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The 1891 Education Law

The first major attempt to organize the entire education system of Bulgaria was the law introduced in 1891 by Minister of Public Instruction Georges Jivkoff. This law was passed by the Sixth Ordinary National Assembly and repealed all previous educational laws and regulations. Remarkably, it remains in force to this day, forming the foundation of the Bulgarian school system.

The law confirmed that the Ministry of Public Instruction would have the supreme control and direction of all schools, as well as institutions aimed at the intellectual and moral development of the country. This centralization ensured that the education system would be uniform and well-coordinated Istanbul City Tour.

Organization of the Ministry

The Ministry of Public Instruction is staffed with professionals responsible for different areas of education:

Chief of Secondary, Special, and Higher Instruction

Chief of Elementary Instruction

Two general inspectors for secondary and special schools

Medical inspector

Six assistant chiefs

Accountant and two assistant accountants

This team ensures the administration, supervision, and financial management of the education system.

Types of Schools

According to the 1891 law, schools are divided into national and private schools:

National schools: Funded by the State, departments, districts, or parishes and teach in Bulgarian.

Private schools: Supported by religious communities, associations, or private individuals.

National schools are further divided into:

Primary schools

Secondary schools

Professional schools

High schools

Primary Education

Primary instruction is provided in primary schools and infant schools.

Infant schools prepare children for primary education.

Children aged 3–5 years join the lower divisions, and those aged 5–6 years join the higher division.

The curriculum focuses on games, songs, drawing, manual work, and simple arithmetic, combining play with early learning to prepare children for formal schooling.

The 1891 law laid the foundation of modern Bulgarian education, creating a clear structure for schools and centralizing control under the Ministry of Public Instruction. By dividing schools into national and private categories and organizing different levels of education, the law helped ensure that every child in Bulgaria could receive a well-structured and consistent education.

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The Person of the Prince

The Prince of Bulgaria holds a position that is sacred and inviolable. He carries the title of Royal Highness, and his person is fully protected under the Constitution. The law treats the Prince with the utmost respect, reflecting both the dignity of the Crown and the stability of the state.

Legislative Prerogative

Convocation of the National Assembly

The Prince has the power to convene the National Assembly. Every year, from October 15th to December 15th, he calls the Assembly for its ordinary session. He may also summon it for extraordinary sessions whenever urgent State matters require immediate attention Istanbul Day Tour.

The Prince opens the session either personally or through a delegate. During the throne speech, he presents a detailed statement on the general condition of the country and specifies the bills and proposals that the Government plans to submit to the Assembly for approval.

At the end of the session, the closure follows the same ceremonial formalities as the opening.

Prorogation and Dissolution

The Prince may prorogue the Assembly, but the prorogation cannot exceed two months and may occur only once per session. In exceptionally serious cases, when conflicts arise between the legislature and the Prince or Government, the Prince may dissolve the Assembly and call new elections, leaving the resolution of the conflict to the nation itself.

Legislative Authority of the Prince

The direct influence of the Crown over the legislative process is significant:

The Prince, through his ministers, can initiate bills and propositions.

All laws passed by the Assembly are promulgated in the name of the Prince and take effect only after publication in the Official Journal.

Royal approval of laws must be granted during the session in which they are passed.

Additionally, the Prince may issue regulations and take emergency measures with the force of law whenever the State faces immediate internal or external threats. This ensures that the executive power can act swiftly in times of crisis while remaining under constitutional limits.

The legislative prerogative of the Prince balances monarchical authority with parliamentary representation. While the Crown retains significant powers, especially in emergencies, the Constitution ensures that laws and governance involve the National Assembly, reflecting the principles of modern constitutional monarchy in Bulgaria.

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Aquatic and Marine Animals

Bulgaria has a rich variety of aquatic animals. The otter (Lutra vulgaris) lives near rivers and streams and can be seen in the summer in the lakes of the Rilo Mountains. In the Black Sea, the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) is often found near the coast. Seals live in caves along the Black Sea, especially near Bulgarian Dobrudja.

Birds

Bulgaria is home to many species of birds, both resident and migratory. Every spring and autumn, numerous birds pass through the country on their way to northern or southern regions. Many northern birds spend the summer in Bulgaria and migrate south in the winter.

Birds of prey, such as the eagle, owl, and falcon, are common. Game birds include pigeons, woodcock, partridges, pheasants, moorhens, bustards, snipes, wild geese, and wild ducks. The variety of birds reflects the diversity of Bulgaria’s forests, plains, and wetlands City Tours Istanbul.

