I just completed a course focused on war crimes of WWII.
Here's something I wrote in response to an article accusing Stalin of condoning rape, which also (I belive) massively inflated the number of rapes that occurred. It also contains information relevant to your question.
While I am aware that sexual violence was committed by Allied troops (including the American GIs and British Soldiers) as well as the Axis troops, I found it difficult to believe that any leader would condone the act. Stalin was accused of exactly that, but the accounts of Stalin condoning rape (whether implicitly or explicitly) can be traced back to a single primary source, the book “Conversations with Stalin” by Yugoslavian author Milovan Djilas, who later became one of communism’s first prominent Eastern European dissidents and one of Stalin’s harshest critics. The novel was written some twelve years after the war’s conclusion, and contains many (otherwise unverified) “quotes” from Stalin.
It is no secret that Stalin committed atrocities against the enemy in WWII as well as against his own people, and I want to ensure that my attempt at seeking historical truth is not interpreted as a defense of those acts. However, I also feel that it is somewhat unfair to assert that Stalin or his officers condoned or encouraged soldiers to rape the enemy, when there are numerous other primary sources indicating the opposite. I found nothing to corroborate the claim that Stalin believed this a good method of “mentally breaking” the enemy.
There is significant evidence in Russian literature indicating that rape would not have been tolerated by military command. The concept of gender equality and the emancipation of women was deeply embedded in Marxist communist doctrine upon which the Constitution of the USSR was based [1].
Under Stalin, women were able to choose their careers and acted as active participants in the national economy. It is estimated that over 800,000 women served in the Red Army during WWII and some became decorated officers. It is likely that the empowerment of women in Soviet society was what led so many women to enlist. The author of "The Unwomanly Face of War", Svetlana Alexievich, makes this very assumption in the introduction to her novel, which is a collection of stories compiled from interviews with women who served on behalf of the Red Army during WWII. There are accounts in the novel of rape, but it is clear even from these accounts that superior officers would punish soldiers who were found committing sexual violence against the citizens of the territories they occupied. One interview with a Junior Sergeant named A. Ratkina reveals that there were harsh punishments for even consorting with female citizens, and that rape was punishable by court martial.
"One of our officers fell in love with a German girl … our superiors heard about it … He was demoted and sent to the rear. When we entered a town or a village, for the first three days there was looting and [rape] … Well, in secret, naturally … You understand … After three days you could wind up in court" [2].
In Soviet Russia, rape was an offense punishable by death [3]. While Ratkina admits that Red Army soldiers were likely guilty of rape, she also reveals that this was not tolerated by her command. Ratkina recalls that, when five German girls came to her commander weeping and stating that they had been raped, and this account was confirmed by a gynecologist’s examination, “we told those German girls: go and look, and if you recognize someone, we’ll shoot him on the spot. We won’t consider his rank” [4].
Additionally, many Russian soldiers-turned-academics have said that Stalin issued an executive order on 19 January, 1945, explicitly outlawing mistreatment of citizens by his soldiers [5]. One soldier-turned-professor also added that “4,148 Red Army officers and many privates were ‘punished’ for committing atrocities” [6]. I have not been able to find a copy of this executive order to corroborate their statements, but have researched the claimants and found that they hold prestigious positions in their respective fields.
Additionally, this executive order has been mentioned in several of the articles I perused, so it is likely that it existed in some form. One Russian website provides the text of the order as follows:
"Officers and Red Army! We are going to the country of the enemy. Everyone should keep his composure, everyone should be brave ... The remaining population in the conquered areas… should not be subjected to violence. Perpetrators will be punished under the laws of war. In the conquered territory, sexual relations with the female sex are not allowed. For violence and rape the perpetrators will be shot" [7].
While I am unable to independently verify the content of the order, I feel that I have found sufficient evidence to confirm that the claim that Stalin or his officers encouraged or condoned rape was false. It is likely that rape occurred, but certainly not to the extent claimed in the article you shared. Stalin was unrelenting and unforgiving, both qualities which assisted his pursuit of victory in the war. It is highly unlikely that he would have tolerated any acts that would cast a poor image on the Red Army.
There are far more primary sources documenting rapes committed by the US Army, though they are generally not easy to find in English. One such article can be found from Der Spiegel, which claims "US criminology professor Robert Lilly, who examined rape cases prosecuted by American military courts, arrived at a number of 11,000 serious sexual assaults committed by November, 1945" [8].
Additionally shocking is the evidence that, not only did American GIs commit mass rape, they blamed it on black soldiers and even fabricated stories to justify segregation upon returning home [9]. I would especially recommend reading this article, as few articles explore the rape committed by American GIs so thoroughly.
[1] Alice Erh-Soon Tay, “The Status of Women in the Soviet Union,” The American Journal of Comparative Law 20, no. 4 (1972): pp. 662-692, https://doi.org/10.2307/839036.
[2] Svetlana Alexievich, “And She Puts Her Hand to Her Heart,” in The Unwomanly Face of War, trans. Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky, [epub] (Penguin Classics, 2017).
[3] Ger P. Van Den Berg, “The Soviet Union and the Death Penalty,” Soviet Studies 35, no. 2 (1983): pp. 154-174, https://doi.org/10.1080/09668138308411469.
[4] Alexievich, The Unwomanly Face of War.
[5] Sergey Turchenko, “Sex Liberation: Erotic Myths of WWII (Translated Automatically from Russian),” Free Press, May 5, 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20140530214602/http://svpressa.ru/war/article/8271/. See also O. A. Rzheshevsky, “Berlin Operation 1945: Discussion Continues (Translated from Russian),” World of History (Russian Electronic Magazine), May 8, 2003, https://web.archive.org/web/20120401022017/http://gpw.tellur.ru /page.html?r=books&s=bevor.
[6] Chris Summers, “Red Army Rapists Exposed,” BBC News (BBC, April 29, 2002), http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe /1939174.stm.
[7] Daniil Ivanov, “The Myth of Millions of Raped German Women,” State History, October 20, 2009, https://statehistory.ru/32/Mif-o-millionakh-iznasilovannykh-nemok/.
[8] Klaus Wiegrefe, "Postwar Rape: Were Americans As Bad as the Soviets?" Spiegel International, March 2, 2015, https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/book-claims-us-soldiers-raped-190-000-german-women-post-wwii-a-1021298.html
[9] Ruth Lawlor, "When commemorating D-Day, don’t forget the dark side of American war efforts," The Washington Post, June 6, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/06/06/when-commemorating-d-day-dont-forget-dark-side-american-war-efforts/