10 features in C# that you really should learn (and use!)
If you start exploring C# or decide to expand your knowledge, you should learn these useful language features, which will help you to simplify the code, avoid errors and save a lot of time.
Use the async / await-pattern to allow unblocking of the UI / current thread when execution blocking operations. The async / await-pattern works by letting the code continue executing even if something is blocking the execution (like a web request).
Read more about the async / await-pattern here: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh191443.aspx
2) Object / array / collection initializers
Create instances of classes, arrays and collections easily by using the object, array and collection initializers:
//Just some demo class public class Employee { public string Name {get; set;} public DateTime StartDate {get; set;} } //Create an employlee by using the initializer Employee emp = new Employee {Name="John Smith", StartDate=DateTime.Now()};
The above example can be really useful in unit testing but should be avoided in other contexts as instances of classes should be created using a constructor.
Read more about initializers here: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb384062.aspx
3) Lambdas, predicates, delegates and closures
These features are practically a necessity in many cases (e.g. when using Linq), make sure to actually learn when and how to use them.
Read more about Lambdas, predicates, delegates and closure here: http://www.codeaddiction.net/articles/13/lambda-expressions-delegates-predicates-and-closures-in-c
4) ?? (Null coalescing operator)
The ??-operator returns the left side as long as it’s not null, in that case the right side will be returned:
//May be null var someValue = service.GetValue(); var defaultValue = 23 //result will be 23 if someValue is null var result = someValue ?? defaultValue;
The ??-operator can be chained:
string anybody = parm1 ?? localDefault ?? globalDefault;
And it can be used to convert nullable types to non nullable:
var totalPurchased = PurchaseQuantities.Sum(kvp => kvp.Value ?? 0);
Read more about the ??-operator here: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms173224.aspx
5) $”{x}” (String Interpolation) – C# 6
A new feature of C# 6 that lets you assemble strings in an efficient and elegant way:
//Old way var someString = String.Format("Some data: {0}, some more data: {1}", someVariable, someOtherVariable); //NewWay var someString = $"Some data: {someVariable}, some more data: {someOtherVariable}";
You can put C# expressions in between the braces, which makes this very powerful.
6) ?. (Null-conditional operator) – C# 6
The null-conditional operator works like this:
//Null if customer or customer.profile or customer.profile.age is null var currentAge = customer?.profile?.age;
No more NullReferenceExceptions!
Read more about the ?.-operator here: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn986595.aspx
7) nameof Expression – C# 6
So the new nameof-expression might not seem important, but it really has it value. When using automatic re-factoring tools (like ReSharper) you sometime need to refer to a method argument by it’s name:
public void PrintUserName(User currentUser) { //The refactoring tool might miss the textual reference to current user below if we're renaming it if(currentUser == null) _logger.Error("Argument currentUser is not provided"); //... }
This is how you should use it…
public void PrintUserName(User currentUser) { //The refactoring tool will not miss this... if(currentUser == null) _logger.Error($"Argument {nameof(currentUser)} is not provided"); //... }
Read more about the nameof-expression here: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn986596.aspx
8) Property Initializers – C# 6
Property initializers lets you declare an initial value for a property:
public class User { public Guid Id { get; } = Guid.NewGuid(); // ... }
A benefit of using property initializers is that you can not declare a set:er, thus making the property immutable. Property initializers works great together with C# 6 primary constructor syntax.
The is-operator is used to control if an instance is of a specific type, e.g. if you want to see if a cast is possible:
if (Person is Adult) { //do stuff }
Use the as-operator to try to cast an instance to a class. It will return null if cast was not possible:
SomeType y = x as SomeType; if (y != null) { //do stuff }
The yield-keyword lets you feed an an IEnumerable-interface with items. The following example will return each powers of 2 up to the exponent of 8 (e.g. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 ,256):
public static IEnumerable Power(int number, int exponent) { int result = 1; for (int i = 0; i < exponent; i++) { result = result * number; yield return result; } }
yield return can be very powerful if it’s used in the correct way. It enables you to lazily generate a sequence of objects, ie. the system does not have to enumerate the whole collection – it can be done on demand.
Source: https://www.codeaddiction.net/articles/15/10-features-in-c-that-you-really-should-learn-and-use
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