Reptiles and Chelonia

Bulgaria has several species of turtles and tortoises, both land and water types. There are also various snakes, including the non-poisonous Elapakis quadriliniatus, which can reach up to two metres in length, and poisonous species such as the Vipera berus and Vipera ammodytes.

Fish

Bulgarian rivers, streams, marshes, and the Black Sea support a wide variety of fish. In the Danube, the most common species belong to the genus Acipenser, including the sturgeon, cod, silurus, carp, and bream. Tributaries of the Danube have barbel and nasus, while the Black Sea is home to species like mudfish and mackerel.

Domestic and Farm Animals

Animals useful to humans are divided into three groups: domestic pets, beasts of burden, and animals for food.

Domestic pets: cats and dogs.

Beasts of burden: buffalo, ox, horse, donkey, and mule.

Food animals: sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, geese, ducks, chickens, turkeys, and pigeons.

These animals play an important role in agriculture, transport, and daily life in Bulgaria. The country’s climate, rivers, and forests create ideal conditions for supporting a rich and diverse animal population.

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The Seaward Walls of Constantinople

Importance Beyond Military Strength

Although the seaward walls of Constantinople were not as crucial as the land walls in military terms, they are historically important. These walls were closely linked to political events, and even more so, to the commercial life of Constantinople, which was the leading trade center of the Middle Ages. Merchants, ships, and goods passing through the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara depended on the security provided by these fortifications.

Origins and Expansion

The construction of the seaward walls developed gradually as the city expanded. Originally, the walls ran from the Acropolis (Seraglio Point) to the Neorium on the Golden Horn and to the point later called Topi on the Sea of Marmara. Under Constantine the Great, the walls were extended further north to the Church of St. Antony Harmatius and south to the Church of St. Emilianus. Later, in 439, Theodosius II lengthened the walls so that they connected with the ends of the land walls: at Blachernae in the north and the Golden Gate in the south Jeep Safari Bulgaria.

Maintenance and Challenges

The seaward walls required constant repair and maintenance, not only because of occasional attacks but also because of natural hazards. Earthquakes frequently damaged these fortifications, as they did with other public buildings. Their location along the sea exposed them to storms, moisture, and erosion, which could weaken the structures over time.

During the early centuries of the Byzantine Empire, when the Imperial navy dominated the seas, the seaward walls were sometimes neglected. No enemy fleet dared approach Constantinople, so repairs were less urgent. However, as the sea power of the Empire declined and other maritime nations became stronger, the seaward defenses became a priority. Maintaining them became an essential responsibility of the state to protect both the city and its thriving commerce.

Earthquake Damage and Restoration

A major earthquake in 447, which severely damaged the new land walls built under Anthemius, also affected the seaward walls, particularly the sections facing the Sea of Marmara. An inscription over Yeni Kapou, the gate at the eastern end of Vlanga Bostan, records that the Prefect Constantine repaired the damage. This restoration was part of a broader effort to rebuild the city’s fortifications after the devastating earthquake.

In summary, the seaward walls of Constantinople were more than defensive structures; they were vital to the city’s political stability and commercial success. While less critical in direct military confrontations than the land walls, they were constantly maintained, extended, and repaired to withstand natural disasters and the rising threat of maritime enemies. Their history illustrates the adaptation and resilience of Byzantium in preserving its capital through centuries of both human and natural challenges.

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Turkish Laws Still in Use but with Local Additions

Although Bosnia is no longer truly ruled by Turkey, many of Turkey’s old laws are still followed in the region. Technically, Bosnia is still considered a Turkish province in name, but it will never return to Turkish control. Some of the Turkish laws are quite effective and fair, especially when used honestly. These laws were originally designed for the Turkish people, and many are still useful for governing Bosnians.

However, it has also been necessary to add new, local laws to meet the needs of the country. These local laws are made by an assembly, which is chosen by the tax-paying citizens of Bosnia. This legislative body not only passes new laws but also decides how much tax should be collected and how public money should be spent on services such as education, roads, and health Private Sofia Tour.

Preparing Bosnians for Government Roles

To make sure that native Bosnians can participate fully in their government, a special school called the Scheriatschule was created. This institution helps train students for important roles in the courts, the government, and the legislature.

