an old Canadian coalfield.
“There is already evidence from fossilised stomach contents that ancient sharks like Orthacanthus preyed on amphibians and other fish, but this is the first evidence that these sharks also ate the young of their own species,” said palaeontologist Aodhán Ó Gogáin from Trinity College Dublin in Ireland.
Finding juvenile teeth in ancient shark poop wouldn’t have been enough on its own to suggest that Orthacanthus resorted to cannibalism when other food sources ran low. After all, it’s possible that some other carnivorous marine species was feeding on the baby sharks, and excreted the undigested teeth in their droppings.
But what most likely settles the identification issue is the shape of the fossil poop that the researchers found.
Orthacanthus had a distinctive corkscrew-shaped rectum, and the coprolites (fossil poop) that the researchers discovered were indeed spiral-shaped – making it hard to avoid the grisly conclusion that these sharks ate their own young (a practice known as filial cannibalism).
This is one of the best article titles I’ve ever seen.
This extremely rare footage of a squid giving birth was captured by a remote operated vehicle in California’s Montery Bay.
Looking for a Halloween movie? How about “Attack of the Bone-Eating Osedax Zombie Worms!” You’re whale-come!
Footage courtesy of our partners at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI).
Same.
So you want to set up a home aquarium...
We totally get it—you’re so inspired by movies like Finding Dory or a visit to an aquarium that now you want your own Dory or Nemo.
Keeping a fish can help you learn about caring for live animals and gain respect for aquatic life, but there’s a lot more to it than just fish + water + plants + food = aquarium.
Because we love fishes just like you do, here are some important things to think about first:
Fishes are live animals, and caring for an animal’s life and habitat is a serious responsibility and time commitment. Hey, we need a college degree to work at the Aquarium with saltwater fishes, invertebrates and complicated aquarium life support systems!
Do your homework! Fishes can live for several years, and will need care all during that time. Do your homework first. Take time to learn the needs of a particular species of fish or fishes, and what’s involved in maintaining a living aquatic ecosystem at home.
Bigger is not always better. Different species of fishes need different sizes of tanks. Food, water quality, size of tank, water volume and lighting are all requirements you need to consider when choosing a fish. Time for more homework!
Start simple. Saltwater fishes and aquariums can sometimes be more complicated than freshwater, but both require daily care and maintenance. A blue tang like Dory can be very difficult to keep, but there are other marine fishes that are easier. Many freshwater fishes, like some goldfish species, can be great for the beginner. Yep, more homework!
Buddy up! Ask a parent, sibling or friend to help you with your project. (Caring for animals is a good way to spend time with people, too.) Never capture a fish in the wild and bring it home. Instead, work with a reputable aquarium dealer who can help you set up a relatively easy-to-maintain system, and recommend a fish that best suits your interest—and skills.
Take the time to learn the ropes. See if this is something you want to stick with before you advance to more complex systems and fishes. If you get stuck, be kind and find a good home for your fishy pet. Don’t “release” it into a river or the ocean! It probably won’t survive, and if it does, can spread parasites and diseases to native fishes.
Remember, visiting your local aquarium is a great way to see and learn more about your favorite furry, feathered and finned friends!
World’s Most Confused Fish Gets Stuck INSIDE A Jellyfish
It’s every photographer’s dream to capture a once-in-a-lifetime shot that leaves viewers in total awe.
Keep reading
Help him
Free him
Researchers believe the creature found by scientists 2,100m below the surface of the ocean is the largest of its kind ever documented
“Here’s this animal that has presumably never been encountered before and it’s enormous and that kind of brings up a little intrigue for deep water and what else exists down there,”
Southern Sand octopus (Octopus Kaurna) lacks chromatophores for camouflage. Cephalopods are often celebrated as masters of camouflage in the ocean, but this octopus has an unknown trick, it is able to bury itself.
Other octopuses bury themselves under a thin layer of sand or rocks by digging into it with sweeping arm movements. But they remain close to the sediment surface because need direct access to water to breath, with their funnel sticking directly out. The Southern Sand octopus beats them all. Is the first known cephalopod that excavates, and has been filmed on camera for the first time.
First, the sand octopus injects water into the sand using its siphon and mantle, liquefying the sand grains to form quicksand. Then moves its arms into, maintaining its jetting of water. Next the octopus extends two arms to the surface, creating a vetilation shaft, and uses mucus to keep the shape of the burrow. At the final, it retracts its arms and exhales strongly to push out any loose sand, before settling into its new shelter.
While the selective pressures that drove evolution of this behaviour are unknown, its identification enriches our understanding of the possible life-history traits and functional role of mucus in other benthic octopus species living in soft-sediment environments.
Reference: Montana et al. 2015. Liquid sand burrowing and mucus utilisation as novel adaptations to a structurally-simple environment in Octopus kaurna Stranks, 1990 Behavior
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