About 200 students are currently enrolled at the Scheriatschule. They pay only a small entrance fee, along with a reasonable cost for food and housing. The goal is to make education affordable and accessible to local young people, especially those who wish to serve their country in official roles.

A Beautiful and Functional School Building

The school is located in a large, rectangular building designed in an Oriental architectural style. It is built from rows of black and white stone, which make the structure look a bit like striped clothing. Some people say it reminds them of a prison uniform, but the building itself is far from gloomy.

The entrance is impressive, with wide stone steps leading up to it. On both sides of the steps are flower gardens, and the main doorway is a tall arch that opens into a central courtyard. This courtyard features a fountain and flowers, creating a calm and welcoming atmosphere.

Modern Facilities for Quality Education

Surrounding the courtyard are the school’s most important rooms: classrooms, libraries, dormitories, dining halls, and even a chapel. All of these spaces are well-built and include modern conveniences, making life easier for the students.

The Austrian government has put great effort into making Bosnian schools examples of excellence. The Scheriatschule is not only a center for learning law and governance, but also a symbol of Bosnia’s progress under more stable and structured rule.

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Stavreff’s Fall and Arrest

As time went on, Stavreff’s reckless behavior grew worse. He began to lose control over what he said and started hinting at secrets he might reveal if certain officials didn’t treat him better. His gambling habits worsened, and his increasing losses made him more daring and less careful in his actions. He continued to make mysterious remarks, drawing more attention to himself. Eventually, on October 24, 1902, Stavreff was arrested. He was secretly tried in prison and quickly sentenced to death for the assassination of Stambouloff that happened more than seven years earlier. It was publicly announced that Stavreff had made a full confession of his guilt Ephesus Daily Tour.

Revelation of Incriminating Letters

After Stavreff’s arrest, shocking revelations followed. Lithographed copies of letters began appearing on the streets of Sofia. These letters were written by Ludskanoff, the minister of the interior, who had ordered Stavreff’s arrest and execution. The letters clearly showed that Ludskanoff had hired Stavreff to kill not only Stambouloff but also Mr. Vulkovitch, who had been a prominent figure in the anti-Russian movement before his death in 1892. At that time, Ludskanoff led the pro-Russian faction in Bulgaria. To avoid arrest for his involvement in Vulkovitch’s assassination, Ludskanoff fled the country.

When Stambouloff was in power, he issued a decree of perpetual banishment against Ludskanoff. Ludskanoff did not return until after Stambouloff’s death, when a universal amnesty was declared. Upon his return, Ludskanoff regained his political influence, joined the parliament, and served as an obedient tool for Russian influence in Bulgaria.

The Political Fallout

The publication of these incriminating letters caused a huge sensation in Sofia. More letters of a similar nature were released in the following days. These revelations led to the dissolution of the Bulgarian cabinet. However, the cabinet was quickly reorganized, and Ludskanoff was reappointed as the minister of the interior. The new prime minister, Mr. Kavachoff, explained that the amnesty proclamation offered a full pardon for any actions that his colleagues, including Ludskanoff, might have been involved in. This explanation seemed to satisfy those who supported Russian influence in Bulgaria, despite the controversial events surrounding Ludskanoff’s actions.

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Verifying the Boundaries of Constantine’s City

The outline of Constantine’s new city, as described in earlier records, is mostly accurate. Ancient writers give us valuable details that support this idea.

(a) Zosimus on the Extension of the Land Wall

According to the historian Zosimus, the land wall of Constantinople was built 15 stadia west of the original wall of Byzantium. A stadion was an ancient unit of length, about 180 meters, so 15 stadia is about 2.7 kilometers.

The original wall of Byzantium stood near the porphyry Column of Constantine, also known today as the Burnt Column. This column was located near the main gate of the old Greek city.

If we go about 2.7 kilometers west from this column, we reach a line close to the Cistern of Mokius and the Cistern of Aspar—two large water reservoirs built on the city’s Seventh Hill. This supports the idea that the new wall built by Constantine reached that far west.

(b) Dimensions in the Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae

Another important source is the Notitia, one of the oldest official descriptions of Constantinople. It lists the length of the city as 14,075 Roman feet, and its width as 6,150 Roman feet Sofia Sightseeing.

One Roman foot is about 29.6 centimeters, so:

The length is about 4.2 kilometers.

The width is about 1.8 kilometers.

These dimensions describe the original city of Constantine, not the expanded city built later by Theodosius II.

Not Reflecting the Later Expansion

Although the Notitia dates to the time of Theodosius II (early 5th century), it still describes the smaller city built by Constantine a century earlier. That seems surprising because by then the city had grown larger, and new land walls had been added.

But this may be explained by habit and tradition. People were still thinking of “The City” as the one that Constantine had built. The new Theodosian walls, though important, had not yet changed the way people described or understood the city.

The Original Constantinople

These ancient records show that the original Constantinople was much smaller than the later imperial capital. Its walls were extended only about 15 stadia west of old Byzantium, and its official size remained unchanged in many documents—even when the city itself had grown.

This tells us a lot about how people in the ancient world thought of cities—not just as physical spaces, but also as symbols of empire and history.

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Trifon Zarezan – Bulgaria’s Winegrower Celebration

Trifon Zarezan, also known as St Valentine’s Day for Wine, marks an important event in the Bulgarian wine calendar. On this day, vineyard workers and wine lovers come together to celebrate the start of pruning season with a lively ritual:

Sprinkling the vines with wine to bless them and ensure fertility.

Pruning the vines by hand, symbolizing the cycle of renewal.

Following the work, families and friends gather for a long feast, filled with homemade wine, traditional dishes, and singing.

When Is Trifon Zarezan?

Figuring out the exact date can be tricky, because different communities follow different calendars:

Some celebrate on February 1, which aligns with the new style calendar Bulgaria Vacations.

Others celebrate on February 14, following the old Orthodox Christian calendar.

If you’re planning to join the fun, a good idea is to prepare for partying throughout February—you’ll meet villagers raising a glass to “Trifon Zarezan!” more than once.

How People Celebrate

Villages and towns host festivals, where local winemakers share their newest wines.

Pruning competitions are sometimes held to see who can work fastest and neatest.

Expect folklore music and dancing, hearty food like grilled meats, banitsa (cheese pastry), homemade bread, and of course, lots of wine.

For wine lovers, it’s a chance to taste fresh vintage, learn about traditional Bulgarian wine, and join in for an unforgettable rural experience.

Sofia’s Hotel Scene – A Wide Variety

Sofia has seen a big growth in hotel options in recent years. You can now choose from budget stays to luxury resorts—and the official star ratings are generally reliable. Most hotels list prices in euros, but you can also pay in Bulgarian leva at the same conversion rate.

Featured Hotel Grand Hotel Sofia

Location: B‑3, ul. Gurko 1 — right in the heart of Sofia

Phone : [phone]

Why It Stands Out

Prime location: Next to the National Theatre, City Art Gallery, Bulgaria Hall, and within walking distance of Alexander Nevsky Cathedral.

Professional staff: Welcoming and well-trained at every level.

Spacious rooms: All rooms are large with both bathtubs and showers.

Elegant design: High-quality furniture and solid finishes that feel classic and durable.

Grand Café: Located on the ground floor facing City Garden, famous for serving delicious cakes and pastries.

Why Choose Grand Hotel Sofia?

Excellent location — perfect for touring central Sofia.

Top quality — well-deserved privileges of a five-star rating.

Spacious, charming interiors — ideal for both work and rest.

Nice extras — like the Grand Café and easy access to cultural landmarks.

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O'Mahony's Second Letter

St. Patrick’s Orphanage, 23, Rue Gladstone, Sophia, Bulgaria

The Carnegie Commission’s Report – Bulgaria’s Wish for Arbitration with Serbia – The Treaty of Bucharest

In a previous letter, I mentioned the treaty made between Serbia and Bulgaria before the war of 1912. This treaty divided Macedonia into two parts. One part was clearly recognized as Bulgarian, while the other part was disputed, with both Serbia and Bulgaria claiming it. If they couldn’t reach an agreement, the matter was to be taken to the Tsar of Russia for arbitration Turkey Sightseeing.

The Carnegie Commission’s Findings

According to the Carnegie Commission’s report, the most important point of the treaty was to clearly define the borders. A detailed map was even attached to the treaty showing the agreed-upon line (see Appendix).

Serbia’s Disregard for the Treaty

The Carnegie Commission report also makes it clear that Serbia never intended to follow this treaty from the very start. When the war against Turkey began, Bulgaria had to send most of her army to fight the main Turkish forces in Thrace, leaving Serbia and Greece to handle the liberation of Macedonia.

For years, Bulgarian revolutionary groups had fought against Turkish oppression, but they had never received help from Greece or Serbia. In fact, they were often opposed by these countries because they were Bulgarians. Initially, these revolutionary groups fought alongside Serbia and Greece against the Turks. But as the Turkish forces were pushed back, both Serbia and Greece turned against the Bulgarians, pushing them aside under the pretext of trying to establish order.

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The Growing Resistance Movement in Bulgaria

The June Uprising in Berlin

In 1953, during the June Uprising in Berlin, Bulgarian State Security reports showed that the resistance movement in Bulgaria was becoming more organized. The uprising in Berlin, where workers protested against harsh conditions, sparked a wave of resistance across Eastern Europe, including in Bulgaria. By this time, the resistance was no longer just a few individuals but had evolved into group activities. Reports from the authorities indicated that 75% of all events classified as “hostile and counter-revolutionary” in Bulgaria were the work of groups, while only 25% involved individual actions Istanbul Day Trips.

Workers’ Resistance in Bulgaria

One of the most significant instances of resistance came from workers. In the 1940s, in Plovdiv, the cigarette-making factory became a hotbed of resistance activities. The factory’s workers took part in various forms of protest, including strikes and clandestine actions against the regime. The events in Berlin and other parts of Eastern Europe helped inspire the workers in Bulgaria to take a more active stance against the communist government.

The factory in Plovdiv, like other industries in Bulgaria, had become a symbol of state control. The workers’ dissatisfaction with poor working conditions and low wages led to increased tensions, which eventually boiled over into organized resistance. Many of the resistance activities in the factory were coordinated through underground networks, and workers used every opportunity to communicate their dissatisfaction, even in the face of constant surveillance.

The Role of the Gorjani Movement

The Gorjani were an important part of the Bulgarian resistance movement. One of their key activities was the distribution of leaflets that condemned the communist regime. In the summer of 1953, they issued a leaflet about the events in Berlin, calling the demonstrations there “another expression of the struggle of mankind against tyranny.” The leaflet spread throughout Bulgaria, fueling anti-communist sentiment. It also highlighted the growing spirit of resistance against communist oppression in East Germany and beyond.

These leaflets emphasized that the people of East Germany were rising against the “People’s Democratic Republic,” showing that resistance was alive and growing in Eastern Europe. This movement was not just about economic hardships but also about political freedom and the desire to live under a government that respected human rights.

Crossing the Border A Dangerous Escape

For many Bulgarians, one of the most dangerous forms of resistance was trying to cross the border into the free world. The Bulgarian borders were heavily guarded, and the communist regime made it clear that anyone trying to escape would face severe punishment. Those who managed to cross were labeled as “traitors of the motherland” and sentenced without trial. Their families would suffer severe consequences, including social and professional restrictions.

On 28 August 1952, the Presidium of the National Assembly passed a decree, Decree No. 359, which allowed border guards to shoot anyone attempting to cross the border. As a result, many tried to escape, only to lose their lives in the process. The bodies of those who died attempting to flee were buried in unmarked graves, as the regime insisted that “enemies of the people” had no right to a proper burial.

In the early years of the communist regime, many opposition members were executed under the pretext of attempting to flee the country illegally. The Southern and Western Bulgarian borders became marked by anonymous graves, representing the tragic end of many lives lost in their desperate fight for freedom.

The years following the rise of the communist regime in Bulgaria were marked by increasing resistance, both organized and individual. The workers’ protests in Plovdiv, the actions of groups like the Gorjani, and the dangerous attempts to escape across the border were all parts of the larger struggle for freedom. Despite the harsh repression and brutal punishments, the spirit of resistance remained strong, inspiring future generations to continue fighting for their rights and freedom.

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Conferences to Discuss Women's Rights

Between 1924 and 1929, several conferences were held in different cities: Belgrade (1924), Athens (1925), Prague (1927), and Warsaw (1929). These meetings were organized to track progress on women’s issues in the countries that were part of the Little Entente of Women. The conferences encouraged countries to work together on various topics, such as:

Equal voting rights for women Protecting children and minorities Improving the rights of children born outside of marriage Abolishing the death penalty Teaching about civilization instead of war in history lessons Prominent leaders in the Little Entente of Women included Alexandrina Cantacuzino from Romania, Petkovitch from Serbia, Avra Theodoropoulou from Greece, and Justyna Budziiiska-Tylicka from Poland.

Challenging Stereotypes About Women’s Movements in the Balkans

The activities of these women show that there was real progress in women’s rights in the Balkans, despite common beliefs that these regions had little to no change in women’s conditions. Eric Hobsbawm once wrote that in many parts of the world, including Eastern Europe, women’s rights were not improving. However, the work done by women in the Balkans contradicts this view Adventure Balkan Tours.

While the upper and middle classes in Southeastern Europe were smaller compared to the West, they still produced a significant number of women who became active in areas that were once only for men. These women were able to make an impact, and many became well-known leaders in their communities.

Notable Women Activists in the Balkans

There were many important women activists in the Balkans who made a difference. Some of these women include:

Vela Blagoeva, Anna Karima, Dimitrana Ivanova, and Elissaveta Karamichailova from Bulgaria Callirhoe Parren and Avra Theodoropoulou from Greece Calypso Botez and Alexandrina Cantacuzino from Romania Fatma Aliye Hanum and Halide Edip Adivar from Turkey Dragojla Jarnevic and Maria Juric-Zagorka from Croatia Draga Dejanovic and Isidora Sekulic from Serbia These women played key roles in advancing women’s rights and helped change the course of history in their countries.

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Clan Feuds and the Fragile Truce

A few years ago, the powerful Beys of Albania came together in Elbasan and made a truce to stop their ongoing clan feuds. They agreed that members of rival clans should not be killed on sight, and for a while, this rule worked. However, you cannot change the way an Albanian behaves just by making an agreement. The truce has since ended, and once again, guerrilla warfare is the norm.

Isolated Valleys and Different Customs

The valleys of Albania are so isolated and disconnected, not just from the outside world but from each other, that in just half a day’s ride, you can notice different styles of clothing. For example, in one valley, the men wore tight, thick felt caps that looked like white smoking caps. In another valley, the men wore tight-fitting linen skull caps. Further on, you could find men with black felt caps Istanbul Tour Guide.

Constant Feuds Between Clans

The Albanian clans are always in conflict, and if they could unite, they could push the Turks out of Albania in one year. However, the feuds don’t just happen between different clans; they even occur within the same clan. Many Albanians don’t die from diseases, but from disagreements.

The Vendetta A Never-Ending Cycle of Revenge

When an Albanian kills someone, they must flee to the mountains because the dead person’s family will hunt them down to get revenge. Sometimes, the person seeking revenge gets killed too. Then, the family of the person who was killed will start a war with the family of the murderer. This is how a vendetta begins, and it can last for years. The fighting doesn’t always happen face-to-face. Often, revenge is carried out with a bullet from behind a rock or a stab in the back during the night.

Murder as a Part of Life

Murder is so common in Albania that it is not seen as something unusual. The Albanians accept it as part of life. They don’t rely on courts or laws to settle disagreements. Their way of thinking is simple and primitive: if someone offends you, you take action by killing them.

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Making Himself Comfortable

The young Englishman, without trying too hard, makes himself comfortable in his new life. He went from public school to university, and then straight into the Levant Consular Service. Along the way, he developed a sense of comfort that he carries with him. In the few years he has spent in Turkey, he has learned about local art, like prayer rugs, tapestries, and embroideries. After bargaining in the bazaars, he has bought valuable pieces that hang on his walls as decoration instead of traditional pictures.

A Comfortable Home with Personal Touches

He has developed a taste for collecting old weapons, like silver-chased flint-lock pistols and Damascus steel sabres, their blades inlaid with gold and handles studded with coral and turquoise. He even taught a Turkish carpenter to build a comfortable lounge and covered it with a Persian rug, making a cozy divan. He bought a couple of well-padded English armchairs from Constantinople, which the Turks find awkward and undignified to sit in. His room is filled with small personal touches: a stack of pipes, his favorite English tobacco, and a table covered with pieces of embroidery. The table holds photographs in little silver frames, not the Turkish kind, but ones from England, bought in busy shops in London or Oxford Street.

Memories from Home

The photographs show his life before he came to Turkey. There are pictures of his family, including his mother and father, and some of him with his friends in their cricketing clothes before he left England. You can tell which pictures are of his family from where they are placed. He also keeps pictures of cheerful English girls—maybe sisters or friends of his sisters—some of whom he might have known well, while others may have forgotten him by now.

Thoughts of Home

The Vice-Consul, sitting alone in his comfortable room, sometimes misses the life he left behind in England. There are no bright restaurants, no theatres, no music halls, or close friends to hang out with. But even though he might feel lonely or homesick at times, it doesn’t make him weak. If he gets frustrated, he will likely swear, whistle, and light another pipe. In the morning, he takes out his horse, goes for a ride, and shakes off any feelings of gloom.

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Arrival in Gabrova

The Turkish-Like Town

I arrived in Gabrova, a town that felt very Turkish with more mosques than churches. It is a busy place, known for trading leather and wool products.

The Inn

The inn where I stayed was dirty, and I had to pay three francs for the room, which seemed too much. It was also difficult to find food because it was a Church fast day. Luckily, I found an old Turkish man who didn’t care about the Christian rules and managed to get me some fish—just four small sprats. With a piece of bread and a pint of wine, this became dinner for me and my companion Bulgarian Coast.

Early Morning Departure

A Busy Morning

At 5:00 in the morning, I heard a knock at my door. Within ten minutes, I was in the inn yard, ready to leave. I had rented four horses the night before. I chose the best horse, a wild stallion, for myself, gave the second best to my companion, and left the guide to choose between the last two horses, one for him and one for carrying our bags.

We didn’t have time for breakfast, just a tiny cup of coffee, no bigger than a couple of thimbles. So, we saddled up and set off at dawn.

Riding in a Turkish Saddle

My saddle was Turkish. Throughout the day, I realized that a Turk’s body must be shaped differently than a Briton’s. The high pommel, the brass decorations, and the shovel-like stirrups might look nice in a painting, but they were not comfortable for riding. Plain pigskin saddles are much better.

The Joy of the Morning Ride

Despite the uncomfortable saddle and not having had breakfast, the joy of early morning riding made me want to sing. We sang as we cantered along. We greeted the peasants working in the fields, and we met groups of them heading into town to sell goods. The men drove goats, the married women worked on spinning wool as they walked, and the young women wore red flowers in their hair to show they were open to being courted.

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Human Rights and Freedoms

List of Deprived Rights

Under the oppressive regime, citizens have faced numerous violations of their basic human rights and freedoms. Some of the key rights that have been denied include:

The right to life and safety Protection from arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile The right to freedom of movement Freedom of thought, conscience, and religion The right to express beliefs and opinions Freedom of speech and press The right to organize, gather, and associate The right to vote, including the ability to elect representatives and be elected Freedom to leave and return to the country Freedom to choose a place of residence Equal access to public and state jobs Protection from discrimination The right to access information And many others

Information Withheld About Chernobyl

One of the most significant instances of the regime’s disregard for citizens’ rights occurred after the Chernobyl disaster on 26 April 1986. This tragic event marked the worst nuclear accident in history, yet the communist leaders in Bulgaria chose to withhold crucial information about its dangers Private Tours Bulgaria Varna.

In the days and weeks following the disaster, the government made efforts to keep the truth from the public. They did not warn citizens about the potential health hazards posed by radioactive fallout, while ensuring their own families were safe. For instance, authorities failed to inform the population that a large cloud of radioactive particles was heading towards Bulgaria.

May Day Parades Amidst Danger

On 1 May 1986, at the peak of radioactive contamination in Bulgaria due to Chernobyl, the communist regime organized mandatory May Day parades. Instead of taking precautions, citizens were forced to participate in these public celebrations. Many families enjoyed picnics in parks, sports fans filled stadiums, and children played outside, completely unaware of the health risks surrounding them.

Meanwhile, well-informed officials hid in the safety of their concrete offices and homes. They took extra precautions by stockpiling medications and ensuring their families had access to safe food and beverages. This stark contrast highlights the government’s indifference to the well-being of its citizens while prioritizing its own safety.

The denial of basic human rights and the manipulation of information by the Bulgarian regime exemplify the struggle for freedom faced by its citizens. The Chernobyl disaster serves as a tragic reminder of how governments can fail to protect their people. It is essential to remember these events and advocate for human rights to ensure such violations do not occur again. Citizens deserve to know the truth, have the freedom to move, and live without fear of oppression.

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Human Rights and Freedoms

List of Deprived Rights

Under the oppressive regime, citizens have faced numerous violations of their basic human rights and freedoms. Some of the key rights that have been denied include:

The right to life and safety Protection from arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile The right to freedom of movement Freedom of thought, conscience, and religion The right to express beliefs and opinions Freedom of speech and press The right to organize, gather, and associate The right to vote, including the ability to elect representatives and be elected Freedom to leave and return to the country Freedom to choose a place of residence Equal access to public and state jobs Protection from discrimination The right to access information And many others

Information Withheld About Chernobyl

One of the most significant instances of the regime’s disregard for citizens’ rights occurred after the Chernobyl disaster on 26 April 1986. This tragic event marked the worst nuclear accident in history, yet the communist leaders in Bulgaria chose to withhold crucial information about its dangers Private Tours Bulgaria Varna.

In the days and weeks following the disaster, the government made efforts to keep the truth from the public. They did not warn citizens about the potential health hazards posed by radioactive fallout, while ensuring their own families were safe. For instance, authorities failed to inform the population that a large cloud of radioactive particles was heading towards Bulgaria.

May Day Parades Amidst Danger

On 1 May 1986, at the peak of radioactive contamination in Bulgaria due to Chernobyl, the communist regime organized mandatory May Day parades. Instead of taking precautions, citizens were forced to participate in these public celebrations. Many families enjoyed picnics in parks, sports fans filled stadiums, and children played outside, completely unaware of the health risks surrounding them.

Meanwhile, well-informed officials hid in the safety of their concrete offices and homes. They took extra precautions by stockpiling medications and ensuring their families had access to safe food and beverages. This stark contrast highlights the government’s indifference to the well-being of its citizens while prioritizing its own safety.

The denial of basic human rights and the manipulation of information by the Bulgarian regime exemplify the struggle for freedom faced by its citizens. The Chernobyl disaster serves as a tragic reminder of how governments can fail to protect their people. It is essential to remember these events and advocate for human rights to ensure such violations do not occur again. Citizens deserve to know the truth, have the freedom to move, and live without fear of oppression.

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Resettlement During the Hungarian Uprising of 1956

Renewed Resettlement Efforts

The resettlement of people from the capital and larger cities in Bulgaria was intensified during the Hungarian uprising in 1956. The government viewed this uprising as a potential threat to its stability and took measures to control the population more strictly. Many families were forcibly relocated to remote areas, away from urban centers.

Social Status of Resettled Families

The social status of those resettled varied significantly. Here is a breakdown of the resettled families by their social class:

Resettled Families’ Social Status Number Percentage (%) Middle Class Peasants 2,418 37.4 Bourgeois Origin 1,757 26.7 Poor Peasants 784 11.9 Kulaks (Well-off Peasants) 710 10.8 Middle Class Townsfolk 475 7.2 Employees 210 3.2 Working Class Origin 93 1.4 Craftsmen 78 1.1 Poor Townsfolk 65 1.0 Total 6,590 100 This table illustrates the diverse backgrounds of those who were affected by the resettlement policies.

The Attack on Sv. Nedelja Cathedral

One of the significant events in Bulgaria’s history was the attack on the Sv. Nedelja Cathedral in Sofia on April 16, 1925. This event remains a symbol of the communist regime’s violent approach to suppressing dissent. The terrorist attack resulted in many casualties, demonstrating the extent of the regime’s brutality Istanbul Daily Tour.

Personal Accounts of Persecution

Dimitar A. Kolarov is one notable figure who resisted the oppressive state security apparatus. He signed a declaration rejecting an offer to become an informer for the state. His decision reflects the bravery of individuals who stood against the regime’s attempts to control every aspect of life.

Internment of Dimitar A. Kolarov’s Family

A document dated September 22, 1951, testifies to the internment of Kolarov’s family. It states:

“In the name of the People and the People’s Republic of Bulgaria, the Housing Committee of the Turnovo Municipal Council has taken the decision to accommodate Dimitar A. Kolarov in the region of Katchiza in one room, a kitchen, a closet, and a basement. The decision is final, and there is no appeal.”

This document highlights the harsh living conditions and the lack of rights faced by those who opposed the regime. Families were often given inadequate housing and had little recourse to contest these decisions.

The resettlement of families during the Hungarian uprising and the violent suppression of religious institutions like the Sv. Nedelja Cathedral illustrate the oppressive nature of the Bulgarian communist regime. Individuals like Dimitar A. Kolarov represent the courage of those who stood up against state oppression, despite facing severe consequences. The legacy of these actions serves as a reminder of the struggles faced by many during this dark period in Bulgarian